REGIONAL

(LOCAL)

ANAESTHESIA

Jozef Firment, MD PhDDepartment of

Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine

Šafárik University Faculty of Medicine, Košice

2

REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA

• Neuraxial blocks

– Epidural (peridural) anaesthesia (...caudal block)

– Subarachnoidal (spinal) anaesthesia (...saddle block)

• N. plexus blocks

– (brachial plx, lumbal plx)

• Peripheral nn blocks

– median n, foot block...

3

ANATOMICAL SITES

• Cutaneous & Mucosal an.

• Infiltration anaesthesia

• Peripheral nn. blocks

• Plexus blocks

• Neuraxial block (Spinal & Epidural)

• Autonomic block

• IVRA (Bier’s block) The famous German

surgeon August Bier (1861-

1949) – father of spinal and

intravenous regional

anesthesia, around 1920.

Bier’s Block (1908-2008)

4

DEFINITIONS• Spinal = subarachnoidal anaesthesia

= administation of LA, analgetics or adjuvant medicament into subarachnoidal space

https://psnet.ahrq.gov/webmm/case/90/around-the-block

• Epidural = peridural anaesthesia= administration of LA, analgeticsor adjuvant medicament intoepidural space

6

TRANSVERSAL CROSS-

SECTION OF SPINAL CANAL

Scott, 1995

Anatomy of the vertebral column and

supporting ligaments

7Momoh A. O., Hilliard P. E., Chung K.C.: Regional and Neuraxial Analgesia for Plastic Surgery: Surgeon’s and

Anesthesiologist’s Perspectives. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 134: 58S, 2014

Needle placement for medication delivery in

spinal and epidural techniques

9Momoh A. O., Hilliard P. E., Chung K.C.: Regional and Neuraxial Analgesia for Plastic Surgery: Surgeon’s and

Anesthesiologist’s Perspectives. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 134: 58S, 2014

10

POSITION

& PROCEDURE

Aitkinhead 1997

L4 proc. spinosus

Aitkinhead 1997

12

EPIDURAL vs SPINAL

E (Marc 0.5%) S (Marc 0.5%)

Technique Epid. space LP L2-L5

Amount of LA 12-24 ml 1.5 - 4 ml

Latent period 15-20 min 3-6 min

Sensory block ++ +++

Motor blocade + +++

Duration block 3-5 hrs +cat. 2-4 hrs

13

EPIDURAL vs SPINALcont.

E (Marc 0.5%) S (Marc 0.5%)

Catheter Yes Yes (special)

Complications DP (70% PDPH) PDPH (young women)

Indications longer surg. urgent

better m. relax.

Needles Tuohy Quincke, Sprotte

Whitacre, Atraucan

14

• VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS

Deep venous thrombosis

Lung emboli

Myocardial infarction

Cerabral stroke

• BLEEDING

Peroperative (> 2U blood)

Postoperative with transfusion

• INFECTIONS

Wound infection

Pneumonia

Other inf. mortality

• ANOTHER COMPLICATIONS

Respiratory depresion

Renal failure

Reduction of postoperative mortality and

morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia:

Results from overview of randomised trials.

Rogers, BMJ 2000, 321, s.1493

WHY REGIONAL?

15

ADVANTAGES OF LA

1. Patient maintains airway

2. Reduction in surgical stress

3. Discussion certain matters

4. Postoperative analgesia

5. Less confused

6. Smooth recovery

7. Peristalsis not depressed

8. TE prophylaxis

9. Earlier discharge

10. Less expense

16

DISADVANTAGES OF LA

1. Patient wants to sleep

2. Practice and skill of anaesthetists

3. Later onset of anaesthesia than GA

4. Analgesia may not always be totaly effective

5. Generalised toxicity

6. Some operation are unsuitable for LA

7. Sympathetic blocade - hypotension

8. Nerve demage

17

DIFFERENT NERVE

FIBRES

Fibre type Diameter (m) Function

A 12-20 motor, proprioception

5-12 touch, pressure

3-6 motor to spindles

2-5 pain, temperature, touch

B <3 preganglionic autonomic

C 0,2-1,4 pain, postganglionic autonomic

18

LOCAL ANAESTHETICS

• Temporary blokade

• Block of the Na+ channels

• Classification

– Chemical formula (Esters, Amides)

– Duration ( 1, 1-2, more 2 hours)

– Effect on blood vessels (dilation,

constriction)

19

COMMON LOCAL

ANAESTEHTICS

max. epidurally

mg toxicity

iv analg. onset

(min) duration

(min)

Lidocaine (Xylocain)

400 500 250 10-20 7-15 90-120 120-180

Trimecaine (Mesocain)

400 500 250 10-20 7-15 90-120 120-180

Prilocaine (Citanest)

500 600 350 10-20 7-15 90-120 120-180

Mepivacaine (Carbocain)

400 600 350 10-20 7-15 90-120 120-180

Bupivacaine (Marcain)

100 125 80 20-40 15-30 180-240 200-300

20

BACK

TOPOGRAPHY

- C7 vertebra prominens

- T3 spina scapulae

- T8 apex scapulae

- T10 costa X.

- L4 crista iliaca

- S2 sac. durae matris

21

SPINAL

DERMATOMS

clavicle C3-4

angulus sterni T2

nipples T4-5

subkostal T6-8

navel T10

inguina L1

perineum S1-4

22

MANAGEMENT OF LA

• Premedication

• Explanation and cooperation of pts

• Conscious patient

• Sedation and combine with GA

• Monitoring during LA

– (pulse, NIBP, ecg, respiration, SpO2,

mental functions, blood losses)

23

INE

RV

TIO

N U

P E

XT

R

24Winnie1990

AXILAR

BLOCK

problematic

nerves

in low volumes

dosage of LA

musculocutaneus n.

radial n.

coracobrachialis m.

25

INFRACLAV. BLOCK 40 ml

Winnie1990

26

Stimulation needles

isolated

and unisolated

27

28

29

30

COMPLICATIONS

& REACTIONS

• Vasovagal faint

• Allergy (esters)

– procaine

• Toxicity (amides)

– Brain (lidocaine)

– Myocardium (bupivacaine)

31

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Absolute:

• Local infection

• Allergy

• Hypovolaemia*

• Abnormal blood

clothing*

• Increased ICP*

Relative:

• Patient refusal

• Neurological dissease*

* Neuraxial blocade

32

TREATMENT OF

HYPOTENSION

1. Administration of cristalloids and/or

colloids

2. Ephedrine 5-10 mg iv repeatidly

3. Trendellenburg position

4. Dopamine

5. Adrenaline infusion

33

Major complicationsDescending order of severity,

ascending order of frequency

34

Management of hypotension,

bradycardia & „total spinal“

36

DEPENDENCY OF

SYSTEMIC TOXICITY

1. Dose

2. Site of injection

3. Drug used to LA

4. Speed of injection

5. Addition of adrenalin

37

38

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF

TOXICITY

10. Cardiovascular depression

9. Respiratory arrest

8. Coma

7. GM convulsions

6. Muscle twitching

5. Anxiety, irrational bahaviour and speech

4. Visual disturbances

3. Light headedness

2. Tinnitus

1. Circumoral and tongue numbness

time

39

TREATMENT OF TOXICITY

1. Immediate cessation of the injection

2. Administration of oxygen

3. Maitenance of the airway & ventillation

4. Diazepam 0.1 mg/kg or thiopentone 1-3 mg/kg

5. Inotropes or antiarrhytmic agents

6. Intralipid 20% 100 ml as rapid infusion

7. CPR, defibrillation, adrenaline, atropine...

40boiled crayfish

41

RX ALERGY -

ANAFYLACTION

1. Immediately interrupt the application

2. Oxygen aplication

3. Hydrocortison 200 - 500 mg iv

4. Adrenalin 0,5 mg i.m. (1 mg 500 ml F1/1)

5. Airway management

6. CPR, defibrilation, adrenalin, atropin...

HOW POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIC

TECHNIQUES FOR KNEE SURGERY HAVE

EVOLVED OVER TIME

ACB, adductor canal block; CSE, combined spinal and epidural; ERAS, enhanced recovery after

surgery; LA, local anaesthetic; LIA, local infiltration analgesia.

42Rawal N: Current issues in postoperative pain management. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 33:160–171