Referencing & BibliographiesCitations (in text) – sources referred to or cited in the

essay that have used information or ideas from those sources

References (at end of text) – a list of the sources written more fully at the end of the essay, which refers to the texts cited in the essay

Bibliography – sources written fully at the end of the essay, but have not cited in the essay and used only in background reading

Referencing & BibliographiesWhy is citing sources necessary?

When doing assignments and essays you will need to cite the work and ideas of others.

You must not pretend work produced by others is yours – this is called plagiarism which is cheating.

Referencing & Bibliographies

Helpful Hint:

Attention to detail is essential.

Accurate referencing and bibliographies can make a difference in the grade you get in your assignment.

Referencing & Bibliographies

When you are gathering information for your assignments, note all the details of the sources you locate. That way you will not have to trace backwards at a later stage to try and find details of sources you have used.

Helpful Hint:

CitationCitation:

When you are referring to another persons idea within the text of your assignment or essay (example: you rewrite or interpret their words) you cite the authors work, to acknowledge them. Note the authors surname and the date in brackets at the end.

19th Century, classic social theorists, like Marx, Durkheim and Weber,lay down the foundations for the alter approaches to media theory, although they only discussed issues of mass communication in passing.(Williams, 2003)

CitationDirect quotations:

When quoting (copying) directly from a piece of work within your essay you should use quotation marks and show the page number it was taken from.

“The rise of the media and mass communication in the early part of the 20th century was not accompanied by any systematic study of the field.” (Williams, 2003, p 41)

Note: if you are quoting more than two lines, the quote should appear as an indented paragraph within the text (as above)

CitationWebsites:

If the website has an author you reference it (within the text) the same way as with books. If the website does not have an author, use the title of the website instead.

W. Horace Carter died this month. Carter was a newspaper editor and publisherWho, during the 1950s, challenged the Ku Klux Klan in his small North Carolinatown. (www.onthemedia.org, 2009)

CitationVisual information from a website:

Artist/photographer surname, commaIf artist name is unknown, use the website addressYear of productionIf year of publication is unknown, use the website address and the year accessed

Alberto Giacometti is famous for his gangly legged sculptures as pictured. Giacometti, A. (http://www.dsc.dixie.edu, 2009)

Note: Websites are updated frequently, you will need to take full notesfor the reference list and bibliography. It is better to collect the informationas you go along.

Referencing

At the end of your assignment, in a section entitled ‘References’ include fuller details of the citations you have made within the essay.

Always get information from the publication details page and the title page,not the front cover of the book. Highlight the title of the book using bold type,underlining, or italics.

Referencing & BibliographiesWhen compiling each source for your references or bibliography you must follow a certain order

1) Author(s), editor(s) or organisation responsible2) Year of publication in round (brackets)3) Title,4) Series and volume number (if applicable)5) Edition (if not the first edition)6) Place of publication (if known),7) Publisher.

Referencing & BibliographiesExamples – the title is italicised in these examples

Gray, M. (ed) et al (1999) First photographs. New York, Powerhouse.

Lacey, N. and Smith, J. (1998) Image and representation, Key Concepts in Media Studies. Hampshire, Palgrave.

Williams, K. (2003) Understanding media theory. Great Britain, Arnold Publishers.

Single name

Two names

More than two names

Referencing & BibliographiesPeriodicals (Journals & Magazines)

1. Editor’s name – surname (comma) initial (dot)2. The year the periodical was published in brackets followed by a comma3. The title of the periodical (highlighted in your chosen style), followed by a

comma.4. The volume number (if applicable) and a comma. Abbreviate the word

volume – “vol.”5. The issue number and a comma. Abbreviate the word number – “no.”

Dickie, C. (2009), AG The International Journal of Photographic Art and Practice, no. 51., pp. 9-11.

Referencing & BibliographiesPeriodicals (Journals & Magazines)

If author(s) is known

If article is anonymous

Newspaper article

Jewkes, Y. (2010) ‘Young people, risk and cybercrime’. Sociology Review,vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 26-29.

Anon. (2005) ‘The danger of drug use’. Medical Monthly, No. 3, p. 23.

Allan, P. (2001) ‘Children may be getting smarter’. The Guardian, 6 October, p. 33.

Referencing & Bibliographies

Television programmes and adverts are identified as video recordings. Original broadcast dates must be referred to and included.

Audio visual sources including Television Programmes, Adverts and Off-Air Recordings

We Are Family, (2004) The Genius of Photography, Part 5. BBC4, 21.00 – 22.00, 29 November 2007, [DVD: Off Air Recording].

Referencing & BibliographiesWebpages

1. Author(s) – Surname, first name initial followed by a full stop2. Title of webpage (in chosen highlight style, we are using italics).3. Available: <URL>,4. Date accessed in [square brackets] followed by a full stop

Rutter, L. & Holland, M. (2002). Citing references: the Harvard System. [Internet] Available: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/harvard_system.html,[Accessed 18 November 2002].

References & BibliographiesElectronic Journal Articles

1. Author(s),2. (Year written)3. Title of article.4. Title of journal5. [Online]6. Month/season.7. Number or volume, in any8. Available from in <angular brackets>9. Date accessed in [square brackets].

Brauh, L. (2009) Publicized intimacies on reality television: an analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, [Online] June. Available:

<http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1g1-203027120/publicized-intimacies-reality-television.html [Accessed 13 June 2009].

Referencing & Bibliographies

Whitton, F. (2009) Conservatives are not making themselves heard. Guardian.co.uk Science Blog, [blog] 18 June. Available: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jun/18/conservation-extinction-open-ground> [Accessed 23 June 2009].

Blogs

Referencing & Bibliographies

Title of image, or a description, (year of publication) in round brackets, [online], available from: <URL>, and in [square brackets] the date accessed.

Mary of Modena, fleeing with her son James Francis Edward Stewart(c. 1688), [online], available from: <http:www.scran.ac.uk>, [Accessed 2February 2009].

Visual information from a website

Referencing & BibliographiesVisual Recording

1. Author/name.2. (Year)3. Title of video,4. [Media] type in square brackets5. Name of website,6. [Date accessed] in round brackets7. Available: <URL>.

MadTV. (2009) Emotions, MadTV Destiny’s Child Parody, [web video]YouTube, (Accessed: 14 October 2009) Available: <http://www.youtube.com/watchv=aASCZgbJxC8>.

Referencing & Bibliographies

If you require further information or guidance do not hesitate to ask a member of the Library staff.