references - university of...

REFERENCES

1. Hasegawa, J.; Yanagida, N.; Tamura, M. Toner Prepared by the Direct

Polymerization Method in comparison with the Pulverization Method. J. Colloids

Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 1999, 153, 215-220.

2. Gregory, P. High-technology Applications of Organic colorants; Plenum Press:

New York, 1991.

3. Kipphan, H. Handbook of Print Media: Technologies and Production Methods;

Plenum Press: New York, 2001.

4. Pang, K.; Yon, K.-yol; Hong, C.-kook; Shim, S.-eun; Lee, J.-won; Cheong, M.-

young Method of Preparing Resin Composition of Toner and Toner Compostition.

US Patent 2008/0102394 2008.

5. Borsenberger, P. M.; Weiss, D. S. Organic Photoreceptors for Xerography; Marcel

Dekker: New York, 1998.

6. Barnfield, P.; Hutchings, M. G. Chromic Phenomena: Technological Applications

of Colour Chemistry; Royal Society of Chemistry: United Kingdom, 2002.

7. Ohta, N.; Rosen, M. Color Desktop Printer Technology; CRC Press: United States,

2006.

8. Diamond, A. S.; Weiss, D. S. Handbook of Imaging Materials; Marcel Dekker:

New York, 2002.

9. Asada, H.; Tsujihiro, M.; Hirano, N.; Kadota, T.; Akiyama, T.; Uchizono, A. Toner.

US Patent 5976754 1999.

10. Klier, J.; Varjian, R. D.; Hill, A. S. Aqueous Dispersions for use as Toners. US

Patent 2007/0243481 A1 2007.

11. Zhou, H. Investigation of Toner Adhesion in the Electrophotographic Process;

Cuvillier Verlag: Germany, 2008.

12. Toner Research Services An Introduction to Dry Toner Technology; Toner Research

Services: United States, 1992.

13. Shin, Y.-da; Yon, K.-yol; Hong, C.-kook; Cheong, M.-young; Lim, S.-soon; Park,

S.-bum Method of Preparing Toner and Toner Prepared Using the Method. US

Patent 2008/0003515 A1 2008.

14. Kiatkamjornwong, S.; Pomsanam, P. Synthesis and Characterization of Styrenic-

Based Polymerized Toner and Its Composite for Electrophotographic Printing. J.

Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89, 238-248.

15. Morita, H.; Kasuya, T.; Yamakawa, G.; Tomono, M.; Funaki, H.; Kohara, M. Toner

for Electrophotography. US Patent 4968574 1990.

16. Bryce, D. M. Plastic Injection Molding: Manufacturing Process Fundamentals;

Society of Manufacturing Engineers: United States, 1996.

17. Francis L. Chupka, J. Process for making Bimodul, Cross-linked Toner Resin. US

Patent 5856407 1999.

18. Yoshimura, N. Effect of Toner Size on Image Quality. J. Electrophotogr. Jpn. 1992,

31, 82.

19. Romano, F. J. Digital Printing: Mastering On-Demand and Variable Data Printing

for Profit; Windsor Professional Information: United States, 2000.

20. Briggs, J. C.; Hong, E.; Forrest, D. Analysis of Ghosting in Electrophotography.

IS&T’s NIP16: International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies 2000,

403-407.

21. Jeran, P. L.; Burningham, N. Measurement of Electrophotographic Ghosting. IS&T

PICS 2001: Image Processing, Image Quality, Image Capture, System Conference

2001, 80-83.

22. Jahanzad, F.; Sajjadi, S.; Brooks, B. W. Characteristic intervals in suspension

polymerisation reactors: An experimental and modelling study. J. Chem. Eng. Sci.

2005, 60, 5574-5589.

23. Vilchis, L.; Ríos, L.; Villalobos, M. A.; Guyot, A. In Situ Syntheses of a Suspension

Agent Based on a Styrene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer for the Suspension

Polymerization of Styrene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 86, 3271-3285.

24. Dowding, P. J.; Vincent, B. Suspension Polymerization to form polymer beads. J.

Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2000, 161, 259-269.

25. Yang, B.; Kamidate, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Takeishi, M. Unsteady Stirring Method

Used in Suspension Polymerization of Styrene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 78, 1431-

1438.

26. He, Y. H.; Howes, T.; Litster, J. D.; Ko, G. H. Experimental study of drop-interface

coalescence in the presence of polymer stabilisers. J. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem.

Eng. Aspects 2002, 207, 89-104.

27. Castellanos, J. R.; Mendizabal, E.; Puig, J. E. A quick method for choosing a

Protecting Colloid for Suspension Polymerisation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1991, 49,

91-101.

28. Mendizabal, E.; Castellanos-Ortega, J. R.; Puig, J. E. A method for selecting a

Polyvinyl Alcohol as Stabiliser in Suspension Polymerisation. J. Colloids Surf.

1992, 63, 209-217.

29. Mahabadi, H. K.; Hawkins, M. S.; Allison, G. R.; Kao, S. V.; Gerroir, P. J.; Ro, N.

S.; Agur, E. E. Toner Reactive Melt Mixing Process. US Patent 5571655 1996.

30. Harper, C. A.; Petrie, E. M. Plastics Materials and Processes: A Concise

Encyclopedia; John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey, 2003.

31. Meyers, R. A.; Meyers, R. A. Handbook of Petrochemicals Production Processes;

McGraw-Hill: New York, 2005.

32. Shenoy, A. V.; Saini, D. R. Thermoplastic Melt Rheology and Processing; Marcel

Dekker: New York, 1996.

33. Standard Test Method for Determining the Tribocharge of Two-Component

Developer Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 1992, 15, 1288-1291.

34. Cowie, J. M. G.; Arrighi, V. Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials;

CRC Press: United States, 2008.

35. Fox, T. Influence of diluent and of copolymer composition on the glass temperature

of a polymer system. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 1956, 1, 123-125.

36. Gordon, M.; Taylor, J. Ideal copolymers and the second-order transitions of

synthetic rubbers. i. non-crystalline copolymers. J. Appl. Chem. 1952, 2, 493-500.

37. Learner, T.; Getty Consercation Institute Analysis of Modern Paints; Getty

Publications: California, 2005.

38. Pavia, D. L. Introduction to Spectroscopy; Cengage Learning: United States, 2009.

39. Mayo, D. W.; Miller, F. A.; Hannah, R. W. Course Notes on the Interpretation of

Infrared and Raman Spectra; John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey, 2004.

40. Philip, M.; Bolton, W. Technology of Engineering Materials; Elsevier Science:

Oxford, 2002.

41. Mikuriya, Y.; Nakahara, T.; Shimamura, M.; Kobayashi, K.; Hagiwara, K.;

Fujimoto, M. Magnetic Toner and Process for Producing Magnetic Toner. US

Patent 5716746 1998.

42. Painter, P. C.; Coleman, M. M. Fundamentals of Polymer Science: An Introductory

Text; Technomic Pub. Co.: Lancaster, 1997.

43. Shin, M.; Hirayama, N.; Ishikawa, K.; Misawa, A. Electrophotographic Toner. US

Patent 4963456 1990.

44. Daniels, C. A. Polymers - Structure and Properties; Technomic Pub. Co.: Lancaster,

1989.

45. Alexandru, L.; Odell, P. G. Aqueous Suspension Polymerization Process. US Patent

4558108 1985.

46. Feldstein, M. M.; Roos, A.; Chevallier, C.; Creton, C.; Dormidontova, E. E.

Relation of glass transition temperature to the hydrogen bonding degree and energy

in poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) blends with hydroxyl-containing plasticizers: 3.

Analysis of two glass transition temperatures featured for PVP solutions in liquid

poly(ethylene glycol). Polym. 2003, 44, 1819-1834.

47. Kircher, K. Chemical Reactions in Plastic Processing; Hasner Publ.: United States,

1987.

48. Watanabe, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Sugiyama, T.; Yamashita, H.; Saito, T.; Watanabe, N.;

Tomita, M.; Emoto, S.; Yagi, S.; Yamada, H.; Nanya, T.; Takigawa, T. Toner

Developer including the Toner, and the Method for Fixing Toner Image. US Patent

7563555 2009.

49. Liang, J. Z.; Ness, J. N. Investigation of the Melt Flow Properties of Polyethylen

and Polypropylene Blends. Polym. Testing 1997, 16, 379-389.

50. Ito, H.; Iwasaki, H.; Tajiri, N. Toner Resin and Process for its Production. US

Patent 5914380 1999.

51. Odian, G. G. Principles of polymerization; John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey, 2004.

52. Kiatkamjornwong, S.; Chientachakul, P.; Prasassarakich, P.; Damronglerd, S.

Kinetic Studies on Styrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymerization by Suspension

Technique. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 82, 1521-2001.

53. Ohno, M.; Suematsu, H.; Nakazawa, A.; Okubo, N.; Suzuki, S. Toner for

Developing Electrostatic Image containing Higher and Lower Molecular Weight

Polymer Components. US Patent 5744276 1998.

54. Olah, G. A.; Molnar, A. Hydrocarbon Chemistry; John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey,

2003.

55. Hayakawa, N.; Ochiai, S. The Relations between the Toner Properties and the

Viscoelasticity and Molecular Weight Distribution of Toner Resins. Ninth

International Conference on Advances in Non-compact Printing 1993.

56. Kmiecik-Lawrynowicz, G. E.; Sweeney, M. A.; Asarese, D. W.; Lee, E.; Bayley, R.

D. Single Component Developer of Emulsion Aggregation Toner. US Patent

2007/0048643 A1 2007.

57. Duke, C. B.; Noolandi, J.; Thieret, T. The Surface Science fo Xerography. J. Surf.

Sci. 2002, 500, 1005-1023.

58. Yamaguchi, C.; Takeuchi, M. Influence of Toner Particle Shape and Size on

Electrophotographic. J. Imaging Sci. Technol. 1996, 40, 436-440.

59. Briggs, J. C.; Grady, T.; Siswanto, C.; Murphy, M. Thermal Banding Analysis in

Wide Format Inkjet Printing. IS&T’s NIP16: International Conference on Digital

Printing Technologies 2000.

60. Andrady, A. L. Plastics and the Environment; John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey,

2003.

61. Vukovic, J.; Steinmeier, D.; Lechner, M. D.; Jovanovic, S.; Bozic, B. Thermal

Degradation of Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyesters and Their Derivatives. Polym.

Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91, 1903-1908.

62. Sensui, K.; Kidokoro, H. Toner for Developing Electrostatic Latent Image and

Image Forming Method. US Patent 2008/0160434 A1 2008.

63. Lee, D. H.; Choi, S. H.; Kim, S. D.; Yon, K.-yol; No, Y. The Charging

Characteristics of CCA. IS&T’s NIP20: International Conference on Digital

Printing Technologies 2004.

64. Otani, S.; Matsumoto, Y.; Takeuchi, M. Tribocharging Mechanism of Polymers

with CCA. IS&T’s NIP14: International Conference on Digital Printing

Technologies 1998.

65. Uchiyama, M.; Tanikawa, H.; Akashi, Y.; Taya, M.; Unno, M. Magnetic Toner

having Defined Particle Distribution. US Patent 5504272 1996.

APPENDIX A: Machines used to produce raw toner

Figure A.1: Henschel Mixer (A: Sample container with cooling jacket, B: Power button)

Figure A.2: Extruder

Figure A.3: Crusher

Figure A.4: Jet mill and Classifier

Figure A.5: Blender (A: Sample container, B: timer, C: speed controller)

APPENDIX B: Instruments used for sample characterization

Figure B.1: Mettler Toledo Differential Scanning Calorimeter 822e

Figure B.2: Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)

Figure B.3: Ray-ran Melt Flow Indexer (A: specified weight load, B: Automatic Flow Rate

Timer, C: Temperature Controller, D: Heater and Insulation)

Figure B.4: (a) Instrument for tribocharge determination (A: tribometer, B: electrometer, C:

sample cell which held by tribometer)

Figure B.5: Apparatus for Apparent Density Test (A: funnel, B: density cup, C: flowmeter

funnel)

Figure B.6: The Flotest Tester (A: funnel, B: sample container, C: flow disc with holes of

various diameters)

Figure B.7: CILAS 1064 particle size analyzer

Figure B.8: Tectron Ag. 916 Fluxmeter

Figure B.9: QUIKDens 100 Densitometer

APPENDIX C: DSC profiles of toner resins and toners

Figure C.1: DSC profile of L20-TR



Figure C.10: DSC profile of H22-TR


Figure C.14: DSC profile of H23-T

Figure C.17: DSC profile of M08-TR



Figure C.22: DSC profile of Commercial Resin A

Figure C.23: DSC profile of Commercial Resin B

Figure C.24: DSC profile of Commercial Resin C

Figure C.25: DSC profile of Commercial Resin D

APPENDIX D: TGA profiles of toners

Figure D.1: TGA curve of M09-FT



Figure D.4: TGA curve of magnetite pigment

Figure D.5: TGA curve of charge control agent

APPENDIX E: GPC profiles of toner resins and toners

Figure E.1: GPC profile of L18-TR

Figure E.2: GPC profile of H18-TR

Figure E.3: GPC profile of high molecular weight fraction of M10-TR

Figure E.4: GPC profile of low molecular weight fraction of M10-TR

Figure E.5: GPC profile of high molecular weight fraction of M10-FT

Figure E.6: GPC profile of low molecular weight fraction of M10-FT

APPENDIX F: Particle Size Distribution Data Sheet

Figure F.1: Particle size distribution of M09-FT

APPENDIX G: Calculation of Acid Number of High Molecular Weight Styrene

Acrylic Copolymers and Blended Resins

Standardization of Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

N = (1000 x WKHP) / (204.23 x Veq)

Where, N = Normality of standardized KOH solution

WKHP = Weight of Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) used, g

Veq = Volume of KOH used for the sample titration, ml

204.23 = equivalent weight of KHP

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Weight of KHP/ g 0.5068 0.5056 0.5073

Initial reading of KOH, V0 / ml 1.10 0.50 1.00

Final reading of KOH, V1 / ml 32.90 32.50 33.00

Total of KOH used, Veq / ml 31.80 32.00 32.00

Normality, N 0.0780 0.0774 0.0776

Average Normality, N = (NTest 1 + NTest2 + NTest3) / 3

= 0.0777N

Blank Titration of Toluene

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Initial reading of KOH, V0 / ml 1.00 1.05 2.00

Final reading of KOH, V1 / ml 1.05 2.00 2.05

Total of KOH used, Vblank / ml 0.05 0.05 0.05

Average Vblank = (Vblank (Test 1) + Vblank (Test 2) + Vblank (Test 3)) / 3

= 0.05ml

Table G.1: Calculation of Acid Number of High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers

Sample Code H22-TR H15-TR H16-TR H17-TR

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Weight of sample/ g 1.0181 1.0405 1.058 1.0103 1.087 1.0455 1.0236 1.0165 1.0155 1.0181 1.021 1.0263

Initial reading of KOH, V0 / ml 1.10 2.20 3.40 4.60 6.55 7.20 8.50 7.80 11.10 1.05 2.10 3.50

Final reading of KOH, V1 / ml 2.20 3.40 4.60 5.75 7.80 8.50 9.55 8.90 12.20 1.95 2.95 4.40

Total of KOH used, Veq / ml 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.05 1.10 1.10 0.90 0.85 0.90

Acid Number / mgKOHg-1 4.50 4.82 4.74 4.75 4.81 5.21 4.26 4.50 4.51 3.64 3.42 3.61

Average 4.68 4.92 4.42 3.55

Sample Code H23-TR H18-TR H19-TR

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Weight of sample/ g 1.0372 1.0113 1.0256 1.0435 1.021 1.0115 1.016 1.0359 1.0155

Initial reading of KOH, V0 / ml 3.45 3.60 4.50 1.95 2.95 4.00 2.90 4.80 5.60

Final reading of KOH, V1 / ml 4.20 4.50 5.30 2.90 4.00 5.00 3.45 5.45 6.20

Total of KOH used, Veq / ml 0.75 0.90 0.80 0.95 1.05 1.00 0.55 0.65 0.60

Acid Number / mgKOHg-1 2.94 3.66 3.19 3.76 4.27 4.09 2.15 2.52 2.36

Average 3.26 4.04 2.34

Table G.2: Calculation of Acid Number of Blended Resins

Sample Code M08-TR M09-TR M10-TR

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Weight of sample/ g 1.0451 1.0413 1.0495 1.0516 1.0709 1.0402 1.015 1.0137 1.0324

Initial reading of KOH, V0 / ml 4.20 5.00 5.70 4.85 6.00 6.80 5.55 6.30 7.00

Final reading of KOH, V1 / ml 4.85 5.70 6.35 5.55 6.80 7.50 6.30 7.00 7.80

Total of KOH used, Veq / ml 0.65 0.70 0.65 0.70 0.80 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.80

Acid Number / mgKOHg-1 2.50 2.72 2.49 2.69 3.05 2.72 3.01 2.80 3.17

Average 2.57 2.82 2.99

Sample Code M11-TR M12-TR

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Weight of sample/ g 1.039 1.1827 1.0261 1.0039 1.0132 1.0226

Initial reading of KOH, V0 / ml 6.30 7.50 8.40 7.10 4.00 4.80

Final reading of KOH, V1 / ml 7.10 8.40 9.20 7.85 4.80 5.65

Total of KOH used, Veq / ml 0.80 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85

Acid Number / mgKOHg-1 3.15 3.13 3.19 3.04 3.23 3.41

Average 3.16 3.23

APPENDIX H: Calculation of Percentage of THF Insoluble Fraction of High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers and

Blended Resins

Table H.1: Calculation of Percentage of THF Insoluble Fraction of High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers

Sample Code H22-TR H15-TR H16-TR H17-TR H23-TR H18-TR H19-TR

Weight of sample, w/ g 1.0413 1.0324 1.1827 1.0137 1.1495 1.0261 1.0644

Weight of filter paper, w0/ g 0.7935 0.7965 0.8032 0.7806 0.7824 0.7948 0.7985

Weight of (filter paper + residue), w1/ g 0.8989 0.9244 1.0245 0.9170 0.8888 0.9677 1.5215

w1-w0 /g 0.1054 0.1279 0.2213 0.1364 0.1064 0.1729 0.7230

% THF Insoluble Fraction 10.12 12.39 18.71 13.46 9.26 16.85 67.93

Table H.2: Calculation of Percentage of THF Insoluble Fraction of Blended Resins

Sample Code M08-TR M09-TR M10-TR M11-TR M12-TR

Weight of sample, w/ g 1.0402 1.0145 1.0338 1.0048 1.0108

Weight of filter paper, w0/ g 0.7986 0.7910 0.7909 0.7909 0.7971

Weight of (filter paper + residue), w1/ g 0.8918 0.8862 0.8879 0.9294 0.9324

w1-w0 /g 0.0932 0.0952 0.0970 0.1385 0.1353

% THF Insoluble Fraction 8.96 9.38 9.38 13.78 13.39

APPENDIX I: Estimation of Tg by using Fox equation and Gordon-Taylor equation

(a) Fox equation:

Where Tg1 = Tg‘s of the poly(butyl acrylate), 218 K

Tg2 = Tg‘s of the polystyrene, 373 K

w1 = respective weight fractions of poly(butyl acrylate) in the mixture

w2 = respective weight fractions of polystyrene in the mixture.

Example:

Sample L20-TR, w1 = 0.25 and w2 = 0.75

Where Tg1 = 218 K and Tg2 = 373 K

So, Tg = 316.70 K

Likewise, Tg of other samples were calculated.

Table I.1: Estimation of Tg of Low Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers by

using Fox equation

Sample L20-TR L21-TR L22-TR L15-TR L-16TR

Tg /K 316.70 326.56 337.05 348.24 360.19

Table I.2: Estimation of Tg of High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers by

using Fox equation

Sample H22-TR H15-TR H16-TR H17-TR H23-TR

Tg /K 316.35 326.18 336.65 347.81 359.73

(b) Gordon-Taylor equation:

Where Tg1 = Tg‘s of the poly(butyl acrylate), 218 K

Tg2 = Tg‘s of the polystyrene, 373 K

w1 = respective weight fractions of poly(butyl acrylate) in the mixture

w2 = respective weight fractions of polystyrene in the mixture.

k = fitting factor

Calculation of k

Example:

Sample L20-TR, w1 = 0.25 and w2 = 0.75

Where Tg1 = 218 K, Tg2 = 373 K and Tg = Tg exp = 312 K

So, k = 0.5137

Likewise, k of other samples was calculated.

Table I.3: Calculation of fitting factor, k of Low Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic

Copolymers by using Gordon-Taylor equation


k 0.5137 0.4298 0.3396 0.2716 0.1679

Average k = 0.3445

Table I.4: Calculation of fitting factor, k of High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic

Copolymers by using Gordon-Taylor equation


k 0.7273 0.7273 0.5860 0.5056 0.3556

Average k = 0.5804

Calculation of Tg

(i) Low Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers

Tg of other samples was calculated by fitting k = 0.3445 into the Gordon-Taylor equation.

Example:

Sample L20-TR, w1 = 0.25 and w2 = 0.75

Where Tg1 = 218 K, Tg2 = 373 K, and k = 0.3445,

So, Tg = 296.78 K


Table I.5: Estimation of Tg of Low Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers by

using Gordon-Taylor equation


Tg /K 296.78 307.82 320.68 335.20 352.46

(ii) High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers

Tg of other samples was calculated by fitting k = 0.5804 into the Gordon-Taylor equation.

Example:

Sample H20-TR, w1 = 0.28 and w2 = 0.70

Where Tg1 = 218 K, Tg2 = 373 K, and k = 0.5804,

So, Tg = 309.76 K


Table I.6: Estimation of Tg of High Molecular Weight Styrene Acrylic Copolymers by

using Gordon-Taylor equation


Tg /K 309.76 319.42 329.70 340.67 352.41

APPENDIX J

Test Print Images of M09-FT

APPENDIX K


APPENDIX L


APPENDIX M

Test Print Images of commercial toner A

references - university of...

Documents