ReformationReformationBy Joseph EngeBy Joseph Enge

I I In 1517 a German priest named In 1517 a German priest named Martin LutherMartin Luther (1483-1546) started a (1483-1546) started a movement called (eventually) movement called (eventually) the the ReformationReformation..

A. Its original goal was reform A. Its original goal was reform within the Catholic Church.within the Catholic Church.

1. 1. IndulgencesIndulgences: documents that were : documents that were said to free sinners from punishment said to free sinners from punishment after death were sometimes sold.after death were sometimes sold.

2. 2. SimonySimony: Church positions were : Church positions were sometimes sold.sometimes sold.

3. Over all, the Church had become 3. Over all, the Church had become too powerful (politically) and too rich. too powerful (politically) and too rich.

B. Eventually, the Reformation brought about B. Eventually, the Reformation brought about the establishment of several new "Protestant" the establishment of several new "Protestant" churches (derived from protest) and literally churches (derived from protest) and literally shattered the religious unity of Western shattered the religious unity of Western Europe, even causing wars within and Europe, even causing wars within and between countries in Western Europe.between countries in Western Europe.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre August 24, 1572

C. And, the Church did reform, a C. And, the Church did reform, a movement known as the Counter movement known as the Counter Reformation, but too late to stop new Reformation, but too late to stop new religions. religions.

Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther

II.II. Martin Luther Martin Luther declared that declared that salvation is achieved by faithsalvation is achieved by faith

alone; faith comes through God's alone; faith comes through God's grace only and Churchgrace only and Church

rituals cannot bring salvation. rituals cannot bring salvation.

A. A. John CalvinJohn Calvin, (1509-1564) conversely, , (1509-1564) conversely, believed all people deserved eternal believed all people deserved eternal punishment (hell) except for a few God punishment (hell) except for a few God had chosen in advance (had chosen in advance (predestinationpredestination) ) to be saved. Nothing a person could do to be saved. Nothing a person could do would change it. The "catch" was: the would change it. The "catch" was: the chosen would naturally act righteously.chosen would naturally act righteously.

B. B. AnabaptistsAnabaptists objected to baptism of objected to baptism of children and believed church and children and believed church and state should be completely state should be completely separated.separated.

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

I. Beginning in the late 1400's, as a I. Beginning in the late 1400's, as a logical product of the Renaissance, logical product of the Renaissance, there was a renewed interest in there was a renewed interest in science.science.

A. Earlier, Greek astronomer A. Earlier, Greek astronomer Ptolemy (87-150) stated that the Ptolemy (87-150) stated that the sun, moon, stars and planets circled sun, moon, stars and planets circled the earth. This the earth. This geocentricgeocentric theory, we theory, we now know, was incorrect.now know, was incorrect.

B. It was B. It was Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus (1473‑1543) who first described our (1473‑1543) who first described our heliocentricheliocentric solar system with the sun solar system with the sun at its center. He also identified earth's at its center. He also identified earth's axis and yearly revolution around it.axis and yearly revolution around it.

C. C. Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) was (1564-1642) was first to demonstrate that bodies offirst to demonstrate that bodies of

different weights fall at the same different weights fall at the same speed, among other things.speed, among other things.

D. D. Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton (1643-1727) identified three (1643-1727) identified three main laws of motion that apply to the entire main laws of motion that apply to the entire universe.universe.

1. An object moves straight unless forced 1. An object moves straight unless forced to change direction.to change direction.

2. Outside force moves an object in the 2. Outside force moves an object in the direction of the force.direction of the force.

3. For every action there is an equal and 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.opposite reaction.

E. Medieval E. Medieval alchemistsalchemists had combined had combined science, magic and philosophy and science, magic and philosophy and believed all matter was made from believed all matter was made from four elements: earth, air, fire and four elements: earth, air, fire and water.water.

F. F. Robert BoyleRobert Boyle (1627-1691) in (1627-1691) in The The Skeptical ChemistSkeptical Chemist disproved the disproved the alchemists; elements are substances alchemists; elements are substances that cannot be broken down by that cannot be broken down by chemical means.chemical means.

G. G. William GilbertWilliam Gilbert (1544-1603) in (1544-1603) in On On The MagnetThe Magnet described the earth as a described the earth as a large magnet, explaining how a large magnet, explaining how a compass needle works.compass needle works.

H. H. Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790) (1706-1790) proved lightning was an electric proved lightning was an electric spark with his wire‑tipped kite flying spark with his wire‑tipped kite flying (during a thunderstorm) experiment.(during a thunderstorm) experiment.

I. I. William HarveyWilliam Harvey (1578-1657) learned (1578-1657) learned that blood moves in the circulatory that blood moves in the circulatory system with the heart as the central system with the heart as the central pump.pump.

J. J. Anton van LeeuwenhoekAnton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (1632-1723) saw and described many tiny forms of saw and described many tiny forms of life from bacteria to red blood life from bacteria to red blood corpuscles, opening the way for the corpuscles, opening the way for the discovery of germ‑caused diseases.discovery of germ‑caused diseases.