reference sources
DESCRIPTION
This Lecture introduces students to Reference Sources.It discusses both print and digital Sources of Information, including features which are need.The Lecture asks various questions regarding the new skills needed by the user to survive in the digital arena.Additionally, Assignment ground-rules are also suggested, including International methods of citation, citation tools and also note-taking skills.TRANSCRIPT
Reference SourcesReference Sources
Reference SourcesReference Sources
Defining ReferenceDefining Reference
Reference Worksor
Reference Work
Reference Worksor
Reference Work
Defining Virtual Reference (VR)Defining Virtual Reference (VR)
(Nilsen, 2004)
Used Terms:Virtual referenceDigital reference
Electronic referenceRemote reference
Real-time reference
CategoriesCategories
DigitalConventional
The Information ProcessThe Information Process
“Alteration in the information process demand new skills from any professional in an
organization, particularly regarding digital information.”
Ferreira et al, 2007)
Available FeaturesAvailable Features
DigitalFace-to-PC
OPACSearch
ServicesDbases
Conventional
Face-to-facePhysical access
Real-timeCD ROMS
Skills NeededSkills Needed
DigitalConventional
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Boolean Operators (full-text; bibliographic dbases;
proximity: words must appear within n number of words);
• Relevancy Ranking (depends on the algorithm
software: frequency of search term & position of search term);
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Browsing Indexes(books: errors in databases are
bypassed);
• Truncation(internal: wom?n –
woman/womenexternal: comput? - …er, …ing);
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Field Searching(Author; Title; ISBN);
• Extent of Searching(to limit your search: Abstracts
only);• Case Sensitive (not often implemented…it is an additional burden on the user);
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Controlled Vocabulary(Dublin Core: Good [controlled,
professional], Bad [user may not be acquainted with particular terms]);• Language Translation
(useful at Universities, Eng vs US, different diacritics);
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Controlled Vocabulary(Dublin Core: Good [controlled,
professional], Bad [user may not be acquainted with particular terms]);• Language Translation
(useful at Universities, Eng vs US, different diacritics);
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Data Range(archival aspect of docs,
migration of data, new tech environment);• Refine Search• Related Items• Multimedia
(image, clip, voice, presentations)
Different FeaturesDifferent Features
• Advanced Search• Display Feature• Help Information
(Smith, 2000)
Reference SourcesReference Sources
Service Aspects
Sources Aspects
Core CompetenciesCore Competencies
Service AspectsSources Aspects
“Core competencies are understood as: a proper attitude & capacity to
exercise a wide number of functions or occupy various positions, even simultaneously which requires
flexibility.”
Ferreira et al, 2007)
Core CompetenciesCore Competencies
Attitudes
Skills
Ferreira et al, 2007)
Knowledge
(Viles, 2009)
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
“an electronic mediation”“an electronic mediation”
Already in existence…• Answering
machine• Auto-reply email
• CCTV
Already in existence…• Answering
machine• Auto-reply email
• CCTV
(Keyama, 1999, p. 51 in Viles, 2009)
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
“an electronic mediation”“an electronic mediation”
“Cyberspace users prefer anonymity to in-person,
over-the-desk delivery of reference service.”
“Cyberspace users prefer anonymity to in-person,
over-the-desk delivery of reference service.”
(Ruppel & Fagan, 2002 in Nilsen, 2004
Physical Ref. vs VRPhysical Ref. vs VR
“Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library”
“Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library”
29% Staff did not look like they want to help; look too busy;
23% Felt stupid for not knowing the answer already;
17% Did not bother to go to the library;
(Ruppel & Fagan, 2002 in Nilsen, 2004
Physical Ref. vs VRPhysical Ref. vs VR
“Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library”
“Q: Why users usually do not ask for help at a traditional library”
10% Did not think the person would know the answer;
23% Did not want to get up from the computer.
(Nilsen, 2004
Physical Ref. vs VRWriting vs SpeakingPhysical Ref. vs VRWriting vs Speaking
“It took me more to
compose my question than to ask face-
to-face”
“This seemed to be a very abrupt
response…I took the impression that
the librarian was slightly
exasperated with me”
(Nilsen, 2004)
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
ALA 2003“VR is, reference initiated
electronically, often in real-time, where users employ computers or
other Internet technology to communicate with librarians
without being physically present.”
ALA 2003“VR is, reference initiated
electronically, often in real-time, where users employ computers or
other Internet technology to communicate with librarians
without being physically present.”
(Nilsen, 2004)
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
ALA 2003“While online sources are often utilzed in provision of VR, use
of e-sources in seeking answers is not in itself VR.”
ALA 2003“While online sources are often utilzed in provision of VR, use
of e-sources in seeking answers is not in itself VR.”
(Nilsen, 2004)
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
ALA 2003“VR queries are often
followed-up by telephone, fax & regular email, even though
these models of communication are not considered virtual.”
ALA 2003“VR queries are often
followed-up by telephone, fax & regular email, even though
these models of communication are not considered virtual.”
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
(Coffman, 2002; Coffman & Arret, 2004 in Kwon, 2006)
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
• IT Infrastructure (PCs, Network, video/audio);• Time• Maintenance
Virtual Reference (VR)Virtual Reference (VR)
“…it is estimated that approx. 76
collaborative VR services exist since 2004”
(Sloan, 2004 in Kwon, 2006)
“77% - very likely to use the service
again…68.2% - Excellent service
(n=417)”
“the quality of the information is the most important consideration in selecting an information source when the information sources
available to users are equivalent in their information-yielding potential.”
(Orr, 1970 in Bronstein, 2010)
Quality of InformationQuality of Information
(Bronstein, 2010)
Which Source?Which Source?
(Bronstein, 2010)
Which Source?Which Source?
(Bronstein, 2010)
Missing…or?Missing…or?
Academic DatabasesPrinted Sources
Library Catalogues
Academic DatabasesPrinted Sources
Library Catalogues
(Bronstein, 2010)
“…accessibility of the source
and the quality…”
Reference SourcesReference Sources
…speed & comfortabilityvs
…accuracy…reliability…authority
…speed & comfortabilityvs
…accuracy…reliability…authority
Internet: A Reference Source?Internet: A Reference Source?
“…If it looks good…it must be good.”
“…If it looks good…it must be good.”
(Webb, 2008, p. 133)
IL…Research Skills…LLLIL…Research Skills…LLL
“IL skills, closely allied to research skills of academia, also require an ability to read and think critically, as well as to problem-solve effectively.”
“IL skills, closely allied to research skills of academia, also require an ability to read and think critically, as well as to problem-solve effectively.”
(Webb, 2008, p. 128)
What’s Up?What’s Up?
(Boelens, 2011)
“Digital Natives” (Prensky, 2001)
“The informal learning environment of television, video games and the internet are producing learners with a new profile of cognitive skills.” (Greenfield, 2009)
“…the need to help children to use media and the Internet
safely and responsibly.” (Willard, 2007)
(Dewald & Silvius’s, 2005 in Bronstein, 2010)
“…Web's ease of use and timeliness contributed to its
heavy utilization. However, overall satisfaction
with library databases was higher
because of their accuracy and format. “
“…Web's ease of use and timeliness contributed to its
heavy utilization. However, overall satisfaction
with library databases was higher
because of their accuracy and format. “
Reference SourcesReference Sources
(webb, 2008, pp. 20-21)
“…ICT facilitated the capture, storage and dissemination of
information…Easily accessible across time
zones & geographical boundaries.“
“…ICT facilitated the capture, storage and dissemination of
information…Easily accessible across time
zones & geographical boundaries.“
Information AccessInformation Access
Reference SourcesReference Sources
Reference SourcesReference Sources
• Will printed sources survive?
• Net Hype?• Out with the Old?• Who’s Effected? How?
• Will printed sources survive?
• Net Hype?• Out with the Old?• Who’s Effected? How?
www.infolitglobal.info/en
www.nso.gov.mt/site/page.aspx
Reference SourcesReference Sources
www.um.edu.mt/library
www.time.com/timewww.economist.com
http://ec.europa.eu/old-address-ec.htm#contribution
www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco
http://research.allacademic.com
www.iwr.co.uk
http://international.loc.gov/intldl/intldlhome.htmlhttp://
informationr.net/
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
Monographs
Monographs
JournalsJournals
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
• What Type of Effect?• What Type of Effect?
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
• What Type of Effect?• What Type of Effect?
• What Type of Response?• What Type of Response?
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
• What type of Demand?• What type of Demand?
Reference Sources: PrintReference Sources: Print
Any Reasons?Any Reasons?
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Online Docs
• Databases
BothMay beOpen
OrClosed Access
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
Write them down...in Groups if you
like...
Write them down...in Groups if you
like...
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Know the Research Question Well• Know the Research Question Well
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Read the Abstract (necessary)
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Read the Abstract (necessary)
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Read the Abstract (necessary)
• Compare with other Sources (book/Journal)
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Read the Abstract (necessary)
• Compare with other Sources (book/Journal)
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Read the Abstract (necessary)
• Compare with other Sources (book/Journal)
• Start building your "background information"
• Know the Research Question Well
• Know the Db you are using
• Know the Topic (well?)
• Keywords (vital)
• Read the Abstract (necessary)
• Compare with other Sources (book/Journal)
• Start building your "background information"
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Become aware of any developments of the Topic
• Become aware of any developments of the Topic
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Become aware of any developments of the Topic
• Take the necessary notes including the Bibliographic details
• Become aware of any developments of the Topic
• Take the necessary notes including the Bibliographic details
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• Become aware of any developments of the Topic
• Take the necessary notes including the Bibliographic details
• Familiarize yourself with Authors
• Become aware of any developments of the Topic
• Take the necessary notes including the Bibliographic details
• Familiarize yourself with Authors
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
• What Type of Effect?• What Type of Effect?
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
• What Type of Effect?• What Type of Effect?
• What Type of Response?• What Type of Response?
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
• What Type of Sources?• What Type of Sources?
• What Type of Skills?• What Type of Skills?
• What Type of Effect?• What Type of Effect?
• What Type of Response?• What Type of Response?
• What type of Demand?• What type of Demand?
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
Any Reasons?Any Reasons?
Reference Sources: DigitalReference Sources: Digital
Any Cost?Any Cost?
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
1000w = 6 sources
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
Click video clip to Play
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
1000w = 6 sources
+/- 10% rule (of Total)
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
Introduction/Ending ~ 10% of Total
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
References (referred-to resources)
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
Bibliography (resources read but not cited)
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
Citation Method
Ground Rules for Assignment Writing
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Author, Date (Harvard)
MLA
APA
Turabian
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Author, Date (Harvard)
Author’s Name: In-Text citation
In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994).
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/
Harvard_referencing_2010.pdf
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Author, Date (Harvard)
Author’s Name: In-Text citation
Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Author, Date (Harvard)
Journal Articles: Reference List Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look. Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), pp.564-78.
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Author, Date (Harvard)
Corporate Authors: In-Text Citation 1st citation:
… research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has shown that …
2nd citation:
More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htmhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/
Harvard_referencing_2010.pdf
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
MLA
Author’s Name: In-Text citation
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
MLA
Book with One Author: Reference List
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
MLA
Book with One Author: In-Text Citation: Adding own Words
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
MLA
Same Author: Reference List
Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...]
---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/2/
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
One Author: In-Text Citation
Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new curricula.
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
No Author: In-Text Citation
Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77).
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
Old Works, date not applicable: In-Text Citation
Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922).
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
One Author: Reference List
Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press.
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
No Author: Reference List
The Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
Journal Article: Reference List
Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M. G. (1998). The Psychology of women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
APAhttp://www.uis.edu/ctl/writing/documents/
APACitationMethods.pdf
Electronic Source: From the Dbase: Reference List
Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis Academic database.
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Turabianhttp://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/
turabian.htm
One Author: In-Text Citation
These are multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war (Yarbrough 1999, 84).
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Turabianhttp://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/
turabian.htm
One Author: Reference List
Yarbrough, Stephen R. 1999. After rhetoric: The study of discourse beyond language and culture. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press
Citation MethodsCitation Methods
Turabianhttp://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/
turabian.htm
Editor as Author: In-Text Citation
These are multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war (Roe 1995, 22)
Editor as Author: Reference ListRoe, Nicholas, ed. 1995. Keats and history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Citation ToolsCitation Tools
Ground Rules for Web Evaluation
Type of Website
Authors
Dates: Creation & Update
Type of URL
Note TakingNote Taking
NotesWith
pages
COMMENTS
Bibliographic Details
QUESTIONS
Note TakingNote Taking
NotesWith
pages
COMMENTS
Bibliographic Details
QUESTIONS
NotesWith
pages
COMMENTS
Bibliographic Details
QUESTIONS
NotesWith
pages
COMMENTS
Bibliographic Details
QUESTIONS
NotesWith
pages
COMMENTS
Bibliographic Details
QUESTIONS
Group:Authors/Tags
Group:Authors/Tags
Note TakingNote Taking
1 Alphabetic Notes Dbase1 Alphabetic Notes Dbase
Author/s DoP Notes Tags
Reference SourcesReference Sources
Howwould you know that,
“this” sourceis good?
Good Source ChecklistGood Source Checklist
Author•New•Known
Relevancy•Abstract•Scan paragraphs
Citation Analysis• Chain-linking
Good Source ChecklistGood Source Checklist
Citation Analysis• Chain-linking
AuthorReference
Page
CheckCited
Authors
The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalPower Culture
(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)
The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalRole Culture
(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)
The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalTask Culture
(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)
The Information ProfessionalThe Information ProfessionalPeople Culture
(Webb, 2008, pp. 119-122)
Attitude of the Information ProfessionalAttitude of the Information Professional
“Knowledge Store”
(Evans, 2003, p. 253)
• An expertise Database (who is who and who is working on what);
• Capabilities Information (what people know or any working papers);
• A resource to support collaborative team work.
• An expertise Database (who is who and who is working on what);
• Capabilities Information (what people know or any working papers);
• A resource to support collaborative team work.
Thank you
Thank you
http://www.slideshare.net/ClaudioLaferla/reference-sources
ReferencesBronstein, J. (2010). “Selecting and using information sources: Source preferences and information pathways of Israeli library and information science”, Information Research, 15(4), viewed online on February 8, 2011, <http://informationr.net/ir/15-4/paper447.html>.
Evans, C. (2003). “Managing for knowledge: Hr’s strategic role”, Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam.
Ferreira, F. et al. (2007). “Information professionals in Brazil: Core competencies and professional development”, Information Research, 12(2), viewed online on July 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/12-2/paper299.html>.
Johson, C. A. (2004). “Choosing people: The role of social capital information seeking behaviour”, Information Research, 10(1) , viewed online on September 1, 2011, <http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper201.html>.
Kwon, N. (2006). “User satisfaction with referrals to a collaborative virtual reference service”, Information Research, 11(2), viewed online on May 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/11-2/paper246.html>.
Nilsen, K. (2004). “The library visit study: User experiences at the virtual reference desk”, Information Research, 9(2), viewed online on May 20, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/9-2/paper171.html>.
Smith, A. G. (2000). “Search features of digital libraries”, Information Research, 5(3), viewed online on July 10, 2011, from <http://informationr.net/ir/5-3/paper73.html>.
Viles, A. (2009). “Discussion group on reference work report”, IFLA, viewed online on February 15, 2011, from <http://archive.ifla.org/VII/dg/dgrw/dp99-06.htm>.
Webb, J. (2008). “Strategic information management: A practitioner’s guide”, Chandos Pub., Oxford, England.