refraction of light.. a light beam going through a slab of glass:
DESCRIPTION
Frequency and wavelength at refraction. As light travels from one medium to another, its frequency does not change –Both the wave speed and the wavelength do change –The wavefronts do not pile up, nor are created or destroyed at the boundary, so f must stay the same Higher index of refraction corresponds to shorter wavelengthTRANSCRIPT
Refraction of Light. 2211 sinsin nn
A light beam going through a slab of glass:
12
12 sinsin
nn
31
24 sinsin
nn
23
12
1
1
24 sinsin
nn
nn
14
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/applets/Intro_physics/refraction/LightRefract.html
Frequency and wavelength at refraction.• As light travels from one medium to
another, its frequency does not change
– Both the wave speed and the wavelength do change
– The wavefronts do not pile up, nor are created or destroyed at the boundary, so f must stay the same
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
//
nn
ncnc
vv
21 ff 2
2
1
1
vv
Higher index of refraction corresponds to shorter wavelength
Color of the Sun from under water.
• The Sun looks yellow, since its radiation intensity has a maximum at = 550 nm, which is yellow light.
• Wavelength of this yellow light in water will be ’ = / nwater = /1.33 = 413 nm, which corresponds to violet light.
• Is the sun going to look violet from under water?
• Of course not! The only thing that matters is the wavelength inside your eye, which is defined by n of your vitreous humor.
Reflection and refraction indices - sparkling diamonds• For a light beam incident upon a boundary between two
transparent media at 90°:
221
221
)n(n)n(n
beamincident ofIntensity beam reflected ofIntensity
i
r
II
• Glass – n1 = 1.5, 04.0i
r
II
• Diamond – n1 = 2.4, 17.0i
r
II
A light beam coming from air, n2 = 1, and incident upon a surface of:
When light refracts into a material, where the index of refraction is lower, the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence
The ray bends away from the normal
Snell’s law of refraction :
2211 sinsin θnθn We have 21 nn
If 1 is so large, sin1 > n2/n1, that also
211 sin nn
1/ 12 nn
What is 2 ?
???
Critical Angle• A particular angle of incidence
will result in an angle of refraction of 90°– This angle of incidence is
called the critical angle
211
2 forsin nnnn
c
For angles of incidence greater than the critical angle, the beam is entirely reflected at the boundary. This ray obeys the Law of Reflection at the boundary
Total internal reflection occurs only when light “attempts” to cross from a medium of higher index of refraction to a medium of lower index of refraction
• Critical angle - an angle of incidence which results in an angle of refraction of 90°
211
2 forsin nnnn
c
Glass and air5.1
1
1
2 nn 42)67.0(sin 1
c
Water and air33.11
1
2 nn 49)75.0(sin 1
c
Air and vacuum00029.1
1
1
2 nn 6.88c
• Critical angle - an angle of incidence which result in an angle of refraction of 90°
Air and vacuum00029.1
1
1
2 nn 6.88c
Cold air and hot air with 10% lower index of refraction
00029.100026.1
1
2 nn 6.89c It is still 0.4° from the surface!
Cold air and hot air with 10% lower index of refraction
00029.100026.1
1
2 nn 6.89c It is still 0.4° from the surface!
How do we get total internal reflection in the lab?
Would a flat-parallel slab work?
No, we need a prism with different angles at entrance and exit surfaces!
Those prisms are excellent reflectors. No silver coating needed!
Glass and air5.1
1
1
2 nn 42)67.0(sin 1
c
Ice and air3.1
1
1
2 nn 50)77.0(sin 1
c