References[edit]

1. Jump up^ U.S Department of Health and Human Services. 2012. "TANF FY 2012 Budget." Accessed 2/25/2013

from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/olab/tanf.pdf

2. Jump up^ U.S> Department of Health and Human Services. 2011. "TANF". Accessed 12/9/2011

fromhttp://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/tanf/about.html

3. Jump up^ http://cqresearcherblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/are-safety-nets-working.html Are "Safety Nets" Working.

CQ Researcher Blog

4. Jump up^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty.

Chapter 5: Pantheon Books.

5. Jump up^ Mead, Lawrence M. (1986). Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Free

Press.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Blank, Rebecca. 2002. “Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States.” Journal of

Economic Literature, American Economic Association 40(4): 1105-116

7. Jump up^ Bloom, Dan and Charles Michalopoulos. 2001. How Welfare and Work Policies Affect Employment and

Income: A Synthesis of Research. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation

8. ^ Jump up to:a b c Danziger, Sheldon. 1999. "Welfare Reform Policy from Nixon to Clinton: What Role for Social

Science?" Paper prepared for Conference, “The Social Science and Policy Making”. Institute for Social Research,

University of Michigan, March 13–14, 1998. Accessed 12/11/2011

from http://www.fordschool.umich.edu/research/pdf/Isrconference.pdf

9. ^ Jump up to:a b Institute for Policy Research. Northwestern University. “ A Look Back at Welfare Reform.” 2008.

30(1) accessed 10/11/2011 fromhttp://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/newsletter/iprn0801/dppl.html

10. Jump up^ Duncan, Greg J. and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. 2001. “For Better and for Worse: Welfare Reform and

the Well-being of Children Families.” In For Better and for Worse: Welfare Reform and the Well-being of children and

Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation

11. ^ Jump up to:a b c Greenberg, Mark et al. 2000. Welfare Reauthorization: An Early Guide to the Issues. Center for

Law and Social Policy

12. Jump up^ http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?

congress=104&session=2&vote=00232

13. Jump up^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1996/roll331.xml

14. Jump up^ Lieberman, Robert. Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State. Boston: Harvard

University Press, 2001.

15. Jump up^ Kaufman, Darren S. "Aid to Families with Dependent Children (ADFC)", in Encyclopedia of Health Care

Management, ed. Michael J. Stahl. SAGE Publications, 2003, p. 17

16. Jump up^ Rowe, Gretchen (2000), "State TANF Policies as of July 1999", Welfare Rules Database

17. Jump up^ Cook, E.A. (1962). "Ideal and Real: The Acculturation Continuum". American Anthropologist64 (1): 163–

165. JSTOR 666735. edit

18. ^ Jump up to:a b Mazzeo, Christopher; Rab, Sara; Eachus, Susan (2003). "Work-First or Work-Only: Welfare Reform,

State Policy, and Access to Postsecondary Education". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social

Science 586: 144–171.doi:10.1177/0095399702250212. edit

19. Jump up^ Soss, Joe; Fording, Richard C.; Schram, Sanford F. (2008). "The Color of Devolution: Race, Federalism,

and the Politics of Social Control". American Journal of Political Science 52 (3): 536–553. JSTOR 25193832. edit

20. Jump up^ 2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Figure TANF 2.

21. ^ Jump up to:a b Schott, Liz. 2011. Policy Basics: An Introduction to TANF. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

Accessed 11/2/2011 from http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=936

22. Jump up^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. About TANF.U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services. Accessed 11/2/2011 fromhttp://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/tanf/about.html

23. Jump up^ Loprest, Pamela, Stefanie Schmidt, and Anne Dryden White. 2000. “Welfare Reform under PRWORA:

Aid to Children with Working Families?” in Tax Policy and the Economy edited by James M. Poterba: 157-203

24. Jump up^ "Republicans accuse HHS of gutting welfare reform with quiet policy change".FoxNews.com. July 13,

2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.

25. Jump up^ "Romney’s starting his race to the bottom". suntimes.com. August 8, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.

26. Jump up^ http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/poverty/news/2012/09/06/36418/3-reasons-why-

republican-governors-asked-to-reform-their-welfare-programs/

27. Jump up^ http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/resource/policy/im-ofa/2012/im20120

28. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Lichter, Daniel T. and Rukamalie Jayakody. 2002. “Welfare Reform: How Do We Measure

Success?” Annual Review of Sociology 28:117-141

29. ^ Jump up to:a b Bavier, Richard. 2001. "Welfare Reform Data from the Survey of Income and ProgramParticipation."

Monthly Labor Review (July): 13-24

30. ^ Jump up to:a b c Acs, Gregory and Pamela Loprest. 2007. “TANF Caseload Composition and Leavers Synthesis

Report”. The Urban Institute

31. ^ Jump up to:a b Moffitt, Robert A. and Jennifer Roff. 2000. “The Diversity of Welfare Leavers, Welfare Children,

and Families: A Three City Study.” John Hopkins University Policy Brief 00-02

32. Jump up^ Devere, Christine. 2001. “Welfare Reform Research: What Do We Know About Those Who Leave

Welfare?” CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research service

33. Jump up^ Tweedie, Jack. 2001. “Sanctions and Exists: What States Know about Families that leave Welfare

Because of Sanctions and Time Limits.” In For Better and for Worse: Welfare Reform and the Well-being of Children

Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation

34. Jump up^ Peterson, Janice et al. 2002. Life After Welfare Reform: Low-income Single Parent Families, Pre- and

Post-TANF. Institute for Women’s Policy Research #D446

35. Jump up^ Cancian, Maria. 2000. Before and After TANF: The Economic Well-Being of Women Leaving Welfare.

Institute for Research on Poverty. Special Report no.77

36. Jump up^ Loprest, Pamela. 2001. How Are Families that Left Welfare Doing? A Comparison of Early and Recent

Welfare Leavers. Series B, No B-36, Assessing the New Federalism Project. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. April

37. Jump up^ "Caseload Data". Administration for Children and Families. Retrieved 2008-10-12.

38. Jump up^ "Historical Poverty Tables". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved

2008-10-12.

39. Jump up^ "Labor Force Statistics including the National Unemployment Rate". U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of

Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2008-11-01.

40. Jump up^ TANF - Caseload Data - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children

and Families, Office of Family Assistance

41. Jump up^ Number Below Poverty Level and Rate - Historical Data - U.S. Census, 2010

42. ^ Jump up to:a b Golden, Olivia. 2005. Assessing the New Federalism, Eight Years Later. Urban Institute

43. Jump up^ Schoeni, Robert F. and Rebecca M. Blank. 2000. "What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on

Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Structure."National Bureau of Economic

Research Working Paper 7627. Cambridge, MA: NBER

44. Jump up^ Bitler, Marianne. 2004. "The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce".Demography 41(2):213-

236

45. Jump up^ Harknett, K. and L.A> Gennetian. 2003. "How An Earning Supplement Can Affect Union Formation

Among Low-Income Single Mothers." Demography 40:451-78

46. Jump up^ Ellwood, D. T. and C. Jencks. 2001. "The Growing Differences in Family Structure: What Do We Know?

Where Do We Look for Answers?" Unpublished manuscript, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard

University, Cambridge, MA.

47. Jump up^ Horvath-Rose, A. and HE Peters. 2002. "Welfare waivers and nonmarital fertility". in For Better and For

Worse: Welfare Reform and Well-Being of Children and Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 222-245

48. Jump up^ Henshaw, S. K. 2001. Birth and abortion data. In Data Needs for Measuring Family and Fertility Change

After Welfare Reform, ed. D. J. Basharov. College Park, MD: Welfare Reform Academy

49. Jump up^ Duncan, G. J. and L. Chase-Lansdale. 2002. For Better and For Worse: Welfare Reform and the Well-

Being of Children and Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

50. Jump up^ Mistry, R.S., D.A. Crosby, AC Huston, and DM Casey, M Ripke. 2002. Lessons from New Hope: the

impact on children's well-being of a work-based anti-poverty program for parents. See Duncan and Chase-

Landsdale 2002

51. Jump up^ Bernal, R. and M.P. Keane 2011. "Child care choices and children's cognitive achievement: The case of

single mothers". Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 2011), pp. 459-512

52. Jump up^ Kalili, Ariel et al. 2001. “Does Maternal Employment Mandated by Welfare Reform Affect Children’s

Behavior?” In For Better and for Worse: Welfare Reform and the Well-being of Children Families. New York: Russell

Sage Foundation

53. ^ Jump up to:a b Danziger, S. K. 2001. Why some fail to achieve economic security: Low job skills and

mental health problems are key barriers. Forum 4(2):1-3

54. Jump up^ Pollack, H., S. Danziger, R. Jayakody, and K. Seefeldt. 2001. Drug testing welfare recipients: false

positives, false negatives, unanticipated opportunities. Working Paper, Poverty Training Center, University of

Michigan, Ann Arboe

55. Jump up^ London, A. S., Scott, E. K., Edin, K. and Hunter, V. (2004), "Welfare Reform, Work-Family Tradeoffs, and

Child Well-Being". Family Relations 53: 148–158

56. Jump up^ Zedlewski, Sheila and Olivia Golden. 2010. “Next Steps for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.”

The Urban Institute: Brief(11) accessed December 12/2011

fromhttp://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412047_next_steps_brief11.pdf

57. Jump up^ "Questions and Answers about the TANF Emergency Fund". Center for Law and Social Policy. Retrieved

2010-10-08.

58. Jump up^ Cooper, Michael (2010-09-25). "Job Loss Looms as Part of Stimulus Expires". New York Times.

Retrieved 2010-10-08.

59. Jump up^ "Walking Away From a Win-Win-Win Subsidized Jobs Slated to End Soon Are Helping Families,

Businesses, and Communities Weather the Recession". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved 2010-10-

08.

60. Jump up^ "Approved State, Territory & DC TANF Emergency Fund Applications by Category". U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Retrieved 2010-10-08.

61. Jump up^ Center for Law and Social Policy. 2010. "TANF Reauthorization." Accessed 12/12/2011

fromhttp://www.clasp.org/federal_policy/pages?id=0021