regional connections and observing tools frank muller-karger chuanmin hu and imars team college of...
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Regional ConnectionsRegional ConnectionsAndAnd
Observing ToolsObserving Tools
Frank Muller-KargerFrank Muller-KargerChuanmin Hu Chuanmin Hu
AndAndIMaRS TeamIMaRS Team
College of Marine ScienceCollege of Marine ScienceUniversity of South FloridaUniversity of South Florida
OutlineOutline
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Regional settingRegional setting
• Coastal Ocean Observing SystemsCoastal Ocean Observing Systems
• Conclusions and Action Conclusions and Action RecommendationsRecommendations
Ecosystem ValueEcosystem Value
• Coral reef ecosystems:Coral reef ecosystems:– support a wide range of organisms support a wide range of organisms – control water flowcontrol water flow– important biogeochemical roleimportant biogeochemical role– significant cultural, recreational, and economic significant cultural, recreational, and economic
valuevalue
• Coral reefs ecosystems: ~$220 ha-1 y-1Coral reefs ecosystems: ~$220 ha-1 y-1– Example: $2.5 billion y-1 by Florida reefsExample: $2.5 billion y-1 by Florida reefs
Ecosystem-based Ecosystem-based managementmanagement• Activities that affect oceans and coasts may take place:Activities that affect oceans and coasts may take place:
– LocallyLocally– far inlandfar inland– in parts of the ocean and atmosphere far awayin parts of the ocean and atmosphere far away
• Need to consider:Need to consider:– effects of interplay among social, economic, and ecological factorseffects of interplay among social, economic, and ecological factors– the need to protect the resources for future usethe need to protect the resources for future use– origin of neutral, ameliorating or aggravating impact:origin of neutral, ameliorating or aggravating impact:
• natural ornatural or• due to human activitiesdue to human activities
• We cannot manage one activity, or one part of the system, without We cannot manage one activity, or one part of the system, without considering its connections with all the other parts.considering its connections with all the other parts.
• Policies governing use of resources must:Policies governing use of resources must:– consider interactions (air, land, sea, people): ecosystem-basedconsider interactions (air, land, sea, people): ecosystem-based– based on information: science-basedbased on information: science-based– adaptiveadaptive
Regional settingRegional setting
• Local, regional, and global scalesLocal, regional, and global scales• Natural & anthropogenic forcingsNatural & anthropogenic forcings
– Short and event-scalesShort and event-scales• weather, productivity, spawning weather, productivity, spawning
and survival, circulationand survival, circulation• Fishing, local nutrient inputsFishing, local nutrient inputs• Ship groundingsShip groundings
– Seasonal and regionalSeasonal and regional• River plumes/Everglades River plumes/Everglades
dischargedischarge• Florida Bay processesFlorida Bay processes• HurricanesHurricanes• TourismTourism
– Interannual: ENSOInterannual: ENSO– Climate changeClimate change
• (warming, sea level, storm (warming, sea level, storm frequency, etc.)frequency, etc.)
SE region is linked oceanographically, meteorologically and by land forcing (discharge,
human factors).
Loop Current/Florida Current/Gulf Stream
(Possible) Connectivity Assessment (Possible) Connectivity Assessment PrioritiesPriorities
• Prime concern: establish local patternsPrime concern: establish local patterns– Florida Keys and W FL ShelfFlorida Keys and W FL Shelf
• Pollutant dispersal: septic tanks, non-point, point sourcesPollutant dispersal: septic tanks, non-point, point sources• Larval dispersalLarval dispersal• Bleaching conditionsBleaching conditions• Human health and safetyHuman health and safety
• Second tier: regional patternsSecond tier: regional patterns– Gulf of Mexico, Mesoamerica, CaribbeanGulf of Mexico, Mesoamerica, Caribbean
• Larval dispersal?Larval dispersal?• Forcing of circulationForcing of circulation
• Third tier:Third tier:– Global weather and climateGlobal weather and climate
Regional setting requires Regional setting requires tools that span range of tools that span range of space and time scalesspace and time scales
Ecosystem management Ecosystem management requires integration of requires integration of
observationsobservations
Coastal Ocean Observing Coastal Ocean Observing SystemsSystems
• Are components of “Regional Are components of “Regional Associations” (RA’s) of the Associations” (RA’s) of the Integrated Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS)Ocean Observing System (IOOS)
• SEACOOS: Southeast Atlantic COOSSEACOOS: Southeast Atlantic COOS– http://seacoos.orghttp://seacoos.org
• GCOOS:GCOOS: Gulf of Mexico COOS Gulf of Mexico COOS– http://gcoos.orghttp://gcoos.org
COOS elementsCOOS elements
• Observing elementsObserving elements
• ModelingModeling
• Data ManagementData Management
• Product disseminationProduct dissemination
• Outreach and EducationOutreach and Education
Observing subsystem has two main components:
The “Backbone” of federal observing (NOAA buoys, satellites, tide gauges, USGS river gauging network, EPA point sampling,…)
Regional enhancements by academia, state agencies and private interests including:
Buoys/moorings and existing fixed platforms – host a wide variety of sensors
Remote sensing- coastal radar- regional satellite data
capture/processing
Liz Williams and Ed KearnsLiz Williams and Ed KearnsUniversity of Miami - RSMASUniversity of Miami - RSMAS
Remote Sensing forRemote Sensing forRegional Coastal OceanRegional Coastal OceanObserving SystemsObserving Systems
Institutions around GoM:Institutions around GoM:
University of South Florida (University of South Florida (http://imars.usf.edu))University of MiamiUniversity of MiamiLouisiana State UniversityLouisiana State UniversityNaval Research LabNaval Research Lab
Sea Surface Temperature:
-Strong seasonal variation-Warm water via the Loop Current-Marked cold and warm events:
-Tortugas eddy-NEGOM Cold tongue-Local upwelling
Pigment concentration:-Strong seasonal variation throughout interior of GoM-Clear water via the Loop Current-Marked turbid water or bloom events:
Yucatan upwelling/Loop Current front
NEGOM Cold tongue
Rivers (Mississippi, Everglades)Tortugas eddy/Local upwelling
Red tides and “Black Water” events
Regional Marine Bottom Regional Marine Bottom AssessmentsAssessments
using historical Landsat datausing historical Landsat data
10 Km
N
Landsat Change Detection: Carysfort Landsat Change Detection: Carysfort ReefReef
1984
N
1990 1994 1999 2000
1984
Coral Cover for Carysfort Reef
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
Per
cen
t C
ora
l
Landsat In Situ
KEY: ‘coral-dominated’ ‘sand’
‘covered substrate’
‘bare substrate’
100m
Landsat vs. CREMP DataLandsat vs. CREMP Data
Covered SubstrateSand
Sparse Seagrass
KEY: CoralBare Substrate
Dense Seagrass
200m
Grecian Rocks2002200219961996
200m
Alligator
200m
Looe Key19981998
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
% C
ora
l
CRMP Landsat
CREMP has conducted in situ video surveys of 40 reef sites within the FKNMS since 1996.
Regional Marine Bottom Regional Marine Bottom AssessmentsAssessments
• Major limitations: Major limitations:
– Cost to access moderate volumes of Cost to access moderate volumes of Landsat-7 ETM+ data at USGS EDC Landsat-7 ETM+ data at USGS EDC (~100’s of scenes)(~100’s of scenes)
– Funding to carry out systematic analysesFunding to carry out systematic analyses
ConclusionsConclusions
• Significant knowledge, experience, Significant knowledge, experience, and infrastructure exists in the and infrastructure exists in the regionregion– SEACOOSSEACOOS– GCOOSGCOOS– Remote sensing helps address local to Remote sensing helps address local to
global processes and change over timeglobal processes and change over time
ActionAction
• Managers need to convey requirements to scientists:Managers need to convey requirements to scientists:– Define critical areas in KeysDefine critical areas in Keys
• Classify types of disturbance for different reefsClassify types of disturbance for different reefs– Fine tune COOS for monitoring and fast response Fine tune COOS for monitoring and fast response
assessmentsassessments– Adapt policies for different reefs based on assessmentsAdapt policies for different reefs based on assessments
• Agencies should nurture and support capacity and Agencies should nurture and support capacity and infrastructure in regionsinfrastructure in regions– (as opposed to half-way across the country)(as opposed to half-way across the country)
• Establish link between Monroe County SeaGrant and Establish link between Monroe County SeaGrant and COSEECOSEE– help educate others around the state and country on the help educate others around the state and country on the
KeysKeys