Reference

Reference

Agarwal G, Pradeep PV, Aggarwal V, Yip CH, Cheung PS (2007). Spectrum of breast cancer in Asian women. World J Surg 31: 1031-40.

Aguirre-Ghiso JA (2007). Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy. Nat Rev Cancer 7: 834-46.

Ahmed ST, lvashkiv LB (2000). Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-10 signaling and Stat activation by inflammatory and stress pathways. J Immunol165: 5227-37.

Almasan A, Ashkenazi A (2003). Apo2LITRAIL: apoptosis signaling, biology, and potential for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14: 337-48.

Altieri DC, Marchisio PC (1999). Survivin apoptosis: an interloper between cell death and cell proliferation in cancer. Lab Invest 79: 1327-33.

Ammanamanchi S, Kim SJ, Sun LZ, Brattain MG (1998). Induction of transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II expression in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells through SP1 activation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. J Biol Chern 273: 16527-34.

Andersen MH, Becker JC, Straten P (2005). Regulators of apoptosis: suitable targets for immune therapy of cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4: 399-409.

Anderson WF, Pfeiffer RM, Dores GM, Sherman ME (2006). Comparison of age distribution patterns for different histopathologic types of breast carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15: 1899-905.

Arteaga CL, Dugger TC, Hurd SD (1996). The multifunctional role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta s on mammary epithelial cell biology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 38: 49-56.

Ashkenazi A (2008). Directing cancer cells to self-destruct with pro-apoptotic receptor agonists. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 1001-12.

Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM (1999). Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol11: 255-60.

Ashkenazi A, Pai RC, Fong S, Leung S, Lawrence DA, Marsters SA et al (1999). Safety and antitumor activity of recombinant soluble Apo2 ligand. J Clin Invest 104: 155-62.

Aylon Y, Oren M (2007). Living with p53, dying ofp53. Cell130: 597-600.

Balaji KN, Schaschke N, Machleidt W, Catalfamo M, Henkart PA (2002). Surface cathepsin B protects cytotoxic lymphocytes from self-destruction after degranulation. J Exp Med 196: 493-503.

Balducci L, Beghe C (2001). Cancer and age in the USA. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 37: 137-45.

Barry MA, Reynolds JE, Eastman A (1993). Etoposide-induced apoptosis in human HL-60 cells is associated with intracellular acidification. Cancer Res 53: 2349-57.

63 I Page

Reference

Beresford PJ, Xia Z, Greenberg AH, Lieberman J (1999). Granzyme A loading induces rapid cytolysis and a novel form of DNA damage independently of caspase activation. Immunity 10: 585-94.

Bergamaschi D, Samuels Y, Sullivan A, Zvelebil M, Breyssens H, Bisso A et al (2006). iASPP preferentially binds p53 proline-rich region and modulates apoptotic function of codon 72-polymorphic p53. Nat Genet 38: 1133-41.

Bhalla A, Bamezai R (1998). MNNG-transformed Bloom syndrome B-lymphoblastoids for the detection of Hodgkin's lymphoma-associated antigen in 2D Westerns. Cancer Lett 126: 7-15.

Bhardwaj N (2007). Harnessing the immune system to treat cancer. J Clin Invest 117: 1130-6.

Birnbaum MJ, van Wijnen AJ, Odgren PR, Last TJ, Suske G, Stein GS et al (1995). Spl trans-activation of cell cycle regulated promoters is selectively repressed by Sp3. Biochemistry 34: 16503-8.

Black AR, Black JD, Azizkhan-Clifford J (2001). Spl and kruppel-like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer. J Cell Physiol188: 143-60.

Boatright KM, Deis C, Denault JB, Sutherlin DP, Salvesen GS (2004). Activation of caspases-8 and -10 by FLIP(L). Biochem J 382: 651-7.

Bonner WM, Redon CE, Dickey JS, Nakamura AJ, Sedelnikova OA, Solier S et al (2008). GammaH2AX and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 8: 957-67.

Bouwman P, Philipsen S (2002). Regulation of the activity of Spl-related transcription factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol195: 27-38.

Budd RC, Y eh WC, Tschopp J (2006). cFLIP regulation of lymphocyte activation and development. Nat Rev Immunol6: 196-204.

Buneker C, Mohr A, Zwacka RM (2009). The TRAIL-receptor-!: TRAIL-receptor-3 and -4 ratio is a predictor for TRAIL sensitivity of cancer cells. Oncol Rep 21: 1289-95.

Cande C, Vahsen N, Kouranti I, Schmitt E, Daugas E, Spahr C et al (2004). AIF and cyclophilin A cooperate in apoptosis-associated chromatinolysis. Oncogene 23: 1514-21.

Chavez-Galan L, Arenas-Del Angel MC, Zenteno E, Chavez R, Lascurain R (2009). Cell death mechanisms induced by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cell Mol Immunol6: 15-25.

Chen RH, Chang MC, Su YH, Tsai YT, Kuo ML (1999). Interleukin-6 inhibits transforming growth factor-beta-induced apoptosis through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ Akt and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 pathways. J Biol Chern 274: 23013-9.

641Page

Reference

Cheung WL, Ajiro K, Samejima K, Kloc M, Cheung P, Mizzen CA et al (2003). Apoptotic phosphorylation of histone H2B is mediated by mammalian sterile twenty kinase. Cell113: 507-17.

Chipuk JE, Bhat M, Hsing AY, Ma J, Danielpour D (2001). Bcl-xL blocks transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced apoptosis by inhibiting cytochrome c release and not by directly antagonizing Apaf-1-dependent caspase activation in prostate epithelial cells. J Biol Chern 276: 26614-21.

Chipuk JE, Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR (2006). Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during apoptosis: the innocent bystander scenario. Cell Death Differ 13: 1396-402.

Chipuk JE, Bouchier-Hayes L, Kuwana T, Newmeyer DD, Green DR (2005). PUMA couples the nuclear and cytoplasmic proapoptotic function ofp53. Science 309: 1732-5.

Chiu R, Novikov L, Mukherjee S, Shields D (2002). A caspase cleavage fragment of p115 induces fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and apoptosis. J Cell Biol 159: 637-48.

Coleman ML, Sahai EA, Yeo M, Bosch M, Dewar A, Olson MF (2001). Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I. Nat Cell Biol 3: 339-45.

Cooper CS (2001). Applications of microarray technology in breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Res 3: 158-75.

Cotter TG (2009). Apoptosis and cancer: the genesis of a research field. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 501-7.

Cotter TG, Lennon SV, Glynn JM, Green DR (1992). Microfilament-disrupting agents prevent the formation of apoptotic bodies in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis. Cancer Res 52: 997-1005.

Cregan SP, Dawson VL, Slack RS (2004). Role of AIF m caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death. Oncogene 23: 2785-96.

Croft DR, Coleman ML, Li S, Robertson D, SullivanT, Stewart CL et al (2005). Actin­myosin-based contraction is responsible for apoptotic nuclear disintegration. J Cell Biol 168: 245-55.

Darvishi K, Sharma S, Bhat AK, Rai E, Bamezai RN (2007). Mitochondrial DNA G 1 0398A polymorphism imparts maternal Haplogroup N a risk for breast and esophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 249: 249-55.

Degterev A, Yuan J (2008). Expansion and evolution of cell death programmes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9: 378-90.

Derynck R, Akhurst RJ, Balmain A (2001). TGF-beta signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression. Nat Genet 29: 117-29.

65 I Page

Reference

Devarajan E, Sahin AA, Chen JS, Krishnamurthy RR, Aggarwal N, Brun AM et al (2002). Down-regulation of caspase 3 in breast cancer: a possible mechanism for chemoresistance. Oncogene 21: 8843-51.

Dranoff G (2004). Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 11-22.

Dumitrescu RG, Cotarla I (2005). Understanding breast cancer risk-- where do we stand in 2005? J Cell Mol Med 9: 208-21.

Dumont P, Leu JI, Della Pietra AC, 3rd, George DL, Murphy M (2003). The codon 72 polymorphic variants of p53 have markedly different apoptotic potential. Nat Genet 33: 357-65.

Dunn GP, Koebel CM, Schreiber RD (2006). Interferons, immunity and cancer immunoediting. Nat Rev Immunol 6: 836-48.

Dunning AM, Ellis PD, McBrideS, Kirschenlohr HL, Healey CS, Kemp PR et al (2003). A transforming growth factorbeta1 signal peptide variant increases secretion in vitro and is associated with increased incidence of invasive breast cancer. Cancer Res 63: 2610-5.

Dusek RL, Getsios S, Chen F, Park JK, Amargo EV, Cryns VL et al (2006). The differentiation-dependent desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1 is a novel caspase-3 target that regulates apoptosis in keratinocytes. J Biol Chern 281: 3614-24.

Ehrhardt H, Fulda S, Schmid I, Hiscott J, Debatin KM, Jeremias I (2003). TRAIL induced survival and proliferation in cancer cells resistant towards TRAIL-induced apoptosis mediated by NF-kappaB. Oncogene 22: 3842-52.

Ehrich M, Nelson MR, Stanssens P, Zabeau M, Liloglou T, Xinarianos G et al (2005). Quantitative high-throughput analysis of DNA methylation patterns by base-specific cleavage and mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A 102: 15785-90.

Elmore S (2007). Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 35: 495-516.

Ershler WB, Longo DL (1997). Aging and cancer: issues of basic and clinical science. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1489-97.

Esteller M (2007). Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat Rev Genet 8: 286-98.

Evan GI, Vousden KH (2001). Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer. Nature 411: 342-8.

Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell P A, Cohen JJ, Bratton DL, Henson PM (1992). Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol148: 2207-16.

66 I Page

Reference

Falschlehner C, Emmerich CH, Gerlach B, Walczak H (2007). TRAIL signalling: decisions between life and death. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39: 1462-75.

Fan TJ, Han LH, Cong RS, Liang J (2005). Caspase family proteases and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 37: 719-27.

Feig C, Tchikov V, Schutze S, Peter ME (2007). Palmitoylation of CD95 facilitates formation of SDS-stable receptor aggregates that initiate apoptosis signaling. EMBO J 26: 221-31.

Feinberg AP, Ohlsson R, Henikoff S (2006). The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer. Nat Rev Genet 7: 21-33.

Fernandez Y, Gu B, Martinez A, Torregrosa A, Sierra A (2002). Inhibition of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells: role in tumor progression to the metastatic state. Int J Cancer 101:317-26.

Fisher MJ, Virmani AK, Wu L, Aplenc R, Harper JC, Powell SM et al (2001). Nucleotide substitution in the ectodomain of trail receptor DR4 is associated with lung cancer and head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7: 1688-97.

Frelin C, Imbert V, Bottero V, Gonthier N, Samraj AK, Schulze-Osthoff Ketal (2008). Inhibition of the NF-kappaB survival pathway via caspase-dependent cleavage of the IKK complex scaffold protein and NF-kappaB essential modulator NEMO. Cell Death Differ 15: 152-60.

Fukazawa T, Fujiwara T, Uno F, Teraishi F, Kadowaki Y, Itoshima T et al (2001). Accelerated degradation of cellular FLIP protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in p53-mediated apoptosis of human cancer cells. Oncogene 20: 5225-31.

Gardner SN, Fernandes M (2003). New tools for cancer chemotherapy: computational assistance for tailoring treatments. Mol Cancer Ther 2: 1079-84.

Garrido C, Galluzzi L, Brunet M, Puig PE, Didelot C, Kroemer G (2006). Mechanisms of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Cell Death Differ 13: 1423-33.

Geltinger C, Hortnagel K, Polack A (1996). TATA box and Sp1 sites mediate the activation of c-myc promoter P1 by immunoglobulin kappa enhancers. Gene Expr 6: 113-27.

Giovarelli M, Musiani P, Garotta G, Ebner R, DiCarlo E, Kim Yet al (1999). A "stealth effect": adenocarcinoma cells engineered to express TRAIL elude tumor-specific and. allogeneic T cell reactions. J Immunol163: 4886-93.

Gochhait S, Bukhari SI, Bairwa N, Vadhera S, Darvishi K, Raish M et al (2007). Implication of BRCA2 -26G>A 5' untranslated region polymorphism in susceptibility to sporadic breast cancer and its modulation by p53 codon 72 Arg>Pro polymorphism. Breast Cancer Res 9: R71.

67 I Page

Reference

Gochhait S, Dar S, Pal R, Gupta P, Bamezai RN (2009). Expression of DNA damage response genes indicate progressive breast tumors. Cancer Lett 273: 305-11.

Golks A, Brenner D, Krammer PH, Lavrik IN (2006). The c-FLIP-NH2 terminus (p22-FLIP) induces NF-kappaB activation. J Exp Med 203: 1295-305.

Gonzalez-Zuloeta Ladd AM, Arias-Vasquez A, Siemes C, Coebergh JW, Hofman A, Witteman Jet al (2007). Transforming-growth factor beta1 Leu10Pro polymorphism and breast cancer morbidity. Eur J Cancer 43: 371-4.

Green DR, Kroemer G (2009). Cytoplasmic functions of the tumour suppressor p53. Nature 458: 1127-30.

Hagen G, Muller S, Beato M, Suske G (1992). Cloning by recognition site screening of two novel GT box binding proteins: a family of Sp1 related genes. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 5519-25.

Hagen G, Muller S, Beato M, Suske G (1994). Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation is repressed by Sp3. EMBO J 13: 3843-51.

Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70.

Harper JW, Elledge SJ (2007). The DNA damage response: ten years after. Mol Cell 28: 739-45.

Herzer K, Ganten TM, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Grosse-Wilde A, Koschny R, Krammer PH et al (2005). Transforming growth factor beta can mediate apoptosis via the expression of TRAIL in human hepatoma cells. Hepatology 42: 183-92.

Herzer K, Grosse-Wilde A, Krammer PH, Galle PR, Kanzler S (2008). Transforming growth factor-beta-mediated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand expression and apoptosis in hepatoma cells requires functional cooperation between Smad proteins and activator protein-1. Mol Cancer Res 6: 1169-77.

Himeji D, Horiuchi T, Tsukamoto H, Hayashi K, Watanabe T, Harada M (2002). Characterization of caspase-8L: a novel isoform of caspase-8 that behaves as an inhibitor of the caspase cascade. Blood 99: 4070-8.

Hishida A, Iwata H, Hamajima N, Matsuo K, Mizutani M, Iwase T et al (2003). Transforming growth factor B1 T29C polymorphism and breast cancer risk in Japanese women. Breast Cancer 10: 63-9.

Huntington ND, Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP (2007). Developmental pathways that generate natural-killer-cell diversity in mice and humans. Nat Rev Immunol 7: 703-14. lgney FH, Krammer PH (2002). Death and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 277-88.

Igney FH, Krammer PH (2002). Immune escape of tumors: apoptosis resistance and tumor counterattack. J Leukoc Biol 71: 907-20.

68 I Page

Reference

Itoh S, Itoh F, Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P (2000). Signaling of transforming growth factor-beta family members through Smad proteins. Eur J Biochem 267: 6954-67. Janssen EM, Droin NM, Lemmens EE, Pinkoski MJ, Bensinger SJ, Ehst BD et al (2005). CD4+ T -cell help controls CD8+ T -cell memory via TRAIL-mediated activation-induced cell death. Nature 434: 88-93.

Johnstone RW, Frew AJ, Smyth MJ (2008). The TRAIL apoptotic pathway in cancer onset, progression and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 8: 782-98.

Jones SA, Horiuchi S, Topley N, Yamamoto N, Fuller GM (2001). The soluble interleukin 6 receptor: mechanisms of production and implications in disease. F ASEB J 15: 43-58.

Kamb A, Wee S, Lengauer C (2007). Why is cancer drug discovery so difficult? Nat Rev Drug Discov 6: 115-20.

Kataoka T, Tschopp J (2004). N-terminal fragment of c-FLIP(L) processed by caspase 8 specifically interacts with TRAF2 and induces activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol24: 2627-36.

Kawane K, Fukuyama H, Yoshida H, Nagase H, Ohsawa Y, Uchiyama Yet al (2003). Impaired thymic development in mouse embryos deficient in apoptotic DNA degradation. Nat Immunol4: 138-44.

Kelley RF, Totpal K, Lindstrom SH, Mathieu M, Billeci K, Deforge L et al (2005). Receptor-selective mutants of apoptosis-inducing ligand 2/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand reveal a greater contribution of death receptor (DR) 5 than DR4 to apoptosis signaling. J Biol Chern 280: 2205-12.

Kim S, Iizuka K, Aguila HL, Weissman IL, Yokoyama WM (2000). In vivo natural killer cell activities revealed by natural killer cell-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A 97: 2731-6.

Kingsley C, Winoto A (1992). Cloning of GT box-binding proteins: a novel Sp1 multigene family regulating T-cell receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 12: 4251-61. Knupfer H, Preiss R (2007). Significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breast cancer (review). Breast Cancer Res Treat 102: 129-35.

Knupfer H, Preiss R (2008). siL-6R: more than an agonist? Immunol Cell Biol86: 87-91. Koebel CM, Vermi W, Swann JB, Zerafa N, Rodig SJ, Old LJ et al (2007). Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state. Nature 450: 903-7.

Kom C, Scholz SR, Gimadutdinow 0, Lurz R, Pingoud A, Meiss G (2005). Interaction of DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) with DNA reveals an unprecedented mechanism for nuclease inhibition and suggests that DFF can be activated in a DNA-bound state. J Biol Chern 280: 6005-15.

Krammer PH, Arnold R, Lavrik IN (2007). Life and death in peripheral T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 7: 532-42.

69 I Page

Reference

Kumar AP, Butler AP (1997). Transcription factor Sp3 antagonizes activation of the ornithine decarboxylase promoter by Sp 1. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 2012-9. Laird PW Principles and challenges of genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. Nat Rev Genet 11: 191-203.

Lamkanfi M, Festjens N, Declercq W, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P (2007). Caspases in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Cell Death Differ 14: 44-55. Lane JD, Allan VJ, Woodman PG (2005). Active relocation of chromatin and endoplasmic reticulum into blebs in late apoptotic cells. J Cell Sci 118: 4059-71.

Lane JD, Vergnolle MA, Woodman PG, Allan VJ (2001). Apoptotic cleavage of cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain and p150(Glued) stops dynein-dependent membrane motility. J Cell Biol153: 1415-26.

Lania L, Majello B, De Luca P (1997). Transcriptional regulation by the Sp family proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol29: 1313-23.

Lanier LL (2008). Evolutionary struggles between NK cells and viruses. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 259-68.

Lauber K, BohnE, Krober SM, Xiao YJ, Blumenthal SG, Lindemann RK et al (2003). Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal. Cell113: 717-30.

Lavin MF (2008). Ataxia-telangiectasia: from a rare disorder to a paradigm for cell signalling and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol9: 759-69.

Lee KM, Park SK, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Yoo KY, Shin A et al (2005). Genetic polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 & TNF-beta and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 90: 149-55.

Lee SH, Shin MS, Kim HS, Lee HK, Park WS, Kim SY et al (1999). Alterations of the DRS/TRAIL receptor 2 gene in non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Res 59: 5683-6.

Lessene G, Czabotar PE, Colman PM (2008). BCL-2 family antagonists for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 989-1000.

Li D, Da L, Tang H, Li T, Zhao M (2008). CpG methylation plays a vital role in determining tissue- and cell-specific expression of the human cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector A gene through the regulation of Sp 1/Sp3 binding. Nucleic Acids Res 36: 330-41.

Li L, He S, Sun JM, Davie JR (2004). Gene regulation by Sp1 and Sp3. Biochem Cell Biol82: 460-71.

LiLY, Luo X, Wang X (2001). Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature 412: 95-9.

Lin WW, Karin M (2007). A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J Clin Invest 117: 1175-83.

70 I Page

Reference

Liu QY, Ribecco M, Pandey S, Walker PR, Sikorska M (1999). Apoptosis-re1ated functional features of the DNasel-like family ofnucleases. Ann NY Acad Sci 887: 60-76.

Liu X, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (1997). DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. Cell 89: 175-84.

Longley DB, Johnston PG (2005). Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance. J Pathol 205: 275-92.

Lu B, Finn OJ (2008). T -cell death and cancer immune tolerance. Cell Death Differ 15: 70-9.

Luthi AU, Martin SJ (2007). The CASBAH: a searchable database of caspase substrates. Cell Death Differ 14: 641-50.

Majello B, DeLuca P, Suske G, Lania L (1995). Differential transcriptional regulation of c-myc promoter through the same DNA binding sites targeted by Sp 1-like proteins. Oncogene 10: 1841-8.

Mancini M, Machamer CE, Roy S, Nicholson DW, Thornberry NA, Casciola-Rosen LA et al (2000). Caspase-2 is localized at the Golgi complex and cleaves golgin-160 during apoptosis. J Cell Biol149: 603-12.

Manodori AB, Barabino GA, Lubin BH, Kuypers FA (2000). Adherence of phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes to endothelial matrix thrombospondin. Blood 95: 1293-300.

Martin SJ, Reutelingsperger CP, McGahon AJ, Rader JA, van Schie RC, LaFace DM et al (1995). Early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimulus: inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. J Exp Med 182: 1545-56.

Massague J (2000). How cells read TGF -beta signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1: 169-78. Matzinger P (2002). The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296: 301-5. McCarthy MM, Sznol M, DiVito KA, Camp RL, Rimm DL, Kluger HM (2005).

Evaluating the expression and prognostic value of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11: 5188-94.

Meek DW (2009). Tumour suppression by p53: a role for the DNA damage response? Nat Rev Cancer 9: 714-23.

Micheau 0, Thome M, Schneider P, HollerN, Tschopp J, Nicholson DW et al (2002). The long form of FLIP is an activator of caspase-8 at the Fas death-inducing signaling complex. J Biol Chern 277: 45162-71.

Mocellin S, Rossi CR, Pilati P, Nitti D (2005). Tumor necrosis factor, cancer and anticancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16: 35-53.

71 I Page

Reference

Moss DK, Betin VM, Malesinski SD, Lane JD (2006). A novel role for microtubules in apoptotic chromatin dynamics and cellular fragmentation. J Cell Sci 119: 2362-74.

Murray-Zmijewski F, Slee EA, Lu X (2008). A complex barcode underlies the heterogeneous response ofp53 to stress. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol9: 702-12.

Napirei M, Karsunky H, Zevnik B, Stephan H, Mannherz HG, Moroy T (2000). Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase !-deficient mice. Nat Genet 25: 177-81.

Nieminen AI, Partanen JI, Hau A, Klefstrom J (2007). c-Myc primed mitochondria determine cellular sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. EMBO J 26: 1055-67.

O'Driscoll M, Jeggo P A (2006). The role of double-strand break repair - insights from human genetics. Nat Rev Genet 7: 45-54.

Oka K, Sawamura T, Kikuta K, ltokawa S, Kume N, Kita T et al (1998). Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 mediates phagocytosis of aged/apoptotic cells in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A 95: 9535-40.

Okada H, Mak TW (2004). Pathways of apoptotic and non-apoptotic death in tumour cells. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 592-603.

Oliveri M, Daga A, Cantoni C, Lunardi C, Millo R, Puccetti A (2001). DNase I mediates intemucleosomal DNA degradation in human cells undergoing drug-induced apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 31: 743-51.

Ou YH, Chung PH, Sun TP, Shieh SY (2005). p53 C-terminal phosphorylation by CHKl and CHK2 participates in the regulation of DNA-damage-induced C-terminal acetylation. Mol Biol Cell16: 1684-95.

Pal R, Gochhait S, Chattopadhyay S, Gupta P, Prakash N, Agarwal G et al (2010). Functional implication of TRAIL -716 CIT promoter polymorphism on its in vitro and in vivo expression and the susceptibility to sporadic breast tumor. Breast Cancer Res Treat.

Pal SK, Mittal B (2004). Improving cancer care in India: prospects and challenges. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 5: 226-8.

Pan S, Berk BC (2007). Glutathiolation regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis: key role for glutaredoxin in the death pathway. Circ Res 100: 213-9.

Park SY, Seol JW, Lee YJ, Cho JH, Kang HS, Kim IS et al (2004). IFN-gamma enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through IRF-1. Eur J Biochem 271: 4222-8.

Parkin DM (2004). International variation. Oncogene 23: 6329-40.

Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J (1999). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 49: 33-64, 1.

721Page

Reference

Pasche B, Kolachana P, Nafa K, Satagopan J, Chen YG, Lo RS et al (1999). TbetaR­I(6A) is a candidate tumor susceptibility allele. Cancer Res 59: 5678-82.

Perlman R, Schiemann WP, Brooks MW, Lodish HF, Weinberg RA (2001). TGF-beta­induced apoptosis is mediated by the adapter protein Daxx that facilitates JNK activation. Nat Cell Biol3: 708-14.

Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Ruppert S, Donahue CJ, Moore A, Ashkenazi A (1996). Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family. J Biol Chern 271: 12687-90.

Platt N, Suzuki H, Kurihara Y, Kodama T, Gordon S (1996). Role for the class A macrophage scavenger receptor in the phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A 93: 12456-60.

Polager S, Ginsberg D (2009). p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 738-48.

Radpour R, Kohler C, Haghighi MM, Fan AX, Holzgreve W, Zhong XY (2009). Methylation profiles of 22 candidate genes in breast cancer using high-throughput MALDI-TOF mass array. Oncogene 28: 2969-78.

Rahman M, Davis SR, Pumphrey JG, Bao J, Nau MM, Meltzer PS et al (2009). TRAIL induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells with a mesenchymal phenotype. Breast Cancer Res Treat 113: 217-30.

Raina V, Bhutani M, Bedi R, Sharma A, Deo SV, Shukla NK et al (2005). Clinical features and prognostic factors of early breast cancer at a major cancer center in North India. Indian J Cancer 42: 40-5.

Rampino N, Yamamoto H, Ionov Y, Li Y, Sawai H, Reed JC et al (1997). Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 275: 967-9.

Reiss M, Barcellos-HoffMH (1997). Transforming growth factor-beta in breast cancer: a working hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 45: 81-95.

Resendes KK, Rosmarin AG (2004). Sp1 control of gene expression in myeloid cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 14: 1 71-81.

Ricci JE, Munoz-Pinedo C, Fitzgerald P, Bailly-Maitre B, Perkins GA, Yadava N et al (2004). Disruption of mitochondrial function during apoptosis is mediated by caspase cleavage of the p75 subunit of complex I of the electron transport chain. Cell 117: 773-86.

Riedl SJ, Salvesen GS (2007). The apoptosome: signalling platform of cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol8: 405-13.

Rosenberg SA (2001). Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy. Nature 411: 380-4.

73 I Page

Reference

Rosenblatt J, Raff MC, Cramer LP (2001). An epithelial cell destined for apoptosis signals its neighbors to extrude it by an actin- and myosin-dependent mechanism. Curr Biolll: 1847-57.

Safe S, Abdelrahirn M (2005). Sp transcription factor family and its role in cancer. Eur J Cancer 41: 2438-48.

Saha A, Dhir A, Ranjan A, Gupta V, Bairwa N, Barnezai R (2005). Functional IFNG polymorphism in intron 1 in association with an increased risk to promote sporadic breast cancer. Immunogenetics 57: 165-71.

Sakahira H, Enari M, Nagata S (1998). Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature 391: 96-9.

Saltzman A, Munro R, Searfoss G, Franks C, Jaye M, Ivashchenko Y (1998). Transforming growth factor-beta-mediated apoptosis in the Ramos B-lyrnphorna cell line is accompanied by caspase activation and Bcl-XL downregulation. Exp Cell Res 242: 244-54.

Sarnejirna K, Earnshaw WC (2005). Trashing the genome: the role of nucleases during apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol6: 677-88.

Sarnuels-Lev Y, O'Connor DJ, Bergarnaschi D, Trigiante G, Hsieh JK, Zhong S et al (2001). ASPP proteins specifically stimulate the apoptotic function of p53. Mol Cell 8: 781-94.

Sanchez-Capelo A (2005). Dual role for TGF-beta1 in apoptosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16: 15-34.

SchadendorfD (2000). Melanoma vaccines. Drug News Perspect 13: 85-90.

Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T, Hurne DA (2004). Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J Leukoc Biol 75: 163-89.

Sebbagh M, Renvoize C, Hamelin J, Riche N, Bertoglio J, Breard J (2001). Caspase-3-rnediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing. Nat Cell Biol 3: 346-52.

Sensi M, Anichini A (2006). Unique tumor antigens: evidence for immune control of genome integrity and immunogenic targets for T cell-mediated patient-specific immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 12: 5023-32.

Seol DW, Billiar TR (1999). A caspase-9 variant rntssmg the catalytic site IS an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis. J Biol Chern 274: 2072-6.

Shima Y, Nakao K, Nakashima T, Kawakami A, Nakata K, Hamasaki K et al (1999). Activation of caspase-8 in transforming growth factor-beta-induced apoptosis of human hepatoma cells. Hepatology 30: 1215-22.

74 I Page

Reference

Shin MS, Kim HS, Lee SH, Park WS, Kim SY, Park JY et al (2001). Mutations of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) genes in metastatic breast cancers. Cancer Res 61: 4942-6.

Shiokawa D, Kobayashi T, Tanuma S (2002). Involvement ofDNase gamma in apoptosis associated with myogenic differentiation of C2C 12 cells. J Biol Chern 277: 31031-7. Shivapurkar N, Toyooka S, Toyooka KO, Reddy J, Miyajima K, Suzuki M et al (2004).

Aberrant methylation of trail decoy receptor genes is frequent in multiple tumor types. Int J Cancer 109: 786-92.

Shivapurkar N, Toyooka S, Toyooka KO, Reddy J, Miyajima K, Suzuki M et al (2004). Aberrant methylation of trail decoy receptor genes is frequent in multiple tumor types. Int J Cancer 109: 786-92.

Smigal C, Jernal A, WardE, Cokkinides V, Smith R, Howe HL et al (2006). Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56: 168-83.

Solier S, Pommier Y (2009). The apoptotic ring: a novel entity with phosphorylated histones H2AX and H2B and activated DNA damage response kinases. Cell Cycle 8: 1853-9.

Solier S, Sordet 0, Kohn KW, Pommier Y (2009). Death receptor-induced activation of the Chk2- and histone H2AX-associated DNA damage response pathways. Mol Cell Biol 29: 68-82.

Song JH, Tse MC, Bellail A, Phuphanich S, Khuri F, Kneteman NM et al (2007). Lipid rafts and nonrafts mediate tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand induced apoptotic and nonapoptotic signals in non small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 67: 6946-55.

Srivastava N, Gochhait S, Gupta P, Bamezai RN (2008). Copy number alterations of the H2AFX gene in sporadic breast cancer patients. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 180: 121-8. Stratton MR, Rahman N (2008). The emerging landscape of breast cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet 40: 17-22.

Sun T, Gao Y, Tan W, Ma S, Shi Y, Yao J et al (2007). A six-nucleotide insertion­deletion polymorphism in the CASP8 promoter is associated with susceptibility to multiple cancers. Nat Genet 39: 605-13.

Suske G (1999). The Sp-family oftranscription factors. Gene 238: 291-300.

Suzuki MM, Bird A (2008). DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet 9: 465-76.

Suzuki Y, Imai Y, Nakayama H, Takahashi K, Takio K, Takahashi R (2001). A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with XIAP, inducing cell death. Mol CellS: 613-21.

75 I Page

Reference

Sykes MC, Mowbray AL, Jo H (2007). Reversible glutathiolation of caspase-3 by glutaredoxin as a novel redox signaling mechanism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha­induced cell death. Circ Res 100: 152-4.

Sykes SM, Mellert HS, Holbert MA, Li K, Marmorstein R, Lane WS et al (2006). Acetylation of the p53 DNA-binding domain regulates apoptosis induction. Mol Cell 24: 841-51.

Takeda K, Cretney E, Hayakawa Y, Ota T, Akiba H, Ogasawara Ketal (2005). TRAIL identifies immature natural killer cells in newborn mice and adult mouse liver. Blood 105: 2082-9.

Taneja N, Davis M, Choy JS, Beckett MA, Singh R, Kron SJ et al (2004). Histone H2AX phosphorylation as a predictor of radiosensitivity and target for radiotherapy. J Biol Chern 279: 2273-80.

Tang B, Hottinger EP, Jakowlew SB, Bagnall KM, Mariano J, Anver MR et al (1998). Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a new form of tumor suppressor with true haploid insufficiency. Nat Med 4: 802-7.

Taylor RC, Cullen SP, Martin SJ (2008). Apoptosis: controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol9: 231-41.

Tesniere A, Panaretakis T, Kepp 0, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Zitvogel L et al (2008). Molecular characteristics of immunogenic cancer cell death. Cell Death Differ 15: 3-12.

Tokumoto Y, Horimoto K, Miyake J (2009). TRAIL inhibited the cyclic AMP responsible element mediated gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 381: 533-6.

Trapani JA, Smyth MJ (2002). Functional significance of the perforin/granzyme cell death pathway. Nat Rev Immunol2: 735-47.

Ushijima T, Watanabe N, Shimizu K, Miyamoto K, Sugimura T, Kaneda A (2005). Decreased fidelity in replicating CpG methylation patterns in cancer cells. Cancer Res 65: 11-7.

van Noesel MM, van Bezouw S, Salomons GS, Voute P A, Pieters R, Bay lin SB et al (2002). Tumor-specific down-regulation of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis­inducing ligand decoy receptors DcR1 and DcR2 is associated with dense promoter hypermethylation. Cancer Res 62: 2157-61.

Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A et al (2002). Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol3: RESEARCH0034.

Vazquez A, Bond EE, Levine AJ, Bond GL (2008). The genetics of the p53 pathway, apoptosis and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 979-87.

76 I Page

Reference

Veeck J, Esteller M Breast cancer epigenetics: from DNA methylation to microRNAs. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 15: 5-17.

Vegran F, Boidot R, Oudin C, Riedinger JM, Bonnetain F, Lizard-Nacol S (2006). Overexpression of caspase-3s splice variant in locally advanced breast carcinoma is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 12: 5794-800.

Vegran F, Boidot R, Oudin C, Riedinger JM, Bonnetain F, Lizard-Nacol S (2006). Overexpression of caspase-3s splice variant in locally advanced breast carcinoma is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 12: 5794-800.

Walczak H, Bouchon A, Stahl H, Krammer PH (2000). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand retains its apoptosis..:inducing capacity on Bcl-2- or Bcl-xL­overexpressing chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Res 60: 3051-7.

Walczak H, Miller RE, Ariail K, Gliniak B, Griffith TS, Kubin M et al (1999). Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat Med 5: 157-63.

Wang Q, Ji Y, Wang X, Evers BM (2000). Isolation and molecular characterization of the 5'-upstream region of the human TRAIL gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276: 466-71.

Wesa AK, Storkus WJ (2008). Killer dendritic cells: mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for cancer. Cell Death Differ 15: 51-7.

Widlak P, Garrard WT (2005). Discovery, regulation, and action of the major apoptotic nucleases DFF40/CAD and endonuclease G. J Cell Biochem 94: 1078-87.

Widlak P, LiLY, Wang X, Garrard WT (2001). Action ofrecombinant human apoptotic endonuclease G on naked DNA and chromatin substrates: cooperation with exonuclease and DNase I. J Biol Chern 276: 48404-9.

Widschwendter M, Jones PA (2002). DNA methylation and breast carcinogenesis. Oncogene 21: 5462-82.

Wiley SR, Schooley K, Smolak PJ, Din WS, Huang CP, Nicholl JK et al (1995). Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity 3: 673-82.

William WN, Jr., Heymach JV, Kim ES, Lippman SM (2009). Molecular targets for cancer chemoprevention. Nat Rev Drug Discov 8: 213-25.

Wilson CB, Rowell E, Sekimata M (2009). Epigenetic control of T -helper-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol9: 91-105.

771Page

Ke)erence

Woo EJ, Kim YG, Kim MS, Han WD, Shin S, Robinson H et al (2004). Structural mechanism for inactivation and activation of CAD/DFF40 in the apoptotic pathway. Mol Cell14: 531-9.

Wu J (1996). Apoptosis and angiogenesis: two promising tumor markers in breast cancer (review). Anticancer Res 16: 2233-9.

Wu WS, Heinrichs S, Xu D, Garrison SP, Zambetti GP, Adams JM et al (2005). Slug antagonizes p53-mediated apoptosis of hematopoietic progenitors by repressing puma. Cell123: 641-53.

Xu J, Zhou JY, Wu GS (2006). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated sensitization of human breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. Cancer Res 66: 10092-9.

Xu J, Zhou JY, Wu GS (2006). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated sensitization of human breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. Cancer Res 66: 10092-9.

Yokota M, Ichihara S, Lin TL, Nakashima N, Yamada Y (2000). Association of a T29-­>C polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with genetic susceptibility to myocardial infarction in Japanese. Circulation 101: 2783-7.

Youle RJ, Strasser A (2008). The BCL-2 protein family: opposing activities that mediate cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol9: 47-59.

Yu B, Datta PK, Bagchi S (2003). Stability of the Sp3-DNA complex is promoter­specific: Sp3 efficiently competes with Sp1 for binding to promoters containing multiple Sp-sites. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 5368-76.

Yu SW, Wang H, Poitras MF, Coombs C, Bowers WJ, Federoff HJ et al (2002). Mediation ofpoly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-dependent cell death by apoptosis-inducing factor. Science 297: 259-63.

Yu Y, Liu S, Wang W, Song W, Zhang M, Zhang Wet al (2002). Involvement oftumour necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in enhanced cytotoxicity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells to activated T cells. Immunology 106: 308-15.

Zamzami N, El Hamel C, Maisse C, Brenner C, Munoz-Pinedo C, Belzacq AS et al (2000). Bid acts on the permeability transition pore complex to induce apoptosis. Oncogene 19: 6342-50.

Zelko IN, Mueller MR, Folz RJ CpG methylation attenuates Sp1 and Sp3 binding to the human extracellular superoxide dismutase promoter and regulates its cell-specific expression. Free Radic Biol Med 48: 895-904.

Zhang S, Ekman M, Thakur N, BuS, Davoodpour P, Grimsby Setal (2006). TGFbeta1-induced activation of ATM and p53 mediates apoptosis in a Smad7-dependent manner. Cell Cycle 5: 2787-95.

78 I Page

Reference

Zhao S, Asgary Z, Wang Y, Goodwin R, Andreeff M, Younes A (1999). Functional expression of TRAIL by lymphoid and myeloid tumour cells. Br J Haematoll06: 827-32.

Zheng W (2009). Genetic polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathways and breast cancer risk and survival. Methods Mol Biol472: 265-77.

Zhivotovsky B, Kroemer G (2004). Apoptosis and genomic instability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5: 752-62.

Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, Hildesheim A, Nomura AM, West DW et al (1993). Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 1819-27.

Zilfou JT, Spector MS, Lowe SW (2005). Slugging it out: fine tuning the p53-PUMA death connection. Cell 123: 545-8.

Zitvogel L, Tesniere A, Kroemer G (2006). Cancer despite immunosurveillance: immunoselection and immunosubversion. Nat Rev Immunol6: 715-27.

Ziv E, Cauley J, Morin PA, Saiz R, Browner WS (2001). Association between the T29-­>C polymorphism in the transforming growth factor betal gene and breast cancer among elderly white women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. JAMA 285: 2859-63.

79 I Page