reference materials for oceanic carbon dioxide …reference materials for oceanic carbon dioxide...

George Anderson bottling reference materials.

What’s Inside ...

CDIAC’s Corner . . . . . . . . 2Trends Online . . . . . . . . . . 3Year of the Ocean . . . . . . . 4New NDPs . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Poplar Updates . . . . . . . . 10Russian Publications . . . 10New Databases . . . . . . . . 11Databases Available . . . . 12Recent and Relevant . . . . 13CDIAC’s Bookshelf . . . . 15GCEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Order Form . . . . . . . . . . . 17DOE Programs . . . . . . . 19

Reference Materials for OceanicCarbon Dioxide Measurements

by Andrew G. Dickson, University of California, San Diego

A major goal of modern oceanographyis the coordinated study of oceanicprocesses on a global scale. The impetuscomes from a desire to understand thefactors that control climate and howclimate changes affect biogeochemicalsystems. In particular, a clear grasp ofthe circulation of the oceans, as well asthe associated physical processes andtheir biological, geological, andchemical consequences, is needed.

One of the first questions that should beasked about the analytical measure-ments in such global studies is: Howreliable are they? This has been aprincipal concern of the Joint Global

Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) program,which required that measurements madeat different times, by different scientists,from different laboratories, both in theUnited States and abroad, be compara-ble and correct; reliability will be animportant factor in the design of anyglobal ocean observing system.

Although the study of the oceaniccarbon dioxide system has been goingon for over 120 years, assuring thequality and comparability of measure-ments is still difficult today. However, amajor advance has recently

Continued on p. 16

Fall 1998Issue No. 25http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov

Co-editors: Sonja JonesKaren Gibson

CDIAC Communications is funded bythe U.S. Department of Energy’sEnvironmental Sciences Division,Office of Biological and EnvironmentalResearch. It is published periodicallyby the Carbon Dioxide InformationAnalysis Center, EnvironmentalSciences Division, Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,37831-6335, which is managed for theU.S. Department of Energy byLockheed Martin Energy ResearchCorp. under Contract No.DE-AC05-96OR22464. CDIACCommunications is distributed free ofcharge. ISSN 1053-1106.

Fall 1998

2 CDIAC Communications

Global warming. The term has become a part of our everyday vocabulary over the past few decades.In June 1988, NASA climate modeler Dr. James Hansen testified before the U.S. Senate that hewas “99% certain” that global warming was taking place. His testimony touched off a lot of media

attention and caused the “man on the street” to consider what since then has become a complicated andeven emotional environmental issue. The public has been swamped by media reports covering a number ofother reportedly global warming-related (in a fuzzy sort of way) phenomena: the greenhouse effect,increases in greenhouse gases, the ozone hole, major El Niño events, sea-level rise, melting glaciers,intense hurricanes, floods, droughts, summer heat waves, and on and on. The five warmest years in themodern global mean temperature record have all occurred in the 1990s; 1997 was the warmest year todate, and after its first 10 months, 1998 was poised to shatter 1997’s record. Are humans causing globalwarming and in effect experimenting with the global climate system? As CDIAC’s resident climatologist,

I’m regularly asked this question by our users who don’t happen to be scientists. While there is well-documentedevidence of anthropogenic effects, such as the buildup of atmospheric CO2 and decreasing stratospheric ozonelevels, there is far from universal agreement on what role we may be playing in observed climate variation. It’simportant to realize that the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon; atmospheric water vapor,clouds, and other trace gases trap heat near the surface and keep the planet much warmer than it would otherwise bewithout an atmosphere. The multibillion dollar question is: Are rising greenhouse gas concentrations strengtheningthis effect enough to artificially warm the planet?

Since 1988, climate scientists from around the world have worked together under the auspices of the Intergovern-mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to try to answer this question. One conclusion is that global mean surfacetemperature has risen roughly 0.5(C (�1(F) over the past century. A recent IPCC report, Climate Change 1995:The Science of Climate Change, stated, “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.” This caused quite a stir, for not all in the scientific community agree that the evidence supports this statement; some feel we are mainly witnessing natural climate variability. There are even those scientists who feel increasing atmospheric CO2 and any resultant warming may not be a bad thing, because of experimentally demonstrated benefits for plant growth and likely increases in growing season length. The next IPCC report is due out in 2001. Stay tuned.

So, are we getting any closer to being able to say with absolute certainty that we are altering earth’s climate (i.e., causing global warming)? I think most would agree that a considerable body of evidence is mounting, but there is still much to be done in observing, analyzing, and modeling the climate system before the debate will be laid to rest. In the meantime,we at CDIAC will continue do our best to ensure that critical, quality-assured, global change databases are made available to researchers, policymakers, educators, students, and the interested lay public. Keep a special eye out for ever-expanding holdings in our online TRENDS publication (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm).

We at CDIAC often use the Internet just as you do (i.e., to seek out information of interest to us in our work). A Web search on “global warming” or “climate change” will generate tens of thousands of hits. We’ve recently compiled a list of out- standing global climate change links that we hope you will find informative in your study of this issue (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/gcclinks.html). We’d be glad to hear from you if you know of any high-quality links we’ve left off the list. Thanks.

Dale Kaiser CDIAC Deputy Director and Task Leader for Global Change Data

Fall 1998

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 3

Trends Online

CDIAC recentlyadded a newsection to TrendsOnline entitled“Methane

Emissions” (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/meth/methane.htm). The initial data set in thissection is annual estimates of global anthro-pogenic methane emissions for the period 1860–1994. The data were contributed by David Stern(Australian National University) and RobertKaufmann (Boston University) and prepared foronline publication by CDIAC’s Bob Cushman.Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and aknowledge of anthropogenic emissions isimportant for studies of the biogeochemicalcycling of methane and for consideration ofstrategies for reducing methane emissions.

CDIAC also added and revised several keyrecords offered in the “Atmospheric CarbonDioxide and Carbon Isotopes” section of TrendsOnline (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/contents.htm). These new records were preparedby CDIAC’s Mónica Martínez (summer student,University of Puerto Rico) and Tom Boden.

Ice-core CO2 records from Law Dome,Antarctica http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/lawdome.html

These important ice core records werecontributed by D. M. Etheridge, L. P. Steele,R. L. Langenfelds and R. J. Francey (CSIRO),J.-M. Barnola (Laboratoire de Glaciologie etGéophysique de l’Environnement), and V. I.Morgan (Antarctic CRC and AustralianAntarctic Division). These data provideatmospheric CO2 mixing ratios from 1006 A.D.to 1978 A.D. The air enclosed in the three icecores has unparalleled age resolution andextends into recent decades because of the high

rate of snow accumulation at Law Dome. TheLaw Dome records show that preindustrial CO2

mixing ratios were in the range 275–284 partsper million, with the lower levels occurringfrom 1550 to 1800 A.D., probably as a result ofcolder global climate. The Law Dome ice coreCO2 records show major growth in atmosphericCO2 levels over the industrial period, exceptduring 1935–1945 A.D., when levels stabilizedor decreased slightly. Such data have a numberof important applications, such as studying therelationship between greenhouse gases andclimate change and calibrating models of theglobal carbon cycle.

13CO2 record from Cape Grim, Tasmania

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/capegrim.html

Roger Francey and Colin Allison (CSIRO)contributed this important isotopic carbonrecord to the Trends Online collection. TheCape Grim in situ record is possibly the mostaccurate representation of global atmospheric

13C behavior during the 1980s and 1990s.Changes in 13C of atmospheric CO2 are usefulin elucidating the relative roles of oceanic andterrestrial uptake of CO2 from fossil fuelemissions.

Updates to the Scripps CO2 recordshttp://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-keel.htm

Dave Keeling and Tim Whorf (ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography) provided revisionsand updates through 1997 to the monthlyatmospheric CO2 records for Mauna Loa (seepage 10); Barrow, Alaska; American Samoa;and the South Pole. These records constitutesome of the longest modern atmospheric CO2

records available.

Fall 1998


Updates to German CO2 recordshttp://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/uba.htm

Revisions and updates through 1997 for thecontinuous atmospheric CO2 records fromSchauinsland and Westerland were provided by

Karin Uhse (Umweltbundesamt, Offenbach) andMartina Schmidt and Ingeborg Levin(University of Heidelberg). These recordsprovide key long-term continental Europeanrecords.

The International Year of the Ocean

1998 is theInternational Yearof the Ocean(YOTO), bydeclaration of theUnited Nations.The purpose ofYOTO is to

promote public awareness and understanding ofthe oceans, a dominant aspect of theenvironment. The oceans are also a key playerin global change issues. Just consider theinterest in such front-page topics as El Niño,hurricanes, and rising sea level. The U.S. federalrole in YOTO is managed by the OceanPrincipals Group, composed of civilian andmilitary agencies (including DOE) with ocean-related activities. The Ocean Principals Grouphas identified several themes (maritimetransportation; national security; oceanresources; marine environmental quality;recreation and tourism; and weather, climate andnatural hazards) and four crosscutting issues(science, technology, and research; legalframework; management of ocean areas, usesand resources; and education and exploration).

One activity that you may find of particularinterest is Project YOTO Drifters, presented bythe National Oceanographic PartnershipProgram (NOPP). NOPP was established in lawto promote national goals through improvedknowledge of the oceans and to coordinate andstrengthen oceanographic efforts by identifying

and carrying out partnerships among federalagencies, academia, industry, and othercomponents of the ocean science community,with a focus on data, resources, education, andcommunication. DOE and eleven other federalagencies form the partnership.

Project YOTO Drifters is engaging theeducation community by making available real-time data from dozens of “drifters”—instrumented devices that float on the oceansurface and drift with the ocean currents,transmitting data on location, salinity, sea-surface temperature, and other variables viasatellite. The project is coordinated by Dr. EllenPrager, an oceanographer from the U.S.Geological Survey. DOE supports the project byproviding the Project YOTO Drifters’ Web page(http://drifters.doe.gov/), which has beendeveloped by CDIAC’s Forrest Hoffman, withimportant linked information furnished by otherNOPP partners. From the Project YOTODrifters Web page, users can track individualdrifters (and predict movement of icebergs andpollutants), study global warming, monitorEl Niño and La Niña, follow hurricanes, verifysatellite data, build their own drifters, seeimages of the oceans, ask questions ofprofessional oceanographers, and follow links torelated Web sites.

Check out the Project YOTO Drifters on theInternet, and have fun in this, the InternationalYear of the Ocean!

Fall 1998


Location of Stations in the 223-station U.S.S.R. network.

New Numeric Data Packages Available

CDIAC’s data holdings provide coverage in a number of areas relevant to the greenhouse effect andglobal climate change. Such areas include records of the concentration of carbon dioxide and otherradioactively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in thebiogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; long-termclimate trends; the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastalareas to rising sea level. Data that are thoroughly checked and documented are released by CDIAC asnumeric data packages (NDPs). Recently released NDPs are described in this section. The data anddocumentation are available from CDIAC’s Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/), from CDIAC’sanonymous FTP area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov), and in a variety of media upon request. Technical questions(e.g., methodology or accuracy) should be directed to the CDIAC staff member who is responsible forpreparing the individual NDP.

Six- and Three-Hourly Meteorological Observations from 223 U.S.S.R.Stations

V. N. Razuvaev, E. B. Apasova, and R. A. Martuganov, All-Russian Research Institute ofHydrometeorological Information–World Data Centre, Obninsk, RussiaPrepared by: Dale Kaiser, CDIAC

NDP-048 (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp048/ndp048.html)

This database, an update to the data released in1995, contains 6- and 3-hourly meteorologicalobservations from a 223-station network of theformer Soviet Union.These data havebeen made availablethrough cooperationbetween the twoprincipal climatedata centers of theUnited States andthe former SovietUnion: the NationalClimatic Data Center(NCDC), inAsheville, NorthCarolina, and theAll-Russian Research Institute ofHydrometeorological Information–World DataCentre (RIHMI-WDC) in Obninsk, Russia. Thefirst version of this database extended throughthe mid-1980s (with the ending year dependentupon the station), and this update includes data

through 1990. Station records consist of 6- and3-hourly observations of some 24 meteorologi-cal variables including temperature, past and

present weather type,precipitation amount,cloud amount andtype, sea-level pres-sure, relative humidi-ty, and wind directionand speed. The 6-hourly observationsextend from 1936through 1965; the3-hourly observationsextend from 1966through 1990.

The observations provided in this databaserepresent a wealth of meteorological informa-tion for a large and climatologically importantportion of the earth’s land area and should proveextremely useful for a wide variety of regionalclimate change studies.

Fall 1998


Corrected 14C measurements over time.

Carbon-14 Measurements in Surface Water CO2 from the Atlantic, Indian,and Pacific Oceans, 1965–1994

Reidar Nydal, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Trondheim, NorwayPrepared by: Antoinette Brenkert and Tom Boden, CDIAC

NDP-057A (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp057a/ndp057a.htm)

A total of 950 ocean surface water observationswere made from 1965 through 1994 by theRadiological Dating Laboratory (RDL) at theNorwegianInstitute ofTechnolo-gy. Themeasure-ments weretaken at 30stations inthe AtlanticOcean, 14stations inthe IndianOcean, and38 stationsin thePacificOcean.Thirty-twoof the 950sampleswere takenin the Atlantic Ocean during the R/V Andenesresearch cruise. Carbon-14 was measured in 871of the 950 samples, and those measurementshave been corrected (�14C) for isotopicfractionation and radioactive decay. The �

14Cvalues range between �113.3 and 280.9 permille (‰) and have a mean value of 101.3 ‰.The highest yearly mean (146.5 ‰) wascalculated for 1969, and the lowest yearly meanvalue was calculated for 1990 (67.9 ‰),illustrating a decrease over time. This decreasewas to be expected as a result of the ban onatmospheric thermonuclear tests and the slowmixing of the ocean surface waters with the

deeper layers. The �14C values varied widelydepending on where and when the sample wastaken (i.e., upwelling areas, far northern or

southernlatitudes, nearfreshwaterinfluxes,temperature,salinity). Inaddition to thecorrected 14Cdata, 13C dataused incorrecting the14C data forfractionation areprovided, as arethe temperature,salinity, anddepthmeasurementsand informationon where andwhen the

samples were taken.

These data, coupled with other 14C data sets, canlead to a greater understanding of the dynamiccarbon reservoir and lead to a crude picture ofanomalous sources and sinks at different geo-graphical latitudes. The database is outstandingfor its inclusion of early 14C measurements,broad spatial coverage of sampling, relativeconsistency of sampling methods, and �

14C cal-culation results corrected for isotopic frac-tionation and radioactive decay. This databasereplaces previous versions published by ReidarNydal and the RDL. WDC-A database

Fall 1998


Latitudinal distribution of carbon emission estimates.

Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimates from Fossil-Fuel Burning, HydraulicCement Production, and Gas Flaring for 1995 on a One-Degree Grid CellBasis

Antoinette Brenkert, CDIAC

NDP-058A (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp058a.html)

This data package presents the gridded (one-degree latitude by one-degree longitude)summed emissions from fossil-fuel burning,hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring for1995. Analogousto the datapresented in thenumeric datapackage NDP-058(which includesestimates for 1950,1960, 1970, 1980,and 1990),national emissionestimates from the1995 UnitedNations (UN)Energy StatisticsDatabase,hydraulic cementproductionestimates from theU.S. Departmentof the Interior’sBureau of Mines,and supplementaldata on gas flaringfrom the U.S.Department of Energy’s Energy InformationAdministration were processed by Marland et al.following the methods of Marland and Rotty.The only change in the methodology used tocalculate the national CO2 emission estimatesfor 1995 was the implementation of separatecarbon coefficients for soft and hard coal; theemissions estimates in NDP-058 were calculatedusing a single carbon coefficient to characterizethe carbon content of all coals. To distribute thenational emission estimates from 1995 within

each country, the population database developedby Li (documented in CDIAC databaseDB1016) was used as proxy. The structure ofthe gridded 1995 emissions data file differs,

consequently, fromthe 1950–1990gridded emissionfiles in thatindividual gridcells may havebeen partitionedinto more than onecountry analogousto Li’s populationdatabase. Acountry’srepresentation in agrid cell isquantified by thepercentage of thatcountry’s land areain a particular gridcell and identifiedby its UNidentificationcode. Thepercentages andUN identification

codes were used to allocate the national CO2

emission estimates to the grid cells. Only thosegrid cells with a UN identification code,population estimate, and carbon emissionestimate are listed. Grid cells representing morethan one country are repeated for each countryrepresented. A number of manipulations of Li’spopulation database were necessary (anddocumented) to properly distribute the national1995 CO2 emission estimates over eachcountry’s grid cells. WDC-A database

Fall 1998


Effects of CO2 and Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Nutrient Content ofJuvenile Ponderosa Pine

Dale Johnson and Timothy Ball, Desert Research Institute, and Roger Walker, University of NevadaPrepared by: Bob Cushman, CDIAC

NDP-061A (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp061a/ndp061a.htm)

This data package presents measured values ofplant diameter and height, biomass of plantcomponents, and nutrient (carbon, nitrogen,phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magne-sium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc)concentrations from a study of the effects ofcarbon dioxide and nitrogen fertilization on pon-derosa pine conducted in open-top chambers inPlacerville, California, from 1991 through 1996,funded by DOE and other agencies. This dataset contains values from 1991 through 1993.

These data may be used to study the effect thatelevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide incombination with various levels of nitrogen

fertilization have on the growth and nutrientcontent of ponderosa pine, an important timberspecies of western North America. Johnson etal. used the data documented in this numericdata package to evaluate two hypotheses:(1) that elevated CO2 would increase growth andyield of biomass per unit uptake of N even if Nis limiting, and (2) that elevated CO2 wouldincrease biomass yield per unit uptake of other,nonlimiting nutrients only by growth dilution.

This database can help quantify the response ofvegetation to rising atmospheric concentrationsof carbon dioxide caused by fossil-fuel combus-tion and land-use change. WDC-A database

Awards

CDIAC recently received a number of online and printed product awards from the Society forTechnical Communication (STC) in 1997 competitions. Three CDIAC online products winningawards in the On-Line Competition of the Atlanta STC Chapter were

Excellence“Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemi-cal Data Obtained During the R/V MeteorCruise 18/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean”(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_056/ndp056.html), submitted by Alexander Kozyr.

AchievementCDIAC Communications, Spring 1997, IssueNo. 23 (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/newsletr/spring97/spr97.htm), submitted byKaren N. Gibson and Frederick M. O’Hara.

AchievementThe DOE Research Summary “Historical

Variations in Terrestrial Biospheric CarbonStorage” (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/doers/doer34/doer34.htm), submitted byWilfred M. Post, Anthony W. King,Stan D. Wullschleger, Forrest M. Hoffman,and Marvel D. Burtis.

Winning the Merit Award for TechnicalReports in the East Tennessee STC Chapter’s1997 Technical Publications and ArtCompetition was CDIAC’s NDP-057,“Carbon-14 Measurements in AtmosphericCO2 from Northern and Southern HemisphereSites, 1962–1993,” submitted byThomas A. Boden and Virgene Zumbrunn.

Fall 1998


Station locations during R/V Knorr expeditions in the South Pacific Ocean.

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained in the SouthPacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C, R/VKnorr, October 1992–April 1993)

S. Rubin, J. G. Goddard, D. W. Chipman, T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, Lamont-Doherty EarthObservatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, and J. L. Reid, J. H. Swift, L. D. Talley,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CaliforniaPrepared by: Alex Kozyr, CDIAC

NDP-065 (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_065/ndp065.html)

The World Ocean plays a dynamic role in theEarth’s climate: it captures heat from the sun,transports it, andreleases it thousandsof miles away.These oceanic-solar-atmosphericinteractions affectwinds, rainfall pat-terns, and tempera-tures on a globalscale. The oceansalso play a majorrole in globalcarbon-cycle pro-cesses. Carbon isunevenly distributedin the oceansbecause of complexcirculation patternsand biogeochemical cycles that include thebiological processes of photosynthesis in upperlayers and respiration in deep oceans. Theoceans are estimated to hold 38,000 gigatons ofcarbon, 50 times more than the amount in theatmosphere and 20 times more than the amountheld by plants, animals, and the soil. If only 2%of the carbon stored in the oceans were released,the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)would double. Every year, the amount of CO2

exchanged across the sea surface is 15 timesgreater than the amount produced by the burningof fossil fuels, deforestation, and other humanactivities.

The largest oceanographic experiment everattempted is the World Ocean Circulation Ex-

periment (WOCE). The goals of the DOEfunded CO2 survey include estimation of the

meridional transportof inorganic carbonin the Pacific Oceanin a manner analo-gous to the oceanicheat transport esti-mates, evaluation ofthe exchange of CO2between the atmo-sphere and the ocean,and preparation of adatabase suitable forcarbon- cycle model-ing and the subse-quent assessment ofthe anthropogenicCO2 increase in theoceans. The final

data set is expected to cover approximately23,000 stations.

This numeric data package presents the proced-ures and methods used in the CO2-relatedmeasurements obtained during the 152-dayexpedition of the Research Vessel (R/V) Knorralong the WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C, located in the South PacificOcean. Measurements included total carbon di-oxide concentration (TCO2), partial pressure ofCO2 (pCO2) measured at 4( and 20(C, salinity,oxygen, nutrients, and chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs). Pressure, temperature, salinity, andoxygen were measured continuously with waterdepth on each station by using an in situ sensor.WDC-A database

Fall 1998


Popular UpdatesALE/GAGE/AGAGE (June 1998)(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html)

CDIAC released an updated and revised onlinedatabase from the global ALE/GAGE/AGAGEmonitoring network (DB1001), which providescontinuous high-frequency gas chromatographicmeasurements of eight importantbiogenic/anthropogenic gases, includingmethane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); thechlorofluorocarbons CFCl3, CF2Cl2, andCF2ClCFCl2; methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3);chloroform (CHCl3); and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4). This database has been one of CDIAC’s“Top Ten” most-requested products, and itsupports analyses and monitoring related to boththe Kyoto Protocol (to control global warmingcaused by elevated atmospheric concentrationsof greenhouse gases) and the Montreal Protocol(to protect the Earth’s ozone layer). The datawere contributed by R. Prinn, D. Cunnold,P. Fraser, R. Weiss, P. Simmonds, F. Alyea,L. P. Steele, and D. Hartley; they were preparedfor online distribution by CDIAC’s Tom Boden.The program began in 1978, and data throughSeptember 1997 are now available for all fiveexisting sites: Cape Grim, Tasmania; PointMatatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point,

Barbados; Mace Head, Ireland; and TrinidadHead, California (stations also previouslyexisted at Cape Meares, Oregon; and Adrigole,Ireland). WDC-A database

Atmospheric CO2

Concentrations—Mauna LoaObservatory, Hawaii, 1958–1997(August 1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp001.html)

1997 marked the 40th anniversary of the MaunaLoa atmospheric CO2 work being done byDrs. Charles D. Keeling and Tim Whorf, whichis funded by DOE and other agencies. With datanow extending from 1958–1997, this recordrepresents the longest continuous record ofatmospheric CO2 concentrations in the world.Because of the favorable site location,continuous monitoring, and careful selectionand scrutiny of the data, the Mauna Loa recordis considered to be a precise record and areliable indicator of the regional trend in theconcentrations of atmospheric CO2 in the middlelayers of the troposphere and is critical to CO2-related research. The Mauna Loa record shows a15.2% increase in the mean annual atmosphericCO2 concentration, from 315.83 parts permillion by volume (ppmv) of dry air in 1959 to363.82 ppmv in 1997. WDC-A database

Selected Translated Abstracts of Russian-Language Climate-Change PublicationsCDIAC has published online SelectedTranslated Abstracts of Russian-LanguageClimate-Change Publications (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/russeng1.html),produced in collaboration with the All-RussianResearch Institute of HydrometeorologicalInformation–World Data Center (Obninsk,Russia). The four-volume series includes

hundreds of abstracts on the topics of thesurface energy budget, clouds, aerosols, andgeneral circulation models. The series, producedunder the auspices of a 1972 U.S.-U.S.S.R.agreement on protection of the environment,opens up to western researchers a wealth ofclimate-change literature that was previouslyavailable only in Russian.

Fall 1998


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MAPS Correlative CO Sampling Sites for April 1994

(Station DC8 is Not Included)

New Database Available

Typically, CDIAC checks all files that it receives and fully documents these files in the form of numericdata packages (NDPs) or computer model packages (CMPs) before making them available to the generalpublic. CDIAC also offers databases (DBs) that have not been subjected to the normal CDIACquality-control procedures in order to make them available more quickly. The abstract that followsdescribes the most recent database available from CDIAC. The database is available from CDIAC’s Website (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/), from CDIAC’s anonymous FTP area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov), and in avariety of media upon request. Files describing the contents of the database are provided, but noadditional documentation is available from CDIAC. Questions about accessing the database should bedirected to CDIAC; technical questions (e.g., methodology or accuracy) should be directed to the CDIACstaff members responsible for preparing the database.

Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) 1994 CorrelativeAtmospheric Carbon Monoxide Mixing Ratios

Paul Novelli, NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), Boulder, Colorado, andKen Masarie, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University ofColorado, Boulder, Colorado Prepared by: Linda Allison and Tom Boden, CDIAC

DB1020 (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/db/db1020/db1020.html)

Carbon monoxide(CO) mixing ratios inthe middle tropo-sphere have beenexamined for shortperiods of time byusing theMeasurement of AirPollution fromSatellites (MAPS)instrument. MAPSmeasures CO from aspace platform, usinggas filter correlationradiometry. During the1981 and 1984 MAPSflights, measurementvalidation was attempted by comparing spacemeasurements of CO to those made in themiddle troposphere from aircraft. Before the1994 MAPS flights, a correlative measurementteam comprised of eleven laboratories was

assembled to provideNASA with results oftheir CO field measure-ment programs duringthe April and October1994 missions. To maxi-mize the usefulness ofthe correlative data,team members agreed toparticipate in an inter-comparison of COmeasurements. The correlative dataprovide an internallyconsistent, ground-basedpicture of CO in the

lower atmosphere during spring and fall 1994.The data show the regional importance of twoCO sources, fossil-fuel burning in urbanizedareas and biomass burning in regions of theSouthern Hemisphere. WDC-A database

Fall 1998


Databases Currently AvailableBelow is a summary of the databases currently available from CDIAC.

The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Network, DB1001

Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in ClimateModels (ICRCCM) Infrared (Clear-Sky)Line-by-Line Radiative Fluxes, DB1002

A Computer-Based Atlas of Global InstrumentalClimate Data, DB1003

Alaskan Historical Climatology Network SerialTemperature and Precipitation Data, DB1004

Forest Responses to Anthropogenic Stress(FORAST) Database, DB1005

Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) 3-DGlobal Tracer Transport Model, DB1006

Atmospheric Methane at Cape Meares, Oregon,USA: A High-Resolution Database for thePeriod 1979 to 1992, DB1007

Atmospheric Methane Mixing Ratios: TheNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) Climate Modeling andDiagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) GlobalCooperative Air-Sampling Network,1983–1993, DB1008

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Working Group 1, 1994: ModellingResults Relating Future Atmospheric CO2

Concentrations to Industrial Emissions, DB1009

Globally Averaged Atmospheric CFC-11Concentrations: Monthly and Annual Data for1975 to 1992, DB1010

Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Mixing Ratios,NOAA Climate Monitoring and DiagnosticsLaboratory Cooperative Air Sampling Network,1988 to 1993, DB1011

A Global 1 Degree by 1 Degree Distribution ofAtmospheric-Soil CO2 Consumption byContinental Weathering and of Riverine HCO3

Yield, DB1012

Global and Latitudinal Estimates of 13C from

Fossil-Fuel Consumption and CementManufacture, DB1013

In Situ Carbon-13 and Oxygen-18 Ratios ofAtmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim, Tasmania,Australia: 1982–1993, DB1014

Global Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Emissionsfrom Soils on a 0.5-Degree-Grid-Cell Basis,DB1015

Global Population Distribution (1990),Terrestrial Area, and Country Name Informationon a One-by-One-Degree Grid-Cell Basis,DB1016

Northern Hemisphere Biome- andProcess-Specific Changes in Forest Area andGross Merchantable Volume: 1890–1990,DB1017

A Comprehensive Database of WoodyVegetation Responses to Elevated AtmosphericCO2, DB1018

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory’sStratospheric Radionuclide (RANDAB) andTrace Gas (TRACDAB) Databases, DB1019

Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites(MAPS) 1994 Correlative Atmospheric CarbonMonoxide Mixing Ratios, DB1020

Fall 1998


Recent and Relevant

Carbon dioxide-related publications are available from CDIAC while supplies last. Please note: Severalpublications listed in prior versions of the catalog are no longer distributed by CDIAC. DOE personneland DOE contractors should request those copies from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information(OSTI), P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (http://www.osti.gov/). Other individuals may purchasecopies from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) (703-487-4650 or http://www.ntis.gov/)in microfiche or hard copy; prices will vary with the number of pages.

Catalog of Databases and Reports

Prepared by: Marvel Burtis, CDIAC

ORNL/CDIAC-34 (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/catalog/index.htm)

Currently in its eighth revision, the Catalog ofDatabases and Reports provides informationabout the many data products and reports avail-able through CDIAC, including the DOE-sponsored research reports, CDIAC reports,CDIAC Numeric Data Packages (NDPs) andComputer Model Products (CMPs), anddatabases (DBs). The catalog, as well as manyof the data products and reports listed in thecatalog, are available online in enhanced formatas HTML and/or PDF documents.

Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations

Ernie Lewis and Doug Wallace, Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory,Upton, New YorkPrepared by: Linda Allison, CDIAC

CDIAC-105 (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html)

As ocean CO2 measurements become steadilymore accurate and investigators seek to evaluatevery small changes in concentrations, the issueof how to calculate inorganic carbon speciationin seawater has become very important. Overthe years there have been many determinationsand reviews of the constants used to describe the

dissociation of CO2 in the ocean, but nouniversally accepted set of constants exists.Several subtly different pH scales remain incommon use, as do variations in the definitionof total alkalinity (TA) and arguments over therelative merits of reporting the partial pressure(pCO2) versus the fugacity (fCO2) of CO2.

Fall 1998


Intended to be of general use and perhaps helpto clear up some of this confusion, a recentlyreleased program, CO2SYS, performscalculations relating parameters of the carbondioxide system in seawater and freshwater.

CO2SYS uses any two of the four measurableparameters of the CO2 system to calculate theother two parameters at a set of input conditions(temperature and pressure) and a set of outputconditions chosen by the user. CO2SYSreplaces and extends upon a number ofprograms previously released. CO2SYS may berun on any 80 × 86 computer equipped with theDOS operating system in single-input mode orbatch-input mode and has a variety of optionsfor the various constants and parameters used.An on-screen information section is available

that includes documentation on various topicsrelevant to the program.

Fiscal Year 1997 Annual Report

Robert Cushman, Thomas Boden, Sonja Jones, Dale Kaiser, and Tommy Nelson, CDIACPrepared by: Marvel Burtis, CDIAC

ORNL/CDIAC-106 (1998) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/annintro.htm)

Each fiscal year, CDIAC staff reflect upon thedata center’s progress by producing an annualreport that documents highlights from the yearand goals for the coming year. The Fiscal Year1997 Annual Report provides information onnew data products, publications, and additionsto CDIAC’s Web site and information onCDIAC’s focus areas, and it provides statisticson the center’s activities, such as the number ofrequests for global-change data and information,products requested, and citations in thepublished literature of data obtained fromCDIAC. It also alerts users to new data productsthat CDIAC hopes to release in Fiscal Year1998, lists awards received by CDIAC andpublications and presentations of its staff, andnames the many organizations with whichCDIAC has collaborated to produce the data andinformation products it released in fiscal year1997.

Please note: Only a limited number of printedcopies are available upon request.

Fall 1998


CDIAC’s Bookshelf

In the course of our work at CDIAC, many books and announcements cross our desks. Some of these arehighly specialized and may not get a broad announcement to the worldwide scientific community, sowe’d like to mention them here. CDIAC does not stock or distribute these publications.

Our Changing Planet: The Fiscal Year 1999U.S. Global Change Research Program(Committee on Environment and NaturalResources, National Science and TechnologyCouncil, Washington, D.C., 1998, 130 pp.)

Copies of Our Changing Planet are availablefrom the Global Change Research InformationOffice (GCRIO), P.O. Box 1000, 61 Route 9W,Palisades, NY 10964. It is also available onlineat (http://gcrio.ciesin.org/ocp99/toc.html)

Global Change Education Program (GCEP)

In an effort to promote and support the qualityof emerging scientists in disciplines related toglobal change research, the DOE’s Office ofBiological and Environmental Research (OBER)has established the Global Change EducationProgram (GCEP). Global change researchsupported by OBER through various programsincludes areas ranging from the atmosphericsciences, ecology, global carbon cycles,climatology, and terrestrial processes tointegrated assessments, predictions, policy,paleoclimatology and earth system processes.

A major goal of GCEP is to involve under-graduate students in their sophomore or junioryear and to continue the experience during sub-sequent years. The program is made up of threeparts: (1) the Summer Undergraduate ResearchExperience (SURE), (2) the Graduate Research

Environmental Fellowships (GREF), and (3) theSignificant Opportunities in AtmosphericResearch and Science (SOARS) program. SUREand SOARS are designed to support under-graduate students during multiple years, withthose students being encouraged to apply for theGREF graduate fellowships and post-doctoralstudy programs.

Important aspects of the SURE and GREF pro-grams include development of organizationaland written skills needed for scientific work andresearch proposals, as well as the assignment ofmentors from across the global change researchareas. The SURE and GREF programs arescheduled to begin in the summer of 1999.

The SOARS program is designed to increaseethnic diversity within the scientific community

Fall 1998


by providing educational and research opportu-nities, mentoring, career counseling and guid-ance, and financial support to those accepted.Five students are currently supported by GCEPin the SOARS program.

Dr. Jeff Gaffney of Argonne National Labora-tory is the grand mentor for GCEP. Mr. PeterLunn is the OBER funding officer responsiblefor GCEP. For further information, contact JeffGaffney ([email protected]) or visit the GCEPWeb site (http://www.atmos.anl.gov/GCEP/).

Reference Materials for OceanicCarbon Dioxide Measurements

Continued from p. 1

been made: certified reference materials are nowavailable for the measurement of total dissolvedinorganic carbon and total alkalinity in seawater.

Reference materials are stable substances forwhich one or more properties have beenestablished sufficiently well to calibrate achemical analyzer or to validate a measurementprocess. The ideal reference material for oceaniccarbon dioxide studies is a sterilized natural seawater that has been assayed for the variouscarbon system parameters and that remainsstable once packaged.

My laboratory (in collaboration with that ofDr. C. D. Keeling) has been supported by theU.S. National Science Foundation since 1989 todevelop methods to prepare and certify suchmaterials. Twenty thousand bottles of referencematerials have now been distributed to a widevariety of laboratories both within the UnitedStates and in nineteen other countries. They are

used extensively to confirm that instruments areperforming properly and to ensure measurementcompatibility. The U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) recognized the value of such a programand actively incorporated the use of referencematerials as part of the quality assuranceactivities associated with its U.S. JGOFS GlobalCarbon Dioxide Survey (1991–1997). Wesupplied the seagoing investigators withreference materials and also helped to developguidelines for their use as part of an overallquality control plan.

This focus on quality control is paying off hand-somely. The oceanic carbon dioxide resultsobtained by the DOE-funded survey and by thevarious other U.S. JGOFS activities are ofsignificantly higher quality than those of anyprevious study. Taken together, they willprovide the basis for an unambiguous estimateof the fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide in theoceans of the world to date, as well as offerneeded insights into the workings of the oceaniccarbon cycle.

(For more information about the OceanicCarbon Dioxide Reference Materials Program,check the Web site http://www-mpl.ucsd.edu/people/adickson/CO2_QC/).

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Many of CDIAC’s materials are available online from our Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/) orthrough our anonymous FTP area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov). A complete list of available materials is containedin CDIAC’s catalog (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/cdiac/epubs/catalog/index.htm). If you would like toreceive hard copies of any of our materials, including the catalog, please indicate your selection belowand return the form to CDIAC.

a Trends ’93 (hard copy)*a Catalog of Databases and Reports (ORNL/CDIAC-34)a Our newsletter, CDIAC Communications, in hard copy form (latest issue)a Other reports:

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Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterWorld Data Center �A for Atmospheric Trace Gases

CDIAC is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Environmental Sciences DivisionOffice of Biological and Environmental Research.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp.,for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464.

Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA

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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYAttention: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Building 1509P.O. Box 2008, MS-6335Oak Ridge, TN 37831–9984

Fall 1998


Related DOE ProgramsListed below are Home Pages of DOE Programs related to CDIAC that are available online via theInternet.

Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program

http://www.archive.arm.gov/

Computer Hardware, Advanced Mathematics and Model Physics Program

http://www.epm.ornl.gov/chammp/

NARSTO

http://www.cgenv.com/Narsto/

Long-term Flux Measurement Network of the Americas (AmeriFlux)

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/

Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE)

http://www.face.bnl.gov/

Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison

http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/

CDIAC CommunicationsCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterOak Ridge National LaboratoryP.O. Box 2008, MS-6335Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, U.S.A.

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