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Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote notes.

AAdvocacy, 48, 49, 73, 134Agency, 2, 6, 11, 12, 35, 41, 44, 53,

54, 69, 92, 93, 105, 107–109, 112, 115, 122, 134

Amnesty(-ies), 15, 16, 38, 46, 49, 62, 63, 71, 73, 75–81, 97, 111, 112, 132

Amnesty International, 97, 111, 112Anti-establishment party(-ies), 94, 110Anxiety, 10, 49, 100Asylum

application(s), 82, 92, 109, 125n5, 136, 138

procedure, 22, 97rejected asylum seeker(s), 5, 9, 68,

109seeker(s), 2, 4–6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18,

34, 38, 41, 49, 50, 61–63, 67, 68, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 90–97, 99, 101, 106–113, 115–124, 132, 135–138

Asylum-migration nexus, 67Asymmetric visa regime, 67Authorization, 2, 5, 17–21, 92, 103,

121, 136

BBalkan route, 93, 110Battleground, 54, 122–124, 131–138Biometric technology(-ies), 68Blue Card(s), 109Bordering, 35, 91, 101, 114,

121–123, 137measure(s), 102, 103, 106, 109,

136Borderland, 89–126, 135Border Patrol, 3Border(s)

crossing, 39–42, 63, 77, 90, 92, 94, 98, 137

denaturalization of, 91internal, 40, 103

160 INDEX

local, 116–123management, 92, 101–103national, 1, 35, 40, 62, 63, 66, 67,

90, 110, 114, 135work, 93, 111–114

Borderscape, 137Bounded solidarity, 42, 43Broker(s), 19, 39–45, 53, 54, 71

CCage effect, 7, 8Canary route, 97Care work / workers / services, 20,

45, 46, 52, 64, 73, 76, 133, 137CAS, see Centres of Extraordinary

Reception (CAS)Catholic (Church), 38, 48, 76, 114Centres of Extraordinary Reception

(CAS), 116–119Circulation, 7, 53, 83, 103Citizenship, 13, 17, 18, 40, 48, 50,

93, 123, 134, 137spiritual, 48

Civil society(-ies), 16, 46–51, 53, 54, 68, 93, 122–124, 133, 134, 136

Code of conduct, 115Common citizen(s), 16, 39, 46–50,

53Common Security and Defence Policy

(CSDP), 108Compassion, 11, 134Compliance

non, 13semi, 6

Control(s)distant, 121internal, 37, 68virtual, 91

Cooperation dilemma, 37, 69Crimmigration, 18

DDebordering, 3, 121–123

campaign(s), 121Deportability, 19Deportation(s), 3, 7–10, 12, 13, 17,

19, 35, 37, 50, 64, 66, 74, 101, 102, 137

turn, 3, 9Deregulation, 65, 82Deserving(-ness), 3, 15, 17, 19–22,

46, 48, 51, 54De-standardization, 65Deterrence, 7, 37Discretional power, 52Disembarkation(s) /

disembarkment(s), 101Displacement effect, 92Do-it-yourself approach, 80Domestic work / workers / services,

45, 46, 64, 65, 72, 73, 78, 133Dublin II, Dublin conventions, 2, 82,

91, 93, 97, 135

EEfficacy gap, 7Emergency, 93, 98–103, 118, 125n5,

135Ethnic business(-es), 45Ethnic enclave(s), 44Eunavfor Med Sophia, 105Eurodac, 2European Agenda on Migration,

106European Asylum Support Office,

109Exclusion, 6, 17, 18, 43, 45, 49, 68,

117, 122, 124Exploitation, 13, 22, 34, 41–44, 46,

48, 49, 64, 67, 138Expulsion(s), 13, 18, 23, 63, 68, 75,

102

Border(s) (cont.)

161 INDEX

FFence(s), 3, 91, 110, 135Flexible solidarity, 62Foggy social structure(s), 69, 70Frontex, 2, 105, 106, 109, 112, 115,

125n5Frontier(s), 3, 92, 111, 134, 136

GGatekeeper(s), 15, 46Globalization, 2, 4, 90, 104Governance, 16, 19, 23, 35, 76, 78,

83, 90, 106, 116, 121, 123, 131–138

HHighly qualified workers, skilled

migrants, 109Honestly cheat, 52Hotspot(s), 82, 93, 97, 105, 109,

116, 136Human capital, 42Humanitarian actor(s), 116, 137Humanitarian corridor(s), 114Humanitarian protection, 103Human right(s), 6, 9, 11, 38, 46, 47,

53, 67, 68, 77, 94, 102, 111–113, 124, 134

IIdentification, 12, 16, 90, 92, 93, 108,

137technologies of, 92

Illegal being(s), 10Illegality industry, industry of border

controls, 91Illegalize, illegalization, 2, 8Implementation gap, 7Implicit policy, 93, 97

Informal economy, underground economy, 64, 65, 69, 76

Instrumental Politics, 14Integration

economic, 79subordinate, 20

Intermediary(-ies), 10, 23, 33–55, 134, 137

International Organization for Migration (IOM), 5, 113

Interstice(s), 12, 53, 137Intolerance, 18Invisible/ parallel welfare, 19Irregularity negotiation, 12

JJungle of Calais, 116

LLanding(s), 20, 24, 39, 63, 94, 97,

99–101, 103, 105, 106, 111, 115, 116, 132, 134–137

Legalize, legalization, 6, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 35, 38, 39, 43, 46, 53, 73, 77

Legal status, 4–6, 14–17, 19, 21, 22, 36, 37, 43, 44, 48, 49, 66, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76–78, 81, 83, 132–134

Liberal values, 7Liminal legality, 5Local authority(-ies), 6, 16, 17, 19,

47, 76, 78, 93, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 136

Local policy(ies), 49, 116, 117, 122, 124, 137

MMare Nostrum, 104, 105Mare Sicuro (Safe Sea), 105Middleman(-men), 41, 42, 44

162 INDEX

Migration business / industry, 40, 43, 91

Migration Compact, 113Migration crisis, 1, 14Migration policy(-ies), 4, 7–9, 14,

34, 36, 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 72, 75, 90, 106, 109, 110, 123, 124, 137, 138

declared, 7, 14, 53, 137Migration regime, 23, 61, 78, 83,

123, 138Minor(s), 3, 6, 7, 18, 21, 100, 101,

105, 119Mixed flow(s), 67Mobility

regime(s) of, 4, 42right(s), 4, 42, 90social, 11turn, 90

Mobilization(s), 122, 123, 134Monotopia, 90, 92Moral economy, 12, 43, 46Moral obligation(s), 35, 43Moral support, 49

NNational sovereignty, 2, 47Neo-liberal governance, 116Neo-nationalism, 90Network(s)

ethnic, 42–44, 70–72, 80global, 66interpersonal, 71migrant(s), 23, 43, 44, 70, 71,

132NGO(s), 16, 19, 36–39, 46–50,

53, 54, 77, 80, 93, 101, 105, 114–117, 124, 133, 136

Normalization, 21, 76

OOverstay, overstayer, 5, 8, 10, 40, 66,

78

PPadròn, 76Paper market, 43Parallel labour market, 45Permanent settler(s), 75Policy(ies) of exclusion, 49, 68, 117,

122, 124Poseidon, 106, 125n5Protection System for Asylum Seekers

and Refugees (SPRAR), 81, 116, 117, 119, 120

Provision of services, 37, 39, 49, 53, 54

RRebordering, 3, 90–93Reception centre(s), 96, 101–103,

105, 115, 120, 122, 124, 136Recognition, 12, 14, 17–22, 47, 48,

51, 113, 134, 135Refugee(s)

crisis, 67, 89–126reception, 81, 122, 136

Regional Development and Protection Programme(s), 107

Register of hospitality, 133Regularization(s)

business, 73case by case, 15, 49, 62, 63, 74earned, 46, 77permanent mechanisms of, 110programmes, 62, 66, 73, 78, 79, 83

Regulation, 2, 4, 6, 13, 14, 23, 38, 45, 72, 73, 78–82, 110, 132, 137, 138

Regulative intention(s), 62Religious organization(s), 47, 48, 122

163 INDEX

Repression, 2, 11Resettlement, 62, 97, 106–108,

125n5, 136Resistance, 12, 17, 37, 51, 65, 107,

117, 135Restriction(s), 3, 6, 9, 15, 16, 20, 34,

35, 38, 40, 45, 46, 49, 63, 64, 66, 67, 73, 111

SScapegoat process, 121Schengen agreement, 90, 110Search and Rescue (SaR), 96, 104,

105, 115, 116, 124, 135, 136Secondary poor relief, 133Securitization, securitarian, 2, 68, 92,

101, 103, 108Segmentation of labour market(s), 64,

83Selectivity, 14, 35, 65Self-propulsion, 132Semi-legality, 6Settlement

labour, 77social, 78

Smuggler(s), 16, 34, 39–42, 53–55, 93, 105, 107–109, 113, 115, 125n5

Social capital, 42, 44, 70, 71Social closure, 18, 50Social movement(s), 16, 36, 38, 39,

47, 80, 122–124, 133State failure, 8, 80Stigmatization, 17, 18, 121, 135, 136Street level bureaucracy(-ies), 16,

50–52Structural constraint(s), 62Surveillance

electronic, 77technologies of, 91, 92

Symbolic Politics, 14

TTactic(s), 12, 69Third sector, 48Tolerance

external, 15internal, 15

Trade unions, 38, 39, 47–49, 76, 77, 122, 133

Traditional modernization, 82–84Traffick, trafficking, 11, 34, 41, 67,

74, 108, 109, 113, 115Transit country(ies), 35, 107, 109,

113, 124Transition (processes of), 21–23Transnational(-ism), 12, 42, 71Triton, 105, 106, 125n5

UUndocumented underclass, 73UNHCR, see United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 75, 94, 96, 107, 134

Unwilling helper(s), 42Urban citizenship, 17“Us” and “them,” 3

VVictim complex, 117, 121Victimization, 11, 21, 22, 124Victims of trafficking (VoT), 67, 71Voluntary association(s), 49Volunteer humanitarianism, 116Vulnerability, 8, 11, 22, 67

164 INDEX

WWalls, 3, 67, 75, 93, 97Weapons of the weak, 13, 70Welfare from below, 122, 133

XXenophobic

movement(s), 123party(-ies), 9