REFERENCES: REFERENCES: IMPORTANCE AND IMPORTANCE AND WRITING STYLESWRITING STYLES

By:-GIRME VARUN

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CONTENTS

REFERENCINGIMPORTANCEABBREVIATIONS AND TERMSREFERENCING SYSTEMSDIFFERENT STYLESDETAILED EXAMPLESKEY REFERENCES

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REFERENCING

• Evans (1995) defines referencing as “the labeling of material you have drawn from other writers with enough information for the reader to be able to locate the source”.

• Practice of acknowledging authors is known as referencing.

• A reference is required if : quote (use someone else’s exact words) copy (use figures, tables or structure) paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own

words) summaries (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas).12/11/0214 3

IMPORTANCE• Shows the breadth of your research.

• Strengthening your academic argument.

• Showing the reader the source of your information.

• Allowing the reader to consult your sources independently.

•Allowing the reader to verify your data.

• Avoid Plagiarism.

• Complete.

• Correct.

• Support arguments.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMSLatin Term

Meaning

app. appendix

col. column (plural, cols.)

comp. compiler (plural, comps.)

ed. edition; edited by; editor (plural, eds.)

n.d. no date (of publication known)

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Latin Term

Meaning

n.p. no place (of publication known)

p. Page number.

et alia or et al. These terms mean and others and is used for four

or more authors to shorten the in-text citation. The entry in the reference list must show all the authors. The term et al. is not italicized.

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REFERENCING SYSTEMS Citing within the text. The bibliography/reference list at the end of your

written work.

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DIFFERENT STYLESHARVARDVANCOUVERAPA(AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION)MAL(MORDEN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION)CHICAGO MANUAL STYLEROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY STYLE

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HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEMAlso known as Author-Date style.Most frequently used style

REFERENCING IN HARVARD SYSTEMS1.Paraphrasing.

2.Quoting.

3.Page numbers.

4.Use of ‘et al’.

5.Capitalization.

6.Use of city, state, and country location information.

7.Bibliographic Details: Author, Date, Title.

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PARAPHRASING:- Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your

own words. Reference a paraphrase in text, you must provide the

author and year of publication.

QUOTING:-Short quotations:- Single quotation marks used around direct quotes of

fewer than 30 words. Single quotation marks. Full stop after the reference if the quote is information

prominent12/11/0214 10

e.g:- quote into your sentence :-

Although students are initially nervous, ‘when students conquer the challenging initial days of the program, they begin to settle into a routine’ (Doyle 2006, p. 86).

quote into your sentence author-prominent:-

Students are initially nervous, but as Doyle (2006, p. 86) suggests, ‘when students conquer the challenging initial days of the program, they begin to settle into a routine’.

Long quotations:- Long quotations (30 words or more) should:

• Introduced in your own words .

• Not have any quotation marks .

• Begin on a new line.12/11/0214 11

•.

•The lead-in statement ends with a colon (:).

• Separate the quotation from the text that follows it with one blank line.

e.g.:-

Though many may recoil from making their private lives public in digital spaces, there are obvious benefits for young people:

The public life is fun. It’s creative. It’s where their friends are. It’s theatre, but it’s also community: in this linked, logged world, you have a place to think out loud and be listened to, to meet strangers and go deeper with friends. (Nussbaum 2007, p. 27)

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Quote within a quote :-• When a quote appears within a quote use double quote

marks.

e.g:-

The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are “Call me Ishmael” and these words are full of significance’ was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech (Johns 1995, p. 43).

PAGE NUMBERS:-• Always give the page number.

• When paraphrasing, providing a page number is optional.

• The word “page” is abbreviated to p.

• Electronic sources do not provide page numbers. 12/11/0214 13

USE OF ET AL:-• With two or three authors, give all authors’ names in

every in-text reference.

• For references with four or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’ (which stands for ‘and others’) in your in-text references. For example: (Chaffee et al. 2000).

Note:- et al. should not be in italics and there should always be a full-stop after al.

CAPITALISATION:-Minimal capitalisation:-• Only the first word in the titles of books, chapters,

journal articles and Web sites is capitalised.

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• Authors’ names and initials, journal titles and the names of publishing firms and business or organizations are always capitalized.

e.g.:-

Jones, B 1999, The history of rock: John Lennon, Zen Publishing, London

Maximal capitalisation:-•For the titles of periodicals (journals, magazines and newspapers), capitalise the first word.

• Other word which is not ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘an’.

• A preposition (such as ‘for’, ‘on’, ‘under’, ‘about’) or a conjunction (such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’).

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USE OF CITY, STATE, AND COUNTRY LOCATION INFORMATION:-•The place of publication should be provided in the reference list .

•If several cities are given on the source, use the first-listed city.

•If the place of publication is little-known, provide the state as well.

•If the place of publication could be confused with another city of the same name, provide additional information to clarify the location.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS: AUTHOR, DATE, TITLE:-Author:-•Single authors:-

Family name first, then a comma and space followed by initial(s).

e.g. John, A•Three or more authors:-

Just put the surname of the first author, followed by “et al ‟(which means “and the others ). ‟e.g. Petrus et al (2009)

Editors :-Editors are treated the same as authors except that ed. or eds. is put in brackets after the editor's or editors name(s). ‟12/11/0214 17

e.g:- Walker, T. (ed.)

Corporate Author:-• A corporate author is a group.

• It could be a society and professional body, an international organisation, a government department or any other group.

• A government publication should begin with the country, then the department, then any committee or subcommittee.

e.g. Great Britain. Department for Education and Skills.

Date:- The date of ‘publication' should be included. • If there are a number of different reissues or reprints of

the item, give the earliest date of the edition you are referring to.

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e.g. if the information in the book reads “1989 reprinted in 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000” give 1989.

•If it is not possible to ascertain the date put the following: [n.d.] or [undated] or [no date].

Title:-•The title should be copied from the item itself if possible and should be in italics. •If there is a mistake in the title of the published work (and you do not wish the reader to think that you cannot spell!) put the word sic (= thus) in square brackets after the word(s).

e.g.:- Brimingham [sic]

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DETAILED EXAMPLES :-

BOOKS (OR REPORTS):-Basic Essentials of a Reference :-

• Author(s) or Editor(s)

• Date

• Title • Place

• Publisher

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Tierney, J. (2006) Criminology. Harlow: Pearson/Longman.

Author Date of Title Place of

publication publication

publisher

Edition :-If the book is in an edition other than the first e.g.:-2nd

include that information immediately after the title information.

e.g. Tierney, J. (2006) Criminology. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman.

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Volume Number :-If you have used only one volume of a multi-volume work you could indicate that by adding the volume number immediately after the title.

e.g. Merriam, J.L. (2003) Engineering Mechanics. Vol. 1: Statics. 5th Ed. Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley

Subtitle :-If the title does not give much information about the subject of a book you may wish to include the subtitle (everything which occurs after a colon (:) or question mark in the title).

e.g. Tierney, J. (2006) Criminology: Theory and Context. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman.

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Series Title and Number:-If the book is part of a series it may be helpful to give the series title and number of the book within the series.

e.g. Boles, J. K., & Hoeveler, D. L. (2006) The A-Z of Feminism. The A to Z Guide Series; No. 19. Oxford: Scarecrow Press.

ISBN (International Standard Book Number) :-The ISBN is a unique 10- or 13-digit number which serves as a unique identifier of a particular book.

e.g. Tierney, J. (2006) Criminology: Theory and Context. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman. 1405823615.

Electronic Books :-You need to include the address of the website.

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e.g:-

Roshan, P. & Leary, J. (2003) Wireless LAN Fundamentals Sebastopol, CA: Cisco Press [available at: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/1587050773] [viewed on 11/07/2006].

JOURNAL ARTICLES :-• Journals, magazines or serials.

• Include publications published annually, quarterly (4 times per year), bimonthly (every 2 months), monthly, weekly or daily.

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Author Year Article title

Kushner, G. B. (2005) Changes Ahead in Health Care. HR Magazine, Vol 50, No 13, pp. 60-61.

Journal Title Volume Part/Issue Page

Number

oReview in a Journal:-If you refer to a review you should also include the details of the work being reviewed.

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Author Year Review Title

Sanderson, C.(2005) Travelling with an anti-tourist. (Daniel Kalder - Lost Cosmonaut) (Book Review). The Bookseller 5209 (Dec 16, 2005) p.37.

Journal Title Issue Title of reviewed work page

Author of reviewed work

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oElectronic Journal Articles:-

Electronic journal articles should be cited in the same way as print ones.

e.g. :-Parry, S. and Dunn, L. (2000). Benchmarking as a Meaning Approach to Learning in Online Settings Studies in Continuing Education, Vol. 22 No. 2, p.219 [Online version via SwetsWise] [viewed on 11/07/2006]

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES :-•Is necessary to include the date not just the year.

e.g. Jackson, L. (2006), Turning Brum into a hotbed of new writers, Sunday Mercury, 25 June 2006, p.29

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WEBSITES :-• In that it should have an author or editor and a title.• Also have a publisher.

• Full address of the web page and also the date on which you accessed the page.

e.g.

Barger, J. (2000) A biography of Leopold Paula Bloom http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/ulysses/bloom.html [accessed 11/07/2006].

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DISSERTATIONS AND THESES :-• The name of the institution where the dissertation was undertaken and the type of degree for which it was written.

e.g.

Author Year Title

Rowland-Jones, R., (2003) Beyond environmental management to quantifiable pollution management. Ph.D, University of Wales .

Awarding Institution Types of Thesis

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VANCOUVER CITATION STYLE• Style used by most biomedical journals and many

scientific journals.

• It came out of a meeting of medical journal editors in 1978, held in Vancouver, BC.

• Maintained by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

Citing your sources in the text:-• cite the source by inserting a number in text.• Placed punctuation marks such as full stops or commas

and before colons and semi-colons.• should be written in round brackets.

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• When citing two or more sources at once,

e.g. (1, 2) or (6, 12)

•When citing more than two sources.

•e.g. (3-5)

Directly quoting from your sources:-•Enclose quotations in double quotation marks followed by the citation number.

e.g. Key causes of economic deprivation include low income or unemployment which are often the result of “poor qualification levels and lack of basic skills”. (2)

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DETAILED EXAMPLES :-CITING A BOOK:- Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the

institution responsible.

Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or punctuation between initials) (full-stop OR if further names comma, 1 space).

Title of publication and subtitle if any:-• Do not use italics or underlining.

• Only the first word of journal articles or book titles are capitalized.

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Format: title (full-stop, 1 space)

Example: Physical pharmacy: physical chemical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences.

Edition:- If other than first edition.

• Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do not confuse with editor.)

Format: edition statement (full stop, 1 space)

Example: 3rd ed.

Publisher:-• The publisher’s name should be spelt out in full.

Format: publisher (semi-colon, 1 space)

Example: Australian Government Publishing Service; 12/11/0214 33

e.g.:-

Author Title

Getzen TE. Health economics: fundamentals of funds. New York: John Wiley & Sons;1997.

Place of Publisher Year

Publication

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CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE:- Title of journal (abbreviated):-• Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline.

• Note: no punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated journal name – just spaces.

Format: journal title abbreviation (1 space)

Example: J Mol Biol

Year (and month/day if necessary/available) of publication:-

• Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters.

Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semi-colon, no space) OR year (semi-colon, no space)

Example: 1996 Jun 1;12/11/0214 35

Volume number (and issue/part -):-

Format: volume number (no space) issue number in brackets (colon, no space) OR volume number (colon,

no space) e.g.: 1996;12(5):127-33.

Page numbers:-

NOTE: do not repeat digits unnecessarily.

Format: page numbers (full-stop)

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e.g.:-

Author Title of Article

Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.

Title of journal Volume/year/month/

day

Page no.

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CITING A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:-Format: Author if given (full-stop, 1 space) Title of

article (full-stop, 1 space) Name of newspaper (1 space) Date of edition (year Month Day) (semi-colon, no space) Section if applicable (section abbreviated to Sect.) (colon, no space) Page/s (1 space) Column number in round brackets (column abbreviated to col.) (full-stop)

e.g. Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21;Sect. A:3 (col. 5).

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WWW SITE:-• If the author is not documented, the title becomes the

first element of the reference.

Format: Author (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title (full-stop, 1 space) [Online] (full stop, 1 space) Publication Year (1 space) [cited year month (abbreviated) day] (semi colon) Number of screens in square brackets or pages (full-stop, 1 space) Available from (colon, 1 space)

URL: (no space) URL address underlined

Example:

National Organization for Rare Diseases [Online]. 1999 Aug 16 [cited 1999 Aug 21];Available from: URL:http://www.rarediseases.org/

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WEB BASED/ONLINE DATABASES:-Format: Author/editor. (full stop, 1 space) Title (full stop, 1 space) [type of medium = Online] (full stop, 1 space) Publishing details if available. Available from: (1 space) Title and publishing details of the database if available. [cited date] (full stop)

e.g.:-Kirkpatrick GL. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. In: Family Medicine. 5th ed. [Online]. 1998. Available from: Stat!Ref. Jackson (WY): Teton Data Systems; 2001. [cited 2001 Aug31].

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REFERENCES IN APA STYLE• American Psychological Association (APA) citation

style.

• Which is used primarily in the social sciences.

• Single spaces separate each element.• Citations are arranged alphabetically by authors’ last

names.

• Works by the same author are in alphabetical order.

• If the author is unknown, alphabetization is by the first word of the title.

• Only the first letter of the first word of the title of books and articles is capitalized.

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DETAILED EXAMPLES :-BOOKS:-•Book titles are italic.

•If more than one location is listed, the first is used.

•The city and state in which the publisher is located are included.

Book other than first edition:-Abbott, C. (1982). Colorado: A history of the Centennial State (Rev. ed.). Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press.

• Other abbreviations include: 1st ed., 2nd ed, etc.

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PERIODICAL ARTICLES:-• The title of the periodical is italicized.

• The first letter of each word of the periodical title is capitalized.

Magazine article:-King, R. D. (1997, April). Should English be the law?

Atlantic Monthly, 279, 55-64.

Island of trouble. (1988, March 12). The Economist, 306, 53-54.

Newspaper article:-U.S. trade deficit. (1994, August 19). The Wall Street Journal

(Eastern ed.), p. A1.

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ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS:- www.apa.org/journals/webref.html:-• To the extent possible, information is provided as for a

printed source.

• Information identifying the electronic source is placed at the end.

• The date of retrieval is included.

Article from an Internet journal based on a print source:-

E.g.:-Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as “moral panic”

[Electronic version]. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202.

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MLA (MORDEN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION):-

DETAILED EXAMPLES :-PRINT RESOURCES:-• Author’s last name, First name. Title of the book. Place

of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication are capitalize.

• Example: Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2008. Print.

Book with More Than One Author:-• Author’s last name, First name, and Subsequent

Author(s) Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.12/11/0214 45

e.g.:-Booth, Wayne C, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.

Two or More Books by the Same Author:-•Give the name of the author in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the author’s name, place three hyphens, followed by a period.

---. Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.

Book with No Author:-•For books with no author or editor listed, list the book on your works cited page by the title of the book.•Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.

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PERIODICALS:- Magazine:-Author(s).“Title of Article.”Title of Periodical Day Month

Year: Pages. Medium of Publication.

e.g.:-Weintraub, Arlene, and Laura Cohen. “A Thousand-Year Plan for Nuclear Waste.” Business Week 6 May 2002: 94-96.

Newspaper:-• If the newspaper is national, you need not include the

city of publication. • Author(s).“Title of Article.”Newspaper Name Day

Month Year, Edition (if available): Pages. Medium of Publication.

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e.g.:-Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor.” New York Times 13 July 2002

WEB PUBLICATIONS:-Web Site:-•Author, Editor or Compiler Name.“Title of Page.”Name of Entire Site. Name of Institution or Organization Affiliated With the Site (use n.p. if not available), Date of Creation (use n.d. if no date). Medium of Publication. Date of Access.

•e.g.:-Quade, Alex. “Elite Team Rescues Troops Behind Enemy Lines.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 19 Mar. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.

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CHICAGO MANUAL STYLE

• Academic writing in the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

• Two formats of referencing within the Chicago style.

• One is notes-bibliography and the other author-date.

• The author-date format is similar to the Harvard style and is detailed in the official Chicago Manual of Style.

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ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY STYLE•A numeric style of referencing with reference numbers given in superscript in appropriate places.

•The reference numbers should be cited in sequence through the text, including those in tables and figure captions.

DETAILED EXAMPLES :-BOOKS:-INITIALS. Author’s surname, Title, Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not the first), Year, Pages.

•J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 3rd edn.,1985.

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Book with editor(s) instead of author(s):-• Title, ed. INITIALS. Editor’s surname, Publisher, Place

of publication, Edition (if not the first), Year, Pages.

e.g.:-CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, ed. W. M. Haynes and D. R. Lide, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 92nd edn., 2011.

Book with corporate author:-• Corporate author, Title, Publisher, Place of publication,

Edition (if not the first), Year, Pages.

e.g.:-International Energy Agency, Offshore Renewable Energy: Accelerating the Deployment of Offshore Wind, Tidal, and Wave Technologies, Earthscan, Abingdon, 2012, ch. 5, pp. 60–69.

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JOURNAL ARTICLES:-• Use this format for PDF or HTML versions of print

journals.

• INITIALS. Author’s surname, Title of journal (abbreviated), Year, Volume number, Pages.

ONLINE RESOURCE:-Website:-• Resource title, web address, (access date)

• Please note the most important information to include is the URL and the data accessed.

• ChemSpider, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1906.html, (accessed June 2011).

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KEY REFERENCES Library and Learning Resources, Birmingham City

University. http://library.bcu.ac.uk

[accessed 5/11/2014]

CQUniversity’s referencing http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing [accessed 6/11/2014]

Vancouver Community College Library http://library.vcc.ca/downloads/VCC_VancouverStyleGuide

[accessed 6/11/2014] The University Of Queensland

http://hi.au.dk/uploads/File/vancouv [accessed 7/11/2014]12/11/0214 53

Royal Society of Chemistry Style, University of Bath

http://www.rsc.org/images/Author%20guidelines_tcm18-186308[accessed 9/11/2014]

Cite Referencing in APA Style http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~socius/publicacoes/APA_rules.

[accessed 10/11/2014]

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Seventh Ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America. 2009.

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