reflect and relate - powerpoint - chapter 3
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3
Perceiving
Others
Cultura/Luc Beziat/Getty Images
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Perception as a Process
Perception is the process of selecting, organizing,
and interpreting information from our senses.
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The Process of Perception
Figure 3.1
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The first step of perception is selection—focusing our
attention on certain sights, sounds, tastes, touches, or
smells in our environment.
• Salience: the degree to which something is
noticeable and significant to us
Selecting Information
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The second step of perception is organization—
structuring selected information into a coherent pattern.
• Punctuation: structuring information into a
chronological sequence that matches how you
experienced the order of events
Organizing the Information
You’ve Selected
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The final step of perception is interpretation—
assigning meaning to selected information.
• Schemata: mental structures containing
information that defines concepts’
characteristics and interrelationships
Interpreting the Information
(Left to right) © Royalty-Free/Corbis; Steve Cukrov/Shutterstock; Royalty-Free/Corbis; Hero Images/Corbis
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Attributions are explanations for others’ comments or
behaviors.
Attributions take two forms:
• Internal attributions
• External attributions
Interpreting the Information
(cont.)
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Three errors in attribution:
1. Fundamental attribution error
2. Actor-observer effect
3. Self-serving bias
Interpreting the Information
(cont.)
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Reducing Uncertainty
According to Uncertainty Reduction Theory, our
primary compulsion during initial interactions is to
reduce uncertainty about others.
Jonas Ingerstedt/Getty Images David R. Frazier/The Image Works
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Reducing Uncertainty (cont.)
Uncertainty can be reduced in several ways:
1. Passive strategies
2. Active strategies
3. Interactive strategies
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Influences on Perception
Powerful forces outside of our conscious
awareness shape our perception, including culture,
gender, and personality.
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Perception and Culture
Culture affects whether you perceive others as
similar to or different from yourself.
• Ingroupers: fundamentally similar •
Outgroupers: fundamentally dissimilar
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Perception and Gender
Although we’re socialized to believe in gender
differences, studies show that only about 1% of
communication behavior is influenced by gender.
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Perception and Personality
Personality is our characteristic way of thinking, feeling,
and acting based on the traits we
possess.
• The “Big Five”(OCEAN):
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
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Perception and Personality
(cont.)
Implicit personality theories are beliefs about
different personality types and the ways in which
personality traits cluster together.
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Forming Impressions of
Others
Interpersonal impressions are mental pictures of
who people are and how we feel about them.
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Constructing Gestalts
Gestalts are general impressions of people,
either positive or negative.
• Positivity bias: the tendency for Gestalts to
be positive when first formed
• Negativity effect: the tendency to
emphasize the negative information we
learn
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Constructing Gestalts (cont.)
• Halo effect: positively interpreting what
someone says or does because we have
a positive Gestalt of him or her
• Horn effect: negatively interpreting the
communication of people for whom we
have negative Gestalts
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Calculating Algebraic
Impressions
Algebraic impressions are the most accurate
and refined of impressions.
• We weight some information more heavily
than other information, depending on its
importance and positivity or negativity.
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Using Stereotypes
Stereotyping involves overly simplistic
interpersonal impressions.
• While flawed, stereotypes streamline the
impression process and are almost
impossible to avoid.
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Improve your perception:
• Offer empathy.
• Embrace world-mindedness.
• Engage in perception-checking.
Improving Your Perception
of Others
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When we experience empathy, we “feel into” others’
thoughts and emotions.
Two components:
• Perspective-taking
• Empathic concern
Offering Empathy
© Mika/Corbis
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Checking Your Perception
Perception-checking:
1. Check your punctuation.
2. Check your knowledge.
3. Check your attributions.
4. Check perceptual influences.
5. Check your impressions.