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Appendix A: Interview guide

Not all questions apply to all respondents. Question formula-tion and question order can be changed depending on what has been previously told by the respondent.

For formerly self-employed, questions should refer to previous self-employment and an additional question asking about the reasons of business failure or giving up self-employment should be added at the end of Section B if not already men-tioned.

Start of the interview:

I am interested in your personal self-employment story. How did this come about? What did you do before that? How did your business develop over time? What are the things you consider important in relation to your self-employment? I will not interrupt you at first but I will take some notes so that I can revisit some of the things you mentioned.

A. Previous employment, education, and experience with German labour market

What education degree do you have? What is the profession you learned?

In which country did you obtain your first professional de-gree? If not in Germany, was it formally recognised in Ger-many?

In which profession have you mainly worked in your country of origin?


324 Appendix A: Interview guide

Have you completed any additional apprenticeship after your arrival in Germany? If yes, was it was important for your cur-rent self-employment?

Please tell me about your experience in the German labour market. In which job have you worked before you became self-employed? Have you ever been unemployed in Ger-many? If yes, for how long? What were you doing in the last year before becoming self-employed?

What was your motivation to become self-employed?

Why did you decide to become self-employed in this partic-ular sector?

Have you already been self-employed in a different business before starting this business? If yes, in which sector? Why did you decide to give up this previous self-employment?

Have you ever been self-employed in your country of origin before moving to Germany? If yes, in which sector?

Have you been previously self-employed in a different busi-ness in Germany? If yes, could you please tell more about it?

B. Business structure & strategy

Since when are you self-employed (reference to the current self-employment)?

Did you start this business yourself or did you take over this business from someone else?

Do you use business premises for your company? If yes, how did you find these premises?

How did you prepare yourself for self-employment?

Were there any difficulties in the start-up phase? Has any-one assisted you with business formation? Did you receive

Appendix A: Interview guide 325

any support in the start-up phase? If yes, from whom and in what way?

Was financial start-up capital necessary for the business for-mation? If yes, how did you get the financial start-up capital?

Are there other co-owners in your company? If yes, how many and from which country are they from? Are there any relatives or friends among your co-owners?

Do you have employees? If yes, how many? Where, how, and according to which criteria are you searching for em-ployees? How many of your employees are immigrants from the former Soviet Union? Are there any relatives or friends among your employees? If yes, how many?

Please describe the composition of your clientele. Who is the target client group? What is the origin of most of your cus-tomers? How do you search for customers?

How and where do you advertise your business?

Are you cooperating with other companies, self-employed persons, or any organisations? If yes, in what form?

Are there any difficulties in your business currently? Whom do you usually contact if you have any problems in your busi-ness or need advice?

Is anyone currently supporting you with running your busi-ness? If yes, who and in what form?

How has your business changed since its formation?

What developments of your business do you expect in the future?

Have your expectations regarding self-employment been ful-filled?


C. Urban vs. rural area

How long have you been living in this place? Have you ever changed your place of residence after moving to Germany? If yes, where did you live in the past?

What was the main reason why you decided to settle [in the countryside/ in a city]?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of your current place of residence for your self-employment?

In your opinion, what would have been different had you be-come self-employed [in the countryside/ in a city]?

D. Self-employment network

How did you search and find important contacts for your business?

Was it easy or rather difficult for you to make the relevant contacts for your self-employment? Why was that? Did you have a specific strategy for that or was it not necessary?

Have you ever supported anyone in founding or running a business? In what way?

Have you ever linked people together who previously did not know each other and now cooperate? If yes, could you please give me one or two examples?

Do you think that people in your self-employment network are expecting something in return for their support? If yes, could you please give me one or two examples?

Have you experienced conflict or stress situations with or be-tween the important actors in your business network? If so, could you give me some examples? What were the reasons for that? How were problems solved?

Appendix A: Interview guide 327

E. Private social environment and transnational contacts

If you think of your private circle of friends in Germany, is it mostly migrants from the former Soviet Union, native people, other people, or mixed? Please tell a little bit about it. Did you first meet these people in Germany?

Was it difficult for you to make private contacts when you came to Germany? Where and how did you meet most peo-ple?

Do you still have many contacts in your country of origin? Who are these contacts and how often do you get in touch? Do they have any function for your business?

F. Network map exercise

I would like to ask you a few questions about your self-employment social network. In this part of the interview we will work with a ques-tionnaire for a better overview. I will try to draw your network on a sheet of paper. Could you please tell me the names or initials of those who are important for your self-employment? You do not need to use real names. You can use initials or nicknames. The only thing that matters is that you know which person is meant under which abbreviation or pseudonym. These can be different people or organ-isations that are important for your self-employment, for example, people who are relevant to organisational processes of your busi-ness, or people and institutions that provide you with practical help or important information, as well as people who have an advisory role, business partners, or customers.


Instructions: Enter the names/abbreviations in the circle and then number

the persons. Then ask where the respondent knows these people from, how did the contact with them come about, and what function each of them has for the respondent’s busi-ness.

How are actors interconnected? Put the names from the cir-cle into the relationship matrix (horizontal and vertical, pay attention to the numbering) and ask for connections between actors in the network.

Fill in the name interpreter table for each network actor.

G. Demographic questions

In which year did you arrive in Germany?

From which country did you move to Germany? Before mov-ing to Germany, have you lived predominantly in an urban or a rural area in your country of origin?

How old are you?

Which country citizenship do you have?

To which of the following groups of Former Soviet Migrants do you belong: ethnic Germans, Jewish migrants, or other migrants. In case of ‘other migrants’, please specify migra-tion status.

Appendix B: Network map data collection instrument

Name generator

Could you please tell me the names or initials of those who are im-portant for your self-employment? You do not need to use real names. You can use initials or nicknames. The only thing that mat-ters is that you know which person is meant under which abbrevia-tion or pseudonym. These can be different people or organisations that are important for your self-employment, for example, people who are relevant to organisational processes of your business, or people and institutions that provide you with practical help or im-portant information, as well as people who have an advisory role, business partners, or customers.

Put name/initials in the circle (separate paper sheet)


330 Appendix B: Network map data collection instrument

Name interpreters

Name/ Initials

Gender Age

Where is this actor based?

Germany, same region

Germany, dif-ferent region

Other country (which?)

Name/ Initials

Which background does the actor have?

Profession FSU migrant

Native Other migrant

Other person abroad

Name/ To which of the following groups How long have you known this actor?

Initials does the actor belong?

Family & relatives

Close friends

Acquaint-ances

Business-only con-tacts

Appendix B: Network map data collection instrument 331

Which of these functions does this actor have for your business?

Name/ Initials

Sup-port start-up stage

Support with tax, law, book-keeping

Infor-mation ex-change

Busi-ness co-owner

Cli-ent

Prac-tical help

Finan-cial sup-port

Other function (specify)

Relationship matrix

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