reference guide for texas ranchers - texas a&m university · caution should be used if water at...
TRANSCRIPT
Contents
Introduction........................................................3
Common Conversions ........................................4
Livestock Husbandry ..........................................6
Grazing Management ......................................14
Rangeland Weed and Brush Control ..............18
Prescribed Burning ..........................................24
Seeding Rangeland ..........................................25
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 2
3
Allan McGintyProfessor and Extension Range Specialist
The Texas A&M University System
Introduction
Effective ranch management requires a tremendousamount of information. At any given time, a ranchmanager may be making decisions concerning careand management of livestock, control of noxiousplants, use of fire to improve forage quality orreseeding of native pasture. The purpose of this ref-erence guide is to consolidate some of the basicinformation ranch managers need for proper deci-sion making. This guide is not intended to be all inclusive orextremely specific. Most of the information wasadapted from Experiment Station or ExtensionService publications. Some of the information repre-sents “expert opinion” rather than the results ofquantifiable research. All of the information wassubjected to professional review.
Appreciation is expressed to the many TexasAgricultural Experiment Station scientists and TexasAgricultural Extension Service specialists who con-tributed to this guide. Special thanks to the follow-ing persons for their individual contributions.
J. F. Cadenhead, Assistant Professor and ExtensionRange and Brush Control Specialist, Vernon
Bruce Carpenter, Assistant Professor and ExtensionLivestock Specialist, Fort Stockton
Jake Landers, Former Extension Range Specialist,San Angelo
Tommy Welch, Former Professor and ExtensionProgram Leader for Rangeland Ecology andManagement, College Station
Larry White, Professor and Extension RangeSpecialist, College Station
All of the Texas A&M University System
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 3
Area:
● 1 acre = 43,560 square feet, 209 feet x 209 feet,69.5 yards x 69.5 yards
● 1/10 acre = 4,356 square feet, 66 feet x 66 feet, 22 yards x 22 yards
● 1/100 acre = 436 square feet, 21 feet x 21 feet, 7 yards x 7 yards
● 1 section = 640 acres or 1 square mile● 1 hectare = 2.471 acres
Length:
● 1 mile = 5,280 feet, 1,760 yards or 1.61 kilometers● 1 rod = 16.5 feet● 1 chain = 66 feet● 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles● 1 roll of barbed wire = 1/4 mile or 1,320 feet● 1 roll of net wire = 330 feet or 20 rods
Weight:
● 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds● 1 long ton = 2,240 pounds● 1 pound = 453.6 grams or 16 ounces● 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
4
Common Conversions
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 4
Liquid Measure:
● 1 gallon = 128 ounces, 3,785.4 milliliters, 16 cups,4 quarts, 8.355 pounds or 256 tablespoons
● 1 quart = 0.946 liters, 2 pints or 32 ounces● 1 pint = 16 ounces or 2 cups● 1 cup = 8 ounces● 1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter (cc)● 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons● 1 teaspoon = 5 milliliters● 1 cubic foot of water = 62.43 pounds or
7.48 gallons● 1 acre inch of water = 27,154 gallons● 1 barrel of water = 55 gallons● 1 barrel of oil = 40 gallons
Calculation of Water Storage Capacity:
● Round tank (gallons) = 3.1416 x radius squared(ft.) x height (ft.) x 7.48
● Rectangular tank (gallons) = height (ft.) x width(ft.) x length (ft.) x 7.48
Pressure:
● 1 foot lift of water = 0.433 psi● 1 psi will lift water 2.31 feet
5
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 5
6
Liv
esto
ck H
usb
an
dry
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Peak W
ate
r R
eq
uir
em
en
ts:
●C
attl
e =
7 to
16
gallo
ns/
day
●H
orse
s =
8 to
12
gallo
ns/
day
●Sh
eep
and
goat
s =
1 to
4 g
allo
ns/
day
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Gesta
tio
n P
eri
od
s:
●C
attl
e =
283
days
●H
orse
s =
336
days
●Sh
eep
= 14
8 da
ys●
Goa
ts =
151
day
s
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Fo
rag
e I
nta
ke P
er
Day:
●Sh
eep
= 3.
5 pe
rcen
t x
body
wei
ght
●G
oats
= 4
.0 p
erce
nt
x bo
dy w
eigh
t●
Stoc
ker
catt
le =
3.0
per
cen
t x
body
wei
ght
●D
ry c
ow =
2.0
per
cen
t x
body
wei
ght
●L
acta
tin
g co
w =
2.5
per
cen
t x
body
wei
ght
●H
orse
= 3
.5 p
erce
nt
x bo
dy w
eigh
t
Min
imu
m W
eig
ht
an
d A
ge o
f R
ep
lacem
en
t H
eif
ers
fo
r P
ub
ert
y (
Targ
et
is 6
5 p
erc
en
t o
f M
atu
re W
eig
ht)
Bre
ed
typ
eA
ge
Weig
ht
90%
in
heat
Weig
ht
70%
in
heat
En
glis
h13
- 1
6 m
on
ths
675
625
Exo
tic
(Eu
rop
ean
)13
- 1
6 m
on
ths
776
750
En
glis
h/e
xoti
c cr
oss
13 -
16
mo
nth
s75
070
0B
rah
man
/En
glis
h c
ross
16 -
17
mo
nth
s75
072
5
Bra
hm
an17
- 2
0 m
on
ths
750
725
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 6
7
To
tal
so
lub
le s
alt
s
co
nte
nt
of
wate
rs
(mg
./lite
r)C
om
men
ts
Less
th
an 1
,000
Low
leve
l of
salin
ity;
sh
ou
ld p
rese
nt
no
ser
iou
s p
rob
lem
s.
1,00
0 to
2,9
99S
atis
fact
ory
qu
alit
y. M
ay c
ause
tem
po
rary
an
d m
ild d
iarr
hea
to
live
sto
ck n
ot
accu
sto
med
to
wat
er.
3,00
0 to
4,9
99S
atis
fact
ory
qu
alit
y. M
ay c
ause
tem
po
rary
dia
rrh
ea o
r b
e re
fuse
d a
t fi
rst
by
anim
als
no
t ac
cust
om
ed t
o w
ater
.
5,00
0 to
6,9
99C
an b
e u
sed
wit
h r
easo
nab
le s
afet
y.
Cau
tio
n s
ho
uld
be
use
d if
wat
er a
t `
hig
her
leve
ls is
use
d f
or
pre
gn
ant
or
lact
atin
g a
nim
als.
7,00
0 to
10,
000
Co
nsi
der
able
ris
k w
hen
usi
ng
th
is w
ater
fo
r p
reg
nan
t o
r la
ctat
ing
an
imal
s,
you
ng
, or
anim
als
sub
ject
ed t
o h
eavy
hea
t st
ress
or
wat
er lo
ss. O
lder
an
imal
s m
ay s
ub
sist
on
th
is w
ater
un
der
co
nd
itio
ns
of
low
str
ess.
Mo
re t
han
10,
000
No
t re
com
men
ded
fo
r u
se b
y liv
esto
ck u
nd
er a
ny
con
dit
ion
s.
Gu
ide t
o U
se o
f S
alin
e W
ate
rs f
or
Liv
esto
ck
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 7
8
Cru
de p
rote
inT
DN
Calc
ium
Ph
osp
ho
rou
s
Sp
ecie
s
an
d c
lass
ozs./
day
%lb
s./
day
%o
zs./
day
%o
zs./
day
%
Co
w1
Dry
13.6
5.9
7.9
520.
40.
180.
400.
18La
ctat
ing
30.4
9.2
11.0
520.
90.
280.
900.
28
Ew
e2
Dry
3.4
8.9
1.3
550.
110.
280.
180.
26La
ctat
ing
8.4
10.4
3.3
650.
400.
500.
290.
36
Do
e3
Dry
5.0
9.5
1.7
540.
130.
260.
080.
17La
ctat
ing
7.5
11.7
2.5
620.
190.
300.
120.
20
199
2-p
ou
nd
co
w2
132-
po
un
d e
we
380
-po
un
d S
pan
ish
do
e
Liv
esto
ck N
utr
ien
t R
eq
uir
em
en
ts E
xp
ressed
as P
erc
en
t C
om
po
sit
ion
of
Die
t o
n a
Dry
Matt
er
Basis
an
d
as D
aily N
utr
ien
ts p
er
An
imal
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 8
9
Bo
dy C
on
dit
ion
an
d E
xp
ecte
d P
reg
nan
cy R
ate
of
Matu
re C
ow
s i
n 1
20-D
ay B
reed
ing
Seaso
n
Bo
dy
co
nd
itio
n
%
sco
reA
pp
eara
nce
Pre
gn
an
cy
1S
tarv
ing
; nea
r d
eath
; no
fat
on
bac
kbo
ne
or
rib
s; w
asti
ng
of
mu
scle
.0
2Ve
ry t
hin
; bac
kbo
ne
visi
ble
; no
fat
on
rib
s; w
asti
ng
of
mu
scle
.0-
10
3T
hin
; bac
kbo
ne
visi
ble
wit
h s
om
e fa
t; m
ost
rib
s vi
sib
le.
10-4
0
4B
ackb
on
e sl
igh
tly
visi
ble
; fo
reri
bs
no
t vi
sib
le; 1
2th
an
d 1
3th
rib
s vi
sib
le.
60-7
0
5-m
inim
um
tar
get
S
mo
oth
ove
r to
p, a
lon
g r
ibs
and
aro
un
d h
oo
ks a
nd
pin
s.80
-85
6-d
esir
ed t
arg
etS
mo
oth
ove
r b
ack
and
rib
s; f
ull
hin
dq
uar
ters
wit
h s
ligh
t fa
t ar
ou
nd
tai
lhea
d.
85-9
0+
7Ve
ry s
mo
oth
an
d f
at o
ver
rib
s an
d t
ailh
ead
; so
me
fat
in d
ewla
p.
90+
8La
rge
amo
un
ts o
f fa
t in
tai
lhea
d a
nd
dew
lap
.90
+
9O
bes
e; o
ver-
con
dit
ion
ed.
80-9
0+
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 9
10
Avera
ge C
om
po
sit
ion
of
Co
mm
on
Feed
s
%
Feed
stu
ff%
Dry
matt
er
% C
rud
e p
rote
in%
TD
N%
Calc
ium
Ph
osp
ho
rou
s
Alf
alfa
hay
8618
.358
2.01
0.28
Bee
t p
ulp
, dri
edw
ith
mo
lass
es92
10.1
760.
610.
10
Ber
mu
dag
rass
hay
918.
948
0.46
0.18
Bo
ne
mea
l(s
team
ed)
30.9
13.9
Co
rn88
10.1
900.
020.
35
Co
tto
nse
ed h
ulls
903.
937
0.14
0.09
Co
tto
nse
ed
(wh
ole
/gro
un
d)
9323
.184
0.14
0.68
Co
tto
nse
ed
mea
l (41
%)
9344
.378
0.21
1.16
Dic
alci
um
p
ho
sph
ate
26.0
18.0
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 10
11
Joh
nso
ng
rass
h
ay91
7.0
510.
730.
28
Lim
esto
ne
38.0
Mo
no
sod
ium
ph
osp
hat
e22
.0
Oat
s g
rain
8913
.377
0.07
0.38
Oat
s h
ay88
8.1
540.
230.
21
So
rgh
um
gra
in89
11.1
740.
040.
31
So
ybea
n o
il m
eal
8949
.984
0.07
0.27
Wh
eat
hay
866.
457
Wh
eat
stra
w90
3.2
430.
150.
07
20%
cu
be
9020
680.
700.
85
39%
cu
be
9039
690.
201.
10
20%
blo
ck90
2057
1.3
0.85
36%
blo
ck90
3648
1.7
1.1
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 11
12
Exp
ecte
d S
hri
nk i
n F
eed
er
Ste
ers
Co
nd
itio
ns
Tim
e%
sh
rin
k
Dry
lot
8 h
rs.
3.3
16 h
rs.
6.2
24 h
rs.
6.6
Mo
vin
g t
ruck
8 h
rs.
5.5
16 h
rs.
7.9
24 h
rs.
8.9
Imp
lan
ts f
or
Su
cklin
g B
eef
Calv
es a
nd
Sto
cker
Catt
le
Tra
de n
am
eM
an
ufa
ctu
rer
Cla
ss o
f livesto
ck
Payo
ut
peri
od
Ral
gro
®S
cher
ing
-Plo
ug
hFo
r su
cklin
g b
eef
calv
es u
p t
o w
ean
ing
. No
t fo
r b
ull
calv
es70
-100
day
sA
nim
al H
ealt
hin
ten
ded
fo
r re
pro
du
ctio
n, c
alve
s le
ss t
han
1 m
on
th o
ld,
or
veal
cal
ves.
Syn
ove
x-C
®Ft
. Do
dg
eFo
r su
cklin
g b
eef
calv
es u
p t
o 4
00 lb
s. N
ot
for
bu
ll ca
lves
100-
140
day
sA
nim
al H
ealt
hin
ten
ded
fo
r re
pro
du
ctio
n, c
alve
s le
ss t
han
45
day
s o
ld, o
r ve
al c
alve
s.
Cal
foid
®o
rU
pjo
hn
Co
.Fo
r su
cklin
g b
eef
calv
es u
p t
o 4
00 lb
s. N
ot
for
calv
es in
ten
ded
100-
140
day
sIm
plu
s-C
®fo
r re
pro
du
ctio
n o
r ca
lves
less
th
an 4
5 d
ays
old
.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 12
13
Co
mp
on
ent-
C®
VetL
ife
Inc.
For
suck
ling
bee
f ca
lves
up
to
400
lbs.
No
t fo
r ca
lves
inte
nd
ed10
0-14
0 d
ays
for
rep
rod
uct
ion
or
calv
es le
ss t
han
45
day
s o
ld.
Co
mp
ud
ose
®Ve
tLif
e In
c.Fo
r su
cklin
g s
teer
s, w
ean
ed s
teer
s an
d h
eife
rs. N
ot
for
use
in17
0-20
0 d
ays
rep
lace
men
t h
eife
rs.
En
core
®Ve
tLif
e In
c.Fo
r su
cklin
g s
teer
s, w
ean
ed s
teer
s an
d h
eife
rs. N
ot
for
use
in40
0 d
ays
rep
lace
men
t h
eife
rs.
Syn
ove
x-S
®Ft
. Do
dg
eFo
r st
eers
mo
re t
han
400
lbs.
100-
140
day
sA
nim
al H
ealt
h
Syn
ove
x-H
®Ft
. Do
dg
eFo
r h
eife
rs m
ore
th
an 4
00 lb
s. N
ot
for
rep
lace
men
t h
eife
rs.
100-
140
day
sA
nim
al H
ealt
h
Co
mp
on
ent-
S®
VetL
ife
Inc.
For
stee
rs m
ore
th
an 4
00 lb
s.10
0-14
0 d
ays
Co
mp
on
ent-
H®
VetL
ife
Inc.
For
hei
fers
mo
re t
han
400
lbs.
100-
140
day
s
Imp
lus-
S®
Up
joh
n C
o.
For
stee
rs m
ore
th
an 4
00 lb
s.10
0-14
0 d
ays
Imp
lus-
H®
Up
joh
n C
o.
For
hei
fers
mo
re t
han
400
lbs.
100-
140
day
s
Rev
alo
r-G
®H
oec
hst
-Ro
use
lFo
r w
ean
ed s
teer
s an
d h
eife
rs. N
ot
for
rep
lace
men
t h
eife
rs.
100-
140
day
sA
gri
-Vet
. Co
.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 13
14
Gra
zin
g M
an
ag
em
en
t
An
imal
Un
it:
●C
omm
only
def
ines
th
e av
erag
e am
oun
t of
for
age
con
sum
ed b
y a
cow
/cal
f pr
oduc
tion
un
it d
urin
g a
year
as
equa
l to
26 p
oun
ds o
f dr
y m
atte
r pe
r da
y.
Warn
ing
Sig
ns o
f O
verg
razin
g:
●A
bun
dan
ce o
f un
pala
tabl
e pl
ants
●D
isti
nct
bro
wse
lin
es o
n w
oody
pla
nts
●Pe
dest
aled
pla
nts
●St
eep
gully
ban
ks
●L
ow p
lan
t vi
gor
●In
crea
sed
nee
d fo
r su
pple
men
tati
on
●In
crea
sed
lives
tock
use
of
unpa
lata
ble
plan
ts●
Los
ses
of li
vest
ock
to t
oxic
pla
nts
Gra
zin
g M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ule
s o
f T
hu
mb
:
●W
ith
pro
per
graz
ing
only
25
perc
ent
of e
ach
yea
r’s
ann
ual f
orag
e pr
oduc
tion
is c
onsu
med
by
live-
stoc
k.●
Inse
cts,
rab
bits
, tra
mpl
ing,
etc
. con
sum
e 25
per
-ce
nt
of e
ach
yea
r’s
ann
ual f
orag
e pr
oduc
tion
.
Pla
nt
typ
e
Gro
wth
sta
ge
Mid
-gra
sses
Sh
ort
gra
sse
sF
orb
s
Init
ial t
o h
ead
ing
40%
45%
20%
Hea
din
g t
o f
low
erin
g55
%60
%40
%S
eed
rip
e, le
af t
ips
dyi
ng
65%
80%
60%
Leav
es d
ry, s
tem
s p
artl
y d
ry90
%90
%90
%D
orm
ant
95%
95%
100%
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Dry
Matt
er
Co
nte
nt
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 14
15
An
imal
Un
it E
qu
ivale
ncy T
ab
le
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Kin
d a
nd
cla
ss
an
imal
un
it
of
livesto
ck
eq
uiv
ale
nt1
Co
w (
1,00
0-lb
.) w
ith
cal
f1.
0D
ry c
ow
(1,
000-
lb.)
0.77
Hei
fer
(600
- to
900
-lb
.)0.
6 -
0.8
Ste
er (
600-
to
900
-lb
.)0.
7 -
0.9
Bu
ll (1
,500
-lb
.)1.
2H
ors
e (8
00-l
b. y
earl
ing
)1.
1H
ors
e (1
,000
-lb
. 2-y
r.-o
ld)
1.35
Ho
rse
(1,1
00-l
b. 3
-yr.-
old
an
d o
lder
)1.
5E
we
(130
-lb
.)0.
18W
ean
ed la
mb
(75
-lb
.)0.
10R
am (
175-
lb.)
0.25
Nan
ny
(70-
lb.)
0.11
Wea
ned
kid
(35
-lb
.)0.
05B
illy
(125
-lb
.)0.
19W
hit
etai
l dee
r0.
17M
ule
dee
r0.
251
An
imal
un
it e
qu
ival
ents
will
var
y si
gn
ific
antl
y d
epen
din
go
n t
he
wei
gh
t an
d p
hys
iolo
gic
al s
tag
e o
f th
e an
imal
.
Maxim
um
Liv
esto
ck T
ravel
Dis
tan
ce t
o W
ate
r
Terr
ain
Miles
Ro
ug
h0.
5R
olli
ng
, hill
y1.
0S
mo
oth
, fla
t2.
0S
and
y1.
5U
nd
ula
tin
g d
un
es1.
0
Su
gg
este
d R
ed
ucti
on
in
Gra
zin
g C
ap
acit
y f
or
Dif
fere
nt
Slo
pes
Perc
en
t re
du
cti
on
Perc
en
t slo
pe
in g
razin
g c
ap
acit
y
0 -
100
11 -
30
30
31 -
60
60
mo
re t
han
60
100
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 15
16
Min
imu
m P
lan
t R
esid
ue L
evels
to
Su
sta
in P
rod
ucti
on
Stu
bb
le h
eig
ht
Ran
ge t
yp
eP
ou
nd
s/a
cre
(in
ch
es)
Sh
ort
gra
ss30
0 -
500
1.5
Mid
-gra
ss75
0 -
1,00
04
- 6
Tall
gra
ss1,
200
- 1,
500
8 -
10
Su
itab
le P
lot
Siz
es f
or
Veg
eta
tio
n S
am
plin
g w
ith
Asso
cia
ted
Co
nvers
ion
Facto
rs Co
nvers
ion
facto
r1
Plo
t d
imen
sio
ns
Veg
eta
tio
n t
yp
e(i
nch
es)
Gra
ms
Ou
nces
Ari
d r
ang
elan
d (
less
th
an 1
5 in
ches
of
rain
fall)
36 x
36
10.6
730
2
Sem
i-ar
id r
ang
elan
d (
16 t
o 3
0 in
ches
of
rain
fall)
24 x
24
24.0
068
0
Hu
mid
ran
gel
and
(m
ore
th
an 3
0 in
ches
of
rain
fall)
18 x
18
42.6
81,
210
1M
easu
re h
arve
sted
ove
n-d
ry w
eig
ht
(les
s sa
ck w
eig
ht)
in g
ram
s o
r o
un
ces
and
mu
ltip
ly b
y th
e co
nve
rsio
n f
acto
r to
ob
tain
po
un
ds
per
acr
e.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 16
17
Gen
era
l D
escri
pti
on
of
Co
mm
on
ly U
sed
Gra
zin
g S
yste
ms
Gra
zin
g s
yste
mH
erd
sP
astu
res
Co
mm
en
ts
Hig
h In
ten
sity
- L
ow
Fre
qu
ency
(H
ILF)
14+
Gra
zin
g p
erio
d >
14
day
sR
est
per
iod
> 9
0 d
ays
Sh
ort
Du
rati
on
Gra
zin
g (
SD
G)
14+
Gra
zin
g p
erio
d <
14
day
sR
est
per
iod
< 9
0 d
ays
Mer
rill
34
Eac
h p
astu
re g
raze
d 1
2 m
on
ths,
res
ted
4 m
on
ths
Sw
itch
Bac
k1
2G
raze
per
iod
s ar
e 3
mo
nth
s (P
-1),
th
en
3 m
on
ths
(P-2
), t
hen
6 m
on
ths
(P-1
), e
tc.
Ro
tati
on
al1
3-4
Gra
ze p
erio
ds
vary
fro
m 4
mo
nth
s (4
-pas
ture
) to
6
mo
nth
s (3
-pas
ture
)2
3E
ach
pas
ture
gra
zed
6 m
on
ths,
res
ted
3 m
on
ths
Dec
isio
n R
ota
tio
na/
a/N
o s
et m
ove
men
tYe
ar-l
on
g C
on
tin
uo
us
a/a/
Pas
ture
gra
zed
co
nti
nu
ou
sly
year
-lo
ng
Sea
son
al C
on
tin
uo
us
a/a/
Pas
ture
gra
zed
du
rin
g s
pec
ific
sea
son
eac
h y
ear
a/ N
o s
pec
ific
nu
mb
er
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 17
18
Ran
gela
nd
Weed
an
d B
rush
Co
ntr
ol
Acti
ve i
ng
red
ien
t o
r
Herb
icid
e c
om
mo
n n
am
eP
rod
uct
nam
eacid
eq
uiv
ale
nt
2,4-
DS
ever
alVa
riab
le
Clo
pyr
alid
Rec
laim
®3
lbs.
/gal
.
Dic
amb
aB
anve
l®o
r C
lari
ty®
4 lb
s./g
al.
Dic
abra
: 2,4
-D(1
:2.8
7)W
eed
mas
ter®
4 lb
s./g
al.
Gly
ph
osa
teS
ever
alVa
riab
le
Hex
azin
on
eVe
lpar
L®
2 lb
s./g
al.
Pro
no
ne
Po
wer
Pel
let®
75%
Imaz
apyr
Ars
enal
®2
lbs.
/gal
.
Met
sulf
uro
nA
lly®
or
Esc
ort
®60
%
Par
aqu
atG
ram
oxo
ne
Ext
ra®
2.5
lbs.
/gal
.
Pic
lora
mTo
rdo
n 2
2K®
2 lb
s./g
al.
Co
mm
on
Herb
icid
es
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 18
19
Pic
lora
m:2
,4-D
(1:
4)G
razo
n P
+D®
2.5
lbs.
/gal
.
Teb
uth
iuro
nS
pik
e 20
P®
20%
Tric
lop
yrR
emed
y®4
lbs.
/gal
.
Tric
lop
yr:2
,4-D
(1:
2)C
ross
bo
w®
3 lb
s./g
al.
Calib
rati
on
of
Bo
om
less/C
luste
rjet
No
zzle
Sp
rayers
:
●Fi
ll sp
ray
tan
k w
ith
wat
er t
o a
mar
ked
leve
l.●
Dri
ve in
a s
trai
ght
line
for
660
feet
, ope
rati
ng
the
spra
yer
at a
con
stan
t pr
essu
re a
nd
spee
d.●
Ref
ill t
he
tan
k to
th
e or
igin
al le
vel t
o de
term
ine
the
num
ber
of g
allo
ns
used
.●
Mea
sure
th
e w
idth
(ft
.) o
f th
e ar
ea s
pray
ed.
●C
alcu
late
as
follo
ws:
gallo
ns
used
x 6
6=
gallo
ns
spra
yed
wid
th o
f sp
raye
d ar
ea (
feet
)pe
r ac
re
tan
k ca
paci
ty (
gallo
ns)
= ac
res
spra
yed
gallo
ns
spra
yed
per
acre
per
tan
k
●A
dd t
he
appr
opri
ate
amou
nt
of h
erbi
cide
to
the
tan
k an
d fi
ll.
Calib
rati
on
of
Bo
om
Sp
rayers
:
●R
ecor
d th
e ti
me
requ
ired
to
trav
el 1
00 f
eet
unde
rsp
rayi
ng
con
diti
ons.
●R
ecor
d th
e n
umbe
r of
oun
ces
spra
yed
from
on
en
ozzl
e fo
r th
e le
ngt
h o
f ti
me
requ
ired
to
driv
e 10
0fe
et.
●C
alcu
late
as
follo
ws:
40 x
oun
ces
spra
yed
= ga
llon
s sp
raye
d n
ozzl
e sp
acin
g (i
nch
es)
per
acre
tan
k ca
paci
ty (
gallo
ns)
= ac
res
spra
yed
gallo
ns
spra
yed
per
acre
per
tan
k
●A
dd t
he
appr
opri
ate
amou
nt
of h
erbi
cide
to
the
tan
k an
d fi
ll.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 19
20
Ad
juvan
ts:
Adj
uvan
ts a
re c
hem
ical
s ad
ded
to h
erbi
cide
spr
aym
ixtu
res
to e
nh
ance
or
mod
ify
the
her
bici
de a
nd/
orph
ysic
al p
rope
rtie
s of
th
e sp
ray
mix
. Exa
mpl
es a
re a
sfo
llow
s:
●Su
rfac
tan
ts –
dec
reas
e th
e su
rfac
e te
nsi
on o
f w
ater
in t
he
spra
y m
ix a
nd
thus
impr
ove
“wet
tin
g” o
f th
eta
rget
pla
nt
wit
h t
he
her
bici
de s
pray
. Th
ere
are
man
y co
mm
erci
al s
urfa
ctan
ts a
vaila
ble,
alt
hou
ghliq
uid
dish
was
hin
g de
terg
ent
can
be
used
in t
hei
rpl
ace
for
han
d tr
eatm
ents
. A s
urfa
ctan
t sh
ould
alw
ays
be u
sed
wh
en m
ixin
g a
her
bici
de in
a w
ater
carr
ier,
unle
ss t
he
her
bici
de la
bel s
peci
fies
oth
er-
wis
e.●
Em
ulsi
fier
s –
used
to
mak
e oi
l:wat
er s
pray
em
ul-
sion
s. A
n e
mul
sifi
er s
hou
ld n
ot b
e us
ed a
s a
surf
ac-
tan
t, or
a s
urfa
ctan
t us
ed a
s an
em
ulsi
fier
. Th
ey a
ren
ot in
terc
han
geab
le. A
ny
tim
e di
esel
fue
l oil
isad
ded
to a
mix
ture
of
her
bici
de a
nd
wat
er in
th
esp
ray
tan
k, a
n e
mul
sifi
er m
ust
be u
sed.
●Pe
net
ran
ts–
gen
eral
ly r
estr
icte
d in
ran
gela
nd
her
-bi
cide
app
licat
ion
s to
str
eam
line
basa
l bar
k ap
pli-
cati
ons.
Pen
etra
nts
impr
ove
the
pen
etra
tion
of
the
her
bici
de t
hro
ugh
th
e ba
rk. B
ecau
se o
f th
is, s
pe-
cial
car
e sh
ould
be
take
n t
o av
oid
skin
con
tact
wit
hth
e h
erbi
cide
/pen
etra
nt
spra
y m
ix.
●D
yes
– ad
ded
to t
he
spra
y m
ix t
o id
enti
fy s
pray
edpl
ants
an
d to
en
sure
th
orou
gh c
over
age
of t
he
spra
yed
plan
ts. D
yes
are
avai
labl
e in
bot
h o
il an
dw
ater
sol
uble
for
mul
atio
ns.
Use
on
ly w
ater
sol
uble
dyes
wh
en m
ixin
g h
erbi
cide
s w
ith
wat
er, a
nd
oil
solu
ble
dyes
wh
en m
ixin
g h
erbi
cide
s w
ith
die
sel
fuel
.●
Dri
ft C
ontr
ol A
ddit
ives
– a
dded
to
spra
y m
ixtu
res
to r
educ
e th
e m
ovem
ent
of h
erbi
cide
spr
ays
off
the
targ
et a
rea
by w
ind.
Dri
ft c
ontr
ol a
ddit
ives
redu
ce t
he
perc
enta
ge o
f fi
ne
drop
lets
pro
duce
dby
th
e sp
ray
noz
zle.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 20
21
Basal
Bark
Ap
plicati
on
Tech
niq
ues:
●C
onve
nti
onal
bas
al:
App
ly d
iese
l fue
l oil,
ker
osen
e or
ah
erbi
cide
/die
sel f
uel o
il m
ixtu
re (
2 to
4 p
erce
nt
her
bici
de)
to t
he
low
er 1
2 to
18
inch
es o
f th
etr
unk
of a
bru
sh p
lan
t. T
he
solu
tion
is a
pplie
dco
mpl
etel
y ar
oun
d th
e tr
unk
wit
h s
uffi
cien
t vo
l-um
e to
allo
w r
unof
f an
d pu
ddlin
g at
th
e so
il su
r-fa
ce.
●L
ow-v
olum
e ba
sal o
r B
rush
Bus
ters
ste
m s
pray
:A
pply
a m
ixtu
re c
onta
inin
g di
esel
fue
l oil
plus
15
to 2
5 pe
rcen
t h
erbi
cide
to
wet
th
e lo
wer
12
to 1
8in
ches
of
the
trun
k co
mpl
etel
y ar
oun
d th
e tr
unk,
but
not
to
the
poin
t of
run
off.
●St
ream
line
basa
l:A
pply
a m
ixtu
re c
onta
inin
g di
esel
fue
l oil
plus
15
to 2
5 pe
rcen
t h
erbi
cide
, or
dies
el f
uel o
il pl
us 1
5to
25
perc
ent
her
bici
de a
nd
10 p
erce
nt
pen
etra
nt,
in a
ban
d (3
to
4 in
ches
wid
e) c
ompl
etel
y ar
oun
dth
e tr
unk
nea
r gr
oun
d le
vel.
Ad
dit
ion
of
Su
rfacta
nts
to
Fo
liar
Sp
rays:
●1
to 2
qts
. per
100
gal
s. o
f w
ater
●2
to 4
tsp
s. p
er g
al. w
ater
Bro
ad
cast
vs.
Ind
ivid
ual
Pla
nt
Tre
atm
en
t:
●Fe
wer
th
an 3
00 t
o 40
0 st
ems/
acre
, use
indi
vidu
alpl
ant
trea
tmen
ts●
Mor
e th
an 3
00 t
o 40
0 st
ems/
acre
, use
bro
adca
sttr
eatm
ents
Weed
Co
ntr
ol
●Sp
ray
wh
en w
eed
den
sity
is t
hre
e or
mor
e pe
rsq
uare
foo
t.
Dete
rmin
ing
Ste
ms p
er
Acre
:
●M
ark
off
area
22
yard
s by
22
yard
s.●
Cou
nt
stem
s w
ith
in t
his
are
a.●
Mul
tipl
y th
e n
umbe
r of
ste
ms
by 1
0.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 21
22
Reco
mm
en
ded
Tra
cto
r S
ize(s
) fo
r V
ari
ou
s R
an
gela
nd
Bru
sh
Co
ntr
ol
Imp
lem
en
ts
Imp
lem
en
tR
eco
mm
en
ded
tra
cto
r siz
e
Ro
ller
cho
pp
ers
(hea
vy d
uty
)le
ss t
han
10
ft. w
ide
D7
craw
ler
trac
tor
mo
re t
han
10
ft. w
ide
D8
craw
ler
trac
tor
Ch
ain
s (m
inim
um
180
ft.
)D
6 -
D8
craw
ler
trac
tor
Ro
otp
low
sD
7 -
D8
craw
ler
trac
tor
Hea
vy o
ffse
t d
isks
D8
craw
ler
trac
tor
Fro
nt
mo
un
ted
gru
bb
ers
hig
h e
ner
gy
D6
- D
7 cr
awle
r tr
acto
rlo
w e
ner
gy
D3
- D
5 cr
awle
r tr
acto
r; 3
5- t
o 1
20-h
p f
arm
tra
cto
r o
r w
hee
led
load
er
Rea
r m
ou
nte
d g
rub
ber
s35
- to
120
-hp
far
m t
ract
or
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 22
23
Qu
an
tity
of
Herb
icid
e N
eed
ed
to
Ob
tain
Vari
ou
s C
on
cen
trati
on
s
Co
ncen
trati
on
desir
ed
To
mix
1/2
%1 %
2 %
5 %
15%
25%
1 g
al.
2/3
oz.
1 1/
3 o
z.2
2/3
oz.
6 1/
2 o
z.19
oz.
1 q
t.
3 g
als.
2 o
z.4
oz.
8 o
z.19
oz.
57 o
z.3
qts
.
5 g
als.
3 1/
3 o
z.6
1/2
oz.
13 o
z.1
qt.
3 q
ts.
1 1/
4 g
als.
10 g
als.
6 1/
2 o
z.13
oz.
26 o
z.2
qts
.1
1/2
gal
s.2
1/2
gal
s.
25 g
als.
1 p
t.1
qt.
2 q
ts.
1 1/
4 g
als.
3 3/
4 g
als.
6 1/
4 g
als.
50 g
als.
1 q
t.2
qts
.1
gal
.2
1/2
gal
s.7
1/2
gal
s.12
1/2
gal
s.
100
gal
s.2
qts
.1
gal
.2
gal
s.5
gal
s.15
gal
s.25
gal
s.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 23
24
Red
Fla
g C
on
dit
ion
s f
or
Win
ter
Bu
rns:
●W
ind
spee
d gr
eate
r th
an 2
0 m
ph●
Rel
ativ
e h
umid
ity
less
th
an 2
0 pe
rcen
t●
Air
tem
pera
ture
gre
ater
th
an 8
0 de
gree
s F
Fin
e F
uel
Lo
ad
s f
or
Eff
ecti
ve B
urn
s:
●M
inim
um o
f 1,
500
to 2
,000
pou
nds
/acr
e●
Opt
imum
of
3,00
0 po
unds
/acr
e or
mor
e
Die
sel: G
aso
lin
e M
ixtu
re f
or
Dri
p T
orc
hes:
●60
to
75 p
erce
nt
dies
el p
lus
25 t
o 40
per
cen
t ga
so-
line
Op
tim
um
Weath
er
Co
nd
itio
ns f
or
Win
ter
Backfi
res:
●R
elat
ive
hum
idit
y be
twee
n 4
0 an
d 60
per
cen
t●
Air
tem
pera
ture
bet
wee
n 4
0 an
d 60
deg
rees
F●
Win
d sp
eed
betw
een
5 a
nd
8 m
ph
Op
tim
um
Weath
er
Co
nd
itio
ns f
or
Win
ter
Head
fire
s:
●R
elat
ive
hum
idit
y be
twee
n 2
5 an
d 40
per
cen
t●
Air
tem
pera
ture
bet
wee
n 7
0 an
d 80
deg
rees
F●
Win
d sp
eed
betw
een
8 a
nd
15 m
ph
Texas A
ir C
on
tro
l B
oard
Reg
ula
tio
ns f
or
Pre
scri
bed
Bu
rns:
●W
ind
spee
d m
ust
be b
etw
een
6 a
nd
23 m
ph.
●B
urn
mus
t be
sta
rted
no
earl
ier
than
1 h
r. af
ter
sun
rise
.●
Bur
n m
ust
be c
ompl
eted
no
late
r th
an 1
hr.
befo
resu
nse
t.●
Bur
n m
ust
be a
t le
ast
300
feet
fro
m a
djac
ent
resi
-de
nti
al, r
ecre
atio
nal
, com
mer
cial
or
indu
stri
alpr
oper
ties
.●
Bur
n c
ann
ot b
e co
ndu
cted
wh
en a
tmos
pher
ic t
em-
pera
ture
inve
rsio
ns
are
pred
icte
d.●
Bur
n m
ust
be o
utsi
de c
orpo
rate
lim
its
of a
cit
y or
tow
n.
Pre
scri
bed
Bu
rnin
g
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 24
25
Min
imu
m D
ow
nw
ind
Pro
tecti
on
(B
ackfi
re +
Min
era
l Fir
elin
e W
idth
):
●Sl
igh
tly
vola
tile
fue
ls =
50
to 1
00 f
eet
●M
oder
atel
y vo
lati
le f
uels
= 1
00 t
o 20
0 fe
et
●H
igh
ly v
olat
ile f
uels
= 3
00 t
o 50
0 fe
et
Min
imu
m M
inera
l Fir
e L
ine W
idth
:
●8
feet
+ 1
foo
t pe
r m
ph o
f w
ind
expe
cted
Seed
ing
Ran
gela
nd
Need
:
●Pa
stur
es s
hou
ld b
e re
seed
ed if
des
irab
le p
lan
tsm
ake
up le
ss t
han
10
perc
ent
of t
he
tota
l veg
eta-
tion
ava
ilabl
e.
Seed
So
urc
es:
●Fo
r be
st r
esul
ts u
sin
g n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s, u
se s
eed
grow
n w
ith
in 2
00 m
iles
nor
th o
r so
uth
an
d 10
0m
iles
east
or
wes
t of
th
e ar
ea t
o be
see
ded.
Seed
ing
Dep
th:
●A
s a
rule
, pla
nt
seed
at
a de
pth
fou
r to
sev
en t
imes
the
diam
eter
of
the
seed
. W
hen
usi
ng
a m
ixtu
re
of s
mal
l an
d la
rge
seed
, det
erm
ine
the
plan
tin
gde
pth
by
the
diam
eter
of
the
smal
lest
see
d. I
nm
ost
ran
gela
nd
seed
ings
, pla
nt
the
seed
abo
ut 1
/4to
1/2
inch
dee
p bu
t n
ot d
eepe
r th
an 3
/4 in
ch.
Tim
ing
:
●W
arm
sea
son
pla
nts
may
be
seed
ed s
ucce
ssfu
llydu
rin
g la
te w
inte
r to
ear
ly s
prin
g ac
ross
mos
t of
Texa
s. T
he
Tra
ns-
Peco
s re
gion
is b
est
suit
ed t
om
id-s
umm
er s
eedi
ng
date
s fo
r w
arm
sea
son
spec
ies.
In
th
e m
ore
sout
her
n a
reas
of
the
stat
ew
her
e a
rain
fall
peak
occ
urs
in t
he
fall,
see
din
g in
late
sum
mer
or
earl
y fa
ll m
ay b
e m
ore
desi
rabl
e.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 25
26
●C
ool s
easo
n p
lan
ts m
ay b
e se
eded
eit
her
in t
he
spri
ng
or e
arly
fal
l, th
ough
late
sum
mer
or
fall
nor
-m
ally
is b
est.
Weed
Co
ntr
ol:
●D
o n
ot s
pray
her
bici
de o
n a
reas
rec
entl
y se
eded
unti
l gra
ss h
as d
evel
oped
fou
r to
fiv
e tr
ue le
aves
.
Gen
era
l S
eed
ing
Rate
s f
or
Gra
sses C
om
mo
nly
Used
in
Ran
ge S
eed
ing
s
Seed
ing
rate
(lb
s.
of
PLS
/acre
)1
Sp
ecie
s40-i
n.
row
sD
rill/b
road
cast
Alk
ali s
acat
on
0.4
1.0
An
gle
ton
blu
este
m0.
41.
0B
ig b
lues
tem
2.0
6.0
Bla
ck g
ram
a0.
51.
5B
lue
gra
ma
0.5
1.5
Blu
e p
anic
gra
ss0.
82.
0B
oer
love
gra
ss0.
81.
5B
uff
elg
rass
(b
urs
/gra
in)
1.0/
0.5
2.0/
1.5
Bu
ffal
og
rass
(b
urs
/gra
in)
5.0/
—16
.0/3
.0C
alif
orn
ia c
ott
on
top
0.4
1.2
Cau
casi
an b
lues
tem
0.5
1.2
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 26
27
Eas
tern
gam
agra
ss10
.020
.0P
ete
and
Lu
ka v
arie
ties
8.0
15.0
Go
rdo
blu
este
m0.
51.
2G
reen
sp
ran
gle
top
0.7
1.7
Ind
ian
gra
ss1.
54.
5K
ing
Ran
ch b
lues
tem
0.5
1.2
Kle
ber
g b
lues
tem
0.5
1.2
Kle
ing
rass
0.5
1.5
Leh
man
n lo
veg
rass
0.5
1.5
Litt
le b
lues
tem
1.2
3.4
Med
io b
lues
tem
0.4
1.0
Old
Wo
rld
blu
este
m0.
51.
2P
lain
s b
rist
leg
rass
1.0
3.0
Rh
od
esg
rass
0.4
1.0
San
d b
lues
tem
2.0
6.0
San
d d
rop
seed
0.4
1.0
San
d lo
veg
rass
0.5
1.5
Sid
eoat
s g
ram
a1.
54.
5
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 27
28
Gen
era
l S
eed
ing
Rate
s f
or
Gra
sses C
om
mo
nly
Used
in
Ran
ge S
eed
ing
s (
co
nti
nu
ed
)
Sw
itch
gra
ss (
Ala
mo
)0.
82.
0A
ll o
ther
var
ieti
es1.
23.
5W
eep
ing
love
gra
ss0.
51.
5W
este
rn w
hea
tgra
ss2.
47.
0W
ilman
love
gra
ss0.
51.
5Ye
llow
blu
este
m0.
61.
8
1P
LS (
pu
re li
ve s
eed
) =
(% g
erm
inat
ion
+ %
har
d s
eed
) X
% p
uri
ty
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 28
29
Suggested Additional References
● Livestock HusbandrySheep Production Handbook. American Sheep IndustryAssociation. 6911 South Yosemite, Suite 200, Englewood,Colorado 80112-1414.
Texas Beef Cattle Management Handbook. Texas AgriculturalExtension Service, SP-50.
Angora Goat & Mohair Production. Mohair Council. P.O. Box5337, San Angelo, Texas 76902.
● Grazing Managment“Stocking Rate Decisions.” Texas Agricultural ExtensionService, B-5036.
“Balancing Forage Demand with Forage Supply.” TexasAgricultural Extension Service, B-1606.
“How Much Forage Do You Have?” Texas AgriculturalExtension Service, B-1646.
“Range Monitoring with Photo Points.” Texas AgriculturalExtension Service, L-5216
● Rangeland Weed and Brush Control“Chemical Weed and Brush Control - Suggestions forRangeland.” Texas Agricultural Extension Service, B-1466.
● Prescribed Burning“Prescribed Range Burning in Texas.” Texas AgriculturalExtension Service, E-37.
“Planning a Prescribed Burn.” Texas Agricultural ExtensionService, L-2461.
Prescribed Burning for Brush Management - The South TexasExample. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas77843.
● Seeding Rangeland“Seeding Rangeland.” Texas Agricultural Extension Service,B-1379.
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 29
30
● Internet Sites of InterestTexas Natural Resource (TEXNAT) http://texnat.tamu.edu
Texas Parks and Wildlife http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/
Center for GrazingLand and Ranch Managementhttp://cnrit.tamu.edu/cgrm/
Sheep and Goat Marketing Pagehttp://www.intercom.net/user/sschoen/market.html
Oklahoma State University Breeds of Livestockhttp://www.ansi.okstate.edu/BREEDS/
Texas Extension Animal Sciencehttp://animalscience-extension.tamu.edu/
Texas A&M Department of Rangeland Ecology andManagement http://cnrit.tamu.edu/rlem/
Publications from the Texas Agricultural Extension Serviceare available at this Web Site: http://texaserc.tamu.edu/
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 30
Notes
31
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Notes
32
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 32
Notes
33
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Notes
34
B-6101 8/21/00 3:49 PM Page 34
