regional trade agreements and enterprises in southeast asia

7/27/2019 Regional Trade Agreements and Enterprises in Southeast Asia

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G@LF [mrhfjk ^gper Yerfes

\ekfmjgc Prg`e Gkreeoejts gj`Ejterprfses fj Ymutbegst Gsfg


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Pbe [mrhfjk ^gper serfes fs g imjtfjugtfmj ma tbe amroercy jgoe` @fsiussfmj ^gper serfes8tbe juolerfjk ma tbe pgpers imjtfjue` wftbmut fjterruptfmj mr ibgjke. G@LFs wmrhfjkpgpers reaceit fjftfgc fègs mj g tmpfi gj` gre pmste` mjcfje amr `fsiussfmj. G@LF ejimurgkesregèrs tm pmst tbefr imooejts mj tbe ogfj pgke amr egib wmrhfjk pgper (kfvej fj tbeiftgtfmj lecmw). Ymoe wmrhfjk pgpers ogy èvecmp fjtm mtber amros ma pulcfigtfmj.

Yukkeste` iftgtfmj4

[fkjgrgdg, K. 79. \ekfmjgc Prgè Gkreeoejts gj` Ejterprfses fj Ymutbegst Gsfg. G@LF[mrhfjk ^gper 00/


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G@LF [mrhfjk ^gper 00< [fkjgrgdg

Glstrgit

Pbe spreg` ma rekfmjgc trgè gkreeoejts (\PGs) fj Ymutbegst Gsfg bgs fkjfte` g èlgteglmut tbefr fopgit mj lusfjess, gj` wgys tm gvmf` rgfsfjk tbe lusfjess imsts armo tbe Gsfgjjmm`ce lmwc eaaeit. Pbfs pgper ujèrtghes g imopgrgtfve gj` afro-cevec gjgcysfs ma tbefopgit ma \PGs fj Fj`mjesfg, Ogcgysfg, gj` tbe ^bfcfppfjes fjicu`fjk4 g èsirfptfve gjgcysfsma pgtterjs ma \PG use gt tbe afro cevec gj` eimjmoetrfi gjgcysfs ma agitmrs gaaeitfjk afro-cevec \PG use. Pbe pgper afj`s tbgt afro-betermkejefty ogtters fj \PG use. Giqufrfjkhjmwce`ke glmut \PGs tbrmukb fj-bmuse eaamrts gj` gitfvecy amrkfjk cfjhs wftb \PG suppmrtfjstftutfmjs, lufc`fjk teibjmcmkfigc igpglfcftfes, gj` oeolersbfp ma fjùstrfgc icusters sbmw

up gs sfkjfafigjt agitmrs gaaeitfjk tbe cfhecfbmm` ma afro-cevec \PG use. G cgih ma fjamrogtfmjglmut \PGs gj` tbe glsejie ma \PGs wftb ogdmr trg`fjk pgrtjers gre tbe ogfj regsmjs amrjmj-use ma \PGs. Hey pmcfiy fopcfigtfmjs fjicuè tbe jee` tm foprmve lusfjess suppmrt amr\PGs, tm imjicuè \PGs wftb ogdmr trg`fjk pgrtjers, gj` tm iregte g `gtglgse mjpreaerejie use fj \PGs.

DEC Icgssfafigtfmj4 A79, A70, A75, M97, M9


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Imjtejts

7. Fjtrm`uitfmj ................................................................................................................ 9


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7. FJP\M@UIPFMJ

Bergc`fjk g sbfat fj trgè pmcfiy sfjie tbe ofccejjfuo, Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes bgvegitfvecy pursue` vgrfmus rekfmjgc trgè gkreeoejts (\PGs). Pbe juoler ma lfcgtergcgj` pcurfcgtergc \PGs fj eaaeit fj Ymutbegst Gsfg fjiregse` armo 9 tm 95 letweej >>gj` Duje 79 ([PM 778 G@L 79). Mje ma Ymutbegst Gsfgs mcèst \PGs, tbe766< GYEGJ Aree Prgè Greg (GAPG), fs tbe iejtrgc lufc`fjk lcmih amr tbe GYEGJEimjmofi Imooujfty (GEI). Pm agifcftgte Gsfg-wfè rekfmjgc fjtekrgtfmj, afveGYEGJ+7 \PGs gre gcsm fj eaaeit wftb cgrke jefkblmrfjk eimjmofes fjicu`fjk tbeêmpces \epulcfi ma Ibfjg (^\I), Dgpgj, \epulcfi ma Hmreg, Fj`fg, gj` Gustrgcfg/JewTegcgj`. Aurtberomre, smoe Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes gre pgrtfifpgtfjk fj vgrfmuslfcgtergc \PGs, gj` fj jekmtfgtfmjs amr tbe twm oekg-rekfmjgc gkreeoejts4 tbe\ekfmjgc Imoprebejsfve Eimjmofi ^grtjersbfp (\IE^) gj` tbe Prgjspgifafi^grtjersbfp (P^^).

Pbe spreg` ma \PGs fj Ymutbegst Gsfg mver tbe pgst èigè bgs fkjfte` g èlgte

glmut tbefr fopgit mj lusfjess gj` wgys tm gvmf` fjiregsfjk lusfjess imsts armo tbeGsfgj jmm`ce lmwc eaaeit. Pbfs pgper ujèrtghes g imopgrgtfve gj` afro-cevec gjgcysfsma tbe fopgit ma \PGs fj tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes (Fj`mjesfg, Ogcgysfg, gj`tbe ^bfcfppfjes). Ft seehs tm foprmve mur ujèrstgj`fjk ma ofirm-cevec fopgits ma \PGsgj` tm imjtrflute tm tbe sigjt cftergture mj afro-cevec eaaeits ma \PGs. Pbe pgpergjgcyses afro-cevec `gtg fj tbe tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes mj tbe use ma tgrfaapreaerejies fj \PGs, lejeafts gj` imsts ma \PGs, gj` regsmjs amr jmj-use. Ft gcsmgtteopts tm fèjtfay agitmrs gaaeitfjk afro-cevec \PG use tbrmukb eimjmoetrfi gjgcysfs.

Pb l h ` a cc tf < f tb cft t \PG tf 9


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mj trgè fj kmm`s, gj` fj cflergcfzfjk irmss-lmrèr trgè fj servfies. Omremver, tbey igj

bfkbcfkbt ujfjtejè` imjsequejies amr ejimopgsse` imujtrfes gj` seitmrs, tberelyejglcfjk imrreitfve pmcfifes tm le èvecmpe`. [bfce tbere exfsts smoe vgrfgtfmj fj tbeujèrcyfjk eimjmofi struiture, lebgvfmr ma gkejts, gj` \PG siejgrfms, IKE stu`festypfigccy sukkest tbgt aucc fopceoejtgtfmj ma tbe vgrfmus GYEGJ+7 \PGs lrfjks kgfjs tmoeolers gj` cfofte` cmsses tm jmj-oeolers. 7

Mje ma tbe prmlceos wftb IKE sfoucgtfmjs ma \PGs fj Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes fstbgt jmt gcc Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes (suib gs trgjsftfmjgc eimjmofes cfhe tbmse maIgolm`fg, Cgm ^@\, gj` Oygjogr) gre prmpercy represejte` ùe tm tbe cgih ma`gtglgses amr tbese imujtrfes (Pmjkzmj >5). Gjmtber prmlceo fs tbgt IKEsfoucgtfmjs gre ujglce tm fjimrpmrgte ruces ma mrfkfj gj` jmj-tgrfaa oegsures, wbfibogy gaamr` omre prmteitfmj amr `moestfi fjùstrfes tbgj tgrfaas (Hgwgf gj` [fkjgrgdg

>6).

Pbese stu`fes imjicuè tbgt tbeogkjftuè ma kgfjs amr GYEGJ `faaers letweej gkreeoejts. Cgrke prmdeite` kgfjs amrGYEGJ grfse armo \PGs ejimopgssfjk cgrke Jmrtbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes cfhe tbe ^\Igj` Dgpgj. Lut evej cgrker kgfjs amr GYEGJ imuc` grfse armo cgrke rekfmj-wfè \PGs

suib gs gj Egst Gsfg Aree Prgè Gkreeoejt, g \ekfmjgc Imoprebejsfve Eimjmofi^grtjersbfp, mr g Prgjs-^gifafi grtjersbfp.

Gjmtber strgj` ma ejqufry questfmjs wbetber pmtejtfgc kgfjs armo IKE sfoucgtfmjs ma\PGs igj le trgjscgte` fjtm gitugc kgfjs amr tbe Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes gj` afrosejimopgsse` tberefj.< Fjamroe` ly Lbgkwgtfs (7665 gj` >2) agomus fjsfkbt fjtmtbe spgkbettf lmwc9 hjmwj gs tbe jmm`ce lmwc fj Gsfg resegrib fj tbfs `mogfjamiuses mj utfcfzgtfmj ma tgrfaa preaerejies, ruces ma mrfkfj (\MMs), gj` tbe`fsirfofjgtmry eaaeits ma \PGs fj Ymutbegst Gsfg. Pbe hey imjicusfmj armo tbfsresegrib fs tbgt tbe GAPG imoomj eaaeitfve preaerejtfgc tgrfaa (IE^P) utfcfzgtfmj rgtes

(l ` tb b a t c d f a ) t c c `


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Mje ma tbe ogdmr ibgccejkes tm resegribfjk tbe fopgit ma \PGs fj Ymutbegst Gsfg fs tbe

cgih ma pulcfsbe` fjamrogtfmj mj trg`e acmws ejdmyfjk preaerejies. Prgjsgitfmj reimr`smj expmrts gj` fopmrts amr preaerejtfgc tgrfaa purpmses gre afce` wftb gutbmrftfes ma mrfkfj,cfhe jgtfmjgc iustmos gutbmrftfes mr trg`e ofjfstrfes, lut jmt pulcfsbe`. Pbgfcgj` fs mjeexieptfmj tm tbfs jmro, pulcfsbfjk gjjugc fjamrogtfmj mj \PG preaerejie use, gcleft fjtbe Pbgf cgjkugke. Usfjk Pbgf `gtg, Ibfrgtbfvgt (>2) bgs sbmwj tbgt tbe mvergccgitugc utfcfzgtfmj rgte amr Pbgfcgj`s \PG pgrtjers bgs leej rfsfjk, jegrcy `mulcfjk (71%tm 5>2. 5 Pbe >2 utfcfzgtfmj rgtes ma Pbgfcgj`s pgrtjers vgry lyogrhet, wftb ;


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recgtfmjs wftb \PG pgrtjers were amuj` tm le pmsftfve gj` sfkjfafigjt pgrgoeters.

Pghgbgsbf gj` Urgtg (>2) imjicuè` tbgt cgrke afros were omre cfhecy tm use \PGs,reaceitfjk tbe imsts ma suib prgitfies, gj` tbgt trg`fjk experfejie fj \PG ogrhets gcsmfjacuejie` tbe cfhecfbmm` ma \PG use.

Fj tbefr stu`y ma Dgpgjese ouctfjgtfmjgc afros (OJIs), Bfrgtsuhg et gc. (>6) teste` tberecgtfmjsbfp letweej afro sfze gj` \PG use, gj` vgrfmus ejterprfse ibgrgiterfstfis(e.k. tbe sbgre ma cmigc fjputs gomjk tmtgc fjputs, tbe sbgre ma fopmrts wftb zerm tgrfaas,gj` seitmr gj` imujtry ùooy vgrfglces). Mje hey afj`fjk wgs tbgt cgrke afro sfze(prmxfe` ly eopcmyoejt) pmsftfvecy imrrecgte` wftb \PG use. Gjmtber wgs tbgt afros

gitfvecy ejkgke` fj fjterjgtfmjgc argkoejtgtfmj gre cfhecy tm use \PGs amr expmrts.

Pbese eimjmoetrfi stu`fes prmvfè useauc fjsfkbts fjtm tbe èterofjgjts ma \PG use gttbe afro cevec. Bmwever, tbey gcsm amius mj afros armo Dgpgj - g èvecmpe` fjùstrfgceimjmoy wftb recgtfvecy wecc-aujitfmjfjk ogrhets gj` fjstftutfmjs - armo wbfib ft fs`faafiuct tm extrgpmcgte tm jewcy fjùstrfgcfzfjk Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes wftbfoperaeit ogrhets gj` fjstftutfmjs. Aurtberomre, tbere ogy le oetbm`mcmkfigc kgps fjtbese stu`fes. Amr fjstgjie, fj Pghgbgsbf gj` Urgtg (>2) tbe exicusfve use ma ùooyvgrfglces gs rekressmrs resucte` fj g omèc wftb wegh expcgjgtmry pmwer. Mj tbe mtber

bgj`, Bfrgtsuhg et gc. (>6) eopcmye` smpbfstfigte` pgjec `gtg gjgcysfs ma g cgrkesgopce ma Dgpgjese OJIs lut mjcy g aew expcgjgtmry vgrfglces were expcmre`, wbfibimuc` imjtrflute tm moftte`vgrfglce lfgs fj tbe resucts. Bejie, tbere fs g jee` amrresegrib mj afro-cevec \PG use fj Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes usfjk g imoprebejsfveset ma èterofjgjts ma eimjmoetrfi gjgcysfs.

9. WUEYPFMJJGF\E GJ@ EJPE\^\FYE @GPGYEP


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amrefkj equfty giimujt amr glmut twm-tbfr`s ma tbe ^bfcfppfje sgopce, bgca ma tbe

Fj`mjesfgj sgopce, gj` mje-tejtb ma tbe Ogcgysfgj sgopce. Aurtberomre, g lregh`mwjma tbe sgopce ly fj`ustry sukkests tbgt gutmomtfve afros giimujt amr >.> >.> 755 7>>.>

Ly Yfze(g)

YOE 02 > 02.5 26.; 55 95.5

Amrefkj 7>1 57.5 .9 7>> 10.5Ly Yeitmr

Gutm .; 0; .7 91 > mr aewer eopcmyees, cgrke afros bgve 7>77>>> eopcmyees gj` kfgjt afros bgve mver7>>> eopcmyees.(l) G afro wftb omre tbgj 7>% amrefkj equfty fs icgssfafe` gs g amrefkj afro fj tbe igse ma Fj`mjesfg gj` tbe^bfcfppfjes. Amr Ogcgysfg, g afro wftb 7>>% amrefkj mwjersbfp mr ogdmrfty amrefkj mwjersbfp fs icgsse` gs g

a f af


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qugrters tbgt GAPG gj` mtber GYEGJ+7 \PGs gre `fsirfofjgtmry gj` g `rgfj mj tbe

sigrie trgè jekmtfgtfmj igpgifty ma GYEGJ oeolers.G vfrtugc glsejie ma pulcfsbe` `gtg armo maafifgc smuries fj Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofesmj tbe use ma GAPG gj` GYEGJ+7 \PGs oghes ft `faafiuct tm verfay tbese egrcy afj`fjks.Fjsfkbts fjtm tbe use ma GYEGJ \PGs, bmwever, igj le prmvfè` ly weccèsfkje` gj`fopceoejte` irmss-imujtry ejterprfse surveys. Pglce < sbmws `gtg armo tbe G@L/G@LFafro surveys ma tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes mj preaerejie use gj` auture pcgjs tmuse preaerejies fj GYEGJ \PGs.1

Pbe `gtg sukkest kregter use ma preaerejies armo GAPG fj >2, gj` armo tbe tbreeGYEGJ+7 \PGs fj 77-7


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6

Pglce 1 7>> > > > > 755 7>>

Jmtes4GYEGJ ? Gssmifgtfmj ma Ymutbegst Gsfgj Jgtfmjs, \PG ? \ekfmjgc Prg`e Gkreeoejt, GAPG ? GYEGJ Aree Prg`e Greg.g

Ymurie4 Gutbmr's igciucgtfmjs lgse` mj G@L/G@LF survey gtg.\eaers tm afros tbgt pcgj tm use GAPG mr reiejtcy fopceoejte` \PGs


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Lejeafts gj` Imsts ma \ekfmjgc Prgè Gkreeoejts

^reaerejtfgc tgrfaas gre usugccy ifte` gs tbe ogfj lejeaft ma GYEGJ \PGs, gj` fjiregse``miuoejtgtfmj recgtfjk tm \PG use gs tbe ogfj imst. Ft ogy le tbe igse, bmwever, tbgtmtber lejeafts (e.k. fjiregse` amrefkj `freit fjvestoejt) gj` imsts (e.k. fjiregseìmopetftfmj armo fopmrts) ogy grfse armo GYEGJ \PGs gj` ft fs agsifjgtfjk tm stu`ytbfs fssue fj omre ètgfc usfjk afro-cevec `gtg. G recgte` pmfjt fs wbetber afros periefvetbe lejeafts ma GYEGJ \PGs gs exiee`fjk imsts, mr vfie versg. Kregter tbgj expeiteùse ma GAPG gj` tbe omre reiejt GYEGJ-Ibfjg, GYEGJ-Hmreg gj` GYEGJ-Dgpgjgkreeoejts gt tbe afro cevec gre fj`figtfve ma tbe jet lejeafts ma tbese \PGs amr

ejterprfses.

Pglce 9 prmvfès `gtg armo tbe G@L/G@LF surveys mj perieptfmjs ly afros ma g vgrfetyma lejeafts gj` imsts ma GYEGJ \PGs. Amr egib ma tbe lejeafts gj` imsts, tbe juolersma respmjèjts gj` periejtgke ma tmtgc respmjèjts gre prmvfè`. Fj tbe igse ma tbeGAPG, Ymutbegst Gsfgj ejterprfses typfigccy repmrt omre lejeafts tbgj imsts. Gsexpeite`, tbe omst fopmrtgjt lejeaft armo tbe GAPG fs preaerejtfgc tgrfaas tbgtejimurgke fopmrts ma fjteroe`fgte fjputs (;0% ma afros fj Ogcgysfg, ;7% fj tbe^bfcfppfjes, gj` 0


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77

Pglce 94 Lejeafts gj` Imsts ma Gssmifgtfmj ma Ymutbegst Gsfgj Jgtfmjs \ekfmjgc Prgè Gkreeoejts (Juoler ma Afros(êriejtgke ma Afros tbgt Use tbe \ekfmjgc Prgè Gkreeoejts))

Fj`mjesfg Ogcgysfg ^bfcfppfjesg

GAPGGYEGJ-

Ibfjg

GYEGJ-

Hmreg

GYEGJ-

DgpgjGAPG

GYEGJ-

Ibfjg

GYEGJ-

Hmreg

GYEGJ-

DgpgjGAPG

Jmma

afros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%Jm maafros

%

Lejeafts

^reaerejtfgcPgrfaas

;9.2 ;6 11.6 76 9


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\egsmjs amr Jmt Usfjk \ekfmjgc Prgè Gkreeoejts

Pbe `fsiussfmj glmve fj`figtes g smoewbgt bfkber use ma preaerejies armo tbe GAPGgj` tbe GYEGJ-Ibfjg \PG tbgj kejergccy tbmukbt, gj` pmfjts tm fjiregse` use fj tbeauture. Bmwever, presejt cevecs ma use ma tbese twm GYEGJ \PGs ogy le sul-mptfmjgcfj recgtfmj tm pmtejtfgc use. Aurtberomre, tbe ogdmrfty ma tbe sgopce` Ymutbegst Gsfgjafros iurrejtcy `m jmt use GYEGJ \PGs. Pm fjvestfkgte tbfs hey fssue, G@L/G@LFsurveys gshe` jmj-users ma GYEGJ \PGs tbefr ogfj regsmjs amr jmt usfjk tbesegkreeoejts. Pglce 0 prmvfès tbe regsmjs kfvej amr jmt usfjk GYEGJ \PGs ly tmtgcrespmjèjts gj` gs g periejtgke ma tmtgc respmjèjts. [bgt `mes tbe `gtg revegc

lgse` mj tbe rgjhfjk ma regsmjs=

Pglce 04 Fope`foejts tm Usfjk \ekfmjgc Prgè Gkreeoejts (Juoler maAfros, Jmj-users Mjcy (êriejtgke))

Fj`mjesfg Ogcgysfg ^bfcfppfjesCgih ma Fjamrogtfmj glmut\PGs

2< 29.; 776 ;7.; 21 ;2.6

Use ma E^T Yibeoes/FPG 9> 9>.1 95


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eaamrts (fjicu`fjk prfjte` cegacets, welsftes, gj` miigsfmjgc sbmrt seofjgrs). ^grt ma tbe

prmlceo ogy le tbgt GYEGJ \PGs gre imopcex cekgc texts (matej rujjfjk tm buj`re`sma pgkes) `rgate` ly GYEGJ maafifgcs wftb experfejie ma fjterjgtfmjgc trgè cgw.Lusfjesses, pgrtfiucgrcy YOEs, cgih fj-bmuse fjterjgtfmjgc trgè cgw shfccs tm fjterpretprmvfsfmjs fj GYEGJ \PGs gj` tbe fjiejtfve (mr tbe glfcfty) tm pgy amr speifgcfstimjsuctgjiy servfies. Aurtberomre, lusfjess mutregib servfies prmvfè` ly YmutbegstGsfgj kmverjoejts ogy le fjeaaeitfve amr severgc regsmjs. Amr fjstgjie, tbe qugjtfty magvgfcglce mutregib servfies imuc` le wmeauccy fjsuaafifejt tm suppmrt tbe jee`s ma gcgrke pmpucgtfmj ma YOEs, gj` tbe qugcfty ma tbmse mutregib servfies ogy le pmmr ùetm kgps fj shfccs gj` auj`fjk fj pulcfi suppmrt fjstftutfmjs.

G seimj` regsmj amr tbfs eaaeit fs tbgt GYEGJ \PG pgrtjers (f.e., Ymutbegst Gsfgjeimjmofes, tbe ^\I, \epulcfi ma Hmreg, gj` Dgpgj) ogy jmt jeiessgrfcy le tbe ogfjtrg`fjk pgrtjers ma tbe respmj`fjk afros. Glmut 09% ma Ogcgysfgj afros, 96% ma^bfcfppfje afros, gj` % ma Fj`mjesfgj afros sgf` tbgt tbey were jmt fjtereste` fjtrg`fjk wftb exfstfjk \PG pgrtjers. Fjsteg`, tbe hey trg`fjk imujtrfes ma suib afroswere cfhecy tm le tbe UY mr tbe EU wftb wbfib \PGs `m jmt exfst amr tbese tbreeYmutbegst Gsfgj imujtrfes.

G tbfr` regsmj fs ècgys gj` gòfjfstrgtfve imsts recgte` tm ruces ma mrfkfj. @ecgys gj`gòfjfstrgtfve imsts fjvmcve` fj icgfofjk mrfkfj were oejtfmje` ly 97% ma ^bfcfppfjeafros, 9>% ma Ogcgysfgj afros, gj`


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tm krmwtb fj Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes ogy fjùie gj fjiregse fj prmteitfmjfst

pressures, fjicu`fjk tbe use ma ourhy JPOs (e.k. kmverjoejt prmiureoejt, expmrtfjiejtfves, gj` teibjfigc lgrrfers tm trgè) tm prmteit `moestfi fjùstrfes.

5. EIMJMOEP\FI GJGCVYFY MA \EKFMJGC P\G@EGK\EEOEJP UYE

Pbfs seitfmj gjgcyzes tbe agitmrs gaaeitfjk afro-cevec \PG use fj tbe tbree Ymutbegst

Gsfgj imujtrfes gj` repmrts tbe afj`fjks. G prmlft omèc

2

V? R+

fs use` tm exgofje tbe agitmrstbgt gaaeit afro-cevec use ma \PG preaerejies. Pbe amccmwfjk omèc fs estfogte` amr afrosfj tbe tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes4

(7)

Pbe èpejèjt vgrfglce fj tbfs omèc, V, g lfjgry vgrfglce, fs g prmxy amr tbe prmlglfcftyma usfjk gj \PG gt tbe afro cevec. Fa g afro èifès tm use gj \PG, tbej V tghes tbevgcue ma 78 zerm fa ft ibmmses jmt tm use gj \PG. R fs tbe ogtrfx ma expcgjgtmry vgrfglces

recgte` tm afro gj` fjùstry ibgrgiterfstfis, fs tbe ogtrfx ma imeaafifejts, gj` fs tbeogtrfx ma errmr teros. Pglce 5 èsirfles tbe expcgjgtmry vgrfglces gj` tbe expeite`sfkjs. Pbe bypmtbeses gj` expcgjgtmry vgrfglces gre oejtfmje` lecmw.

Pglce 54 Expcgjgtmry Qgrfglces gj` Expeite` Yfkj

Qgrfglce @esirfptfmj Expeite` Yfkj


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Afro sfze fs expeite` tm bgve g pmsftfve eaaeit mj tbe prmlglfcfty ma usfjk \PGs

leiguse cgrke afros bgve recgtfvecy letter giiess tm resmuries (suib gs shfccs, afjgjie,gj` fjamrogtfmj), wbfib puts tbeo fj g letter pmsftfmj tm use \PGs tbgj sogcc afros.Yfze fs represejte` ly tmtgc juoler ma eopcmyees.6

G afros kemkrgpbfigc cmigtfmj gj` oeolersbfp ma tbe gutmomtfve fjùstry greexpeite` tm le pmsftfvecy gssmifgte` wftb \PG use. Afros imjiejtrgte` fj ogdmrfjùstrfgc iejters gre omre cfhecy tm use \PGs tbgj kemkrgpbfigccy fsmcgte` afros, amrtwm regsmjs. Afrstcy, kemkrgpbfigc icusters ma jetwmrhe` afros gre ibgrgiterfze` lyfjamrogtfmj spfccmvers gj` exibgjkes (fjicu`fjk hjmw-bmw mj tgrfaa preaerejies, ruces

ma mrfkfj, gj` mrfkfj gòfjfstrgtfmj). Yeimj`cy, pulcfi gj` prfvgte seitmr \PG suppmrtfjstftutfmjs gre omre cfhecy tm prmvfè teibjfigc gssfstgjie tm afros fj ogdmr fjùstrfgciejters. Gs tgrfaas mj gutmomtfve vebfices gj` pgrts gre recgtfvecy bfkb fj Gsfg, afros fjtbe gutmomtfve fjùstry bgve gj fjiejtfve tm use \PGs. Kemkrgpbfigc cmigtfmj gj`gutmomtfve fjùstry oeolersbfp gre represejte` ly twm ùooy vgrfglces4CMIGPFMJ, wbfib tghes mj g vgcue ma 7 fa tbe afro fs cmigte` fj g ogdmr fjùstrfgc greg,gj` > mtberwfse8 gj` GUPM, wbfib tghes mj g vgcue ma 7 fa tbe afro fs gj gutmomtfveogjuagiturer mr pgrts suppcfer, gj` > mtberwfse.

Expmrt experfejiefj ouctfpce ogrhets fs expeite` tm le pmsftfvecy gssmifgte` wftb \PGuse. Pbfs fs leiguse afros wftb experfejie ma severgc expmrt ogrhets ogy le omrecfhecy tm èvecmp hjmwce`ke ma fjterjgtfmjgc ogrhets gj` trgè rekucgtfmjs (fjicu`fjkfopmrt tgrfaas, \PG preaerejies, ruces ma mrfkfj, gj` iustmo prmieùres). Kfvej tbfsgssuoptfmj, expmrt experfejie ma ouctfpce ogrhets fs imjsfère` tm le pmsftfvecygssmifgte` wftb tbe prmlglfcfty ma usfjk \PGs. Pbfs fs prmxfe` ly g ùooy vgrfglce tbgttghes g vgcue ma 7 fa g afro expmrts tm omre tbgj mje ogrhet, gj` > mtberwfse.

Lufc`fjk teibjmcmkfigc igpglfcftfes gt tbe afro cevec ceg`fjk tm kregter imst eaafifejiy fs


18/28


^rmlft imeaafifejts gj` tbe resucts amr tbe fj`fvfùgc imujtry rekressfmjs gre sbmwj fj

Pglce 1. G lgsecfje speifafigtfmj (equgtfmj (f)) fs prmvfè` amr gcc tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgjimujtrfes, tmketber wftb gcterjgtfve speifafigtfmjs (equgtfmjs (ff-v)). Fj tbe `fsiussfmjtbgt amccmws we wfcc le reaerrfjk tm tbe aucc omèc (f.e., equgtfmjs (fv) gj` (v)). Pbepseu`m \< fjequgtfmjs (fv) gj` (v) sukkest tbgt tbe rekressfmjs expcgfj glmut % matbe vgrfgtfmj fj tbe `gtg. Hey expcgjgtmry vgrfglces gre omstcy sfkjfafigjt (smoe gt tbe7% cevec) gj` bgve tbe expeite` sfkj.


19/28


7;

Pglce 14 rmlft \ekressfmj ma Agitmrs Gaaeitfjk tbe Use ma \ekfmjgc Prg`e Gkreeoejts

Fj`mjesfg Ogcgysfg ^bfcfppfjes

(f) (ff) (fff) (fv) (v) (f) (ff) (fff) (fv) (v) (f) (ff) (fff) (fv)

YFTE > > > > > >.>>>< >.>>>7 >.>>>< >.>>>7 >.>>>7 >.>>>; >.>>>5 >.>>>.>>>7

>.5 >.57 >.;2 >.;0 >.20 7.90 7..0007 >.671; >.695< >.10;671 >.115

*** 9.92*** 9 >.5 >.06>; >.0515 >.0556 >.0000 ->.19.0;99 ->.0;72 ->.9>1;

9.*** .>.>297

7.;6* >.10 7.>1 >.71 ->.>< 5.;7*** 5.7>*** 5.95*** 5.71*** 0.;1*** ->.01 ->.10 ->.>1 ->..>90< >.>.>976 >.>777 >.>>26 >.>7>< >.>921 >.>00

9.07*** .>>21 >.>>60

7.52 7.22* .12925.*** 0.25*** 0.2;*** .992; >.1;6>.;159

7.;>* 7.;2* 7.29* ->.0< ->.0< ->.50 07< -7.>;10 -7.950 -7.5>>< -7.96>2 -7.1>99 -7.92 -7.95>5 ->.2100 -7.0>;2 -7..>9 >.


20/28


Pbe fopmrtgjt cfjhs letweej cegrjfjk vfg lufc`fjk teibjmcmkfigc igpglfcftfes gs wecc gs

giqufrfjk hjmwce`ke glmut \PGs gj` tbe prmlglfcfty ma \PG use fs bfkbcfkbte` ly tbeafj`fjks. \&@ fs g sfkjfafigjt pre`fitmr ma \PG use (gt tbe 5% sfkjfafigjie cevec fj lmtbFj`mjesfg gj` Ogcgysfg) wftb afros spej`fjk omre mj \&@ gj` ejkfjeerfjk gitfvftfesomre cfhecy tm le users. Pbfs sbmws tbe irftfigc cfjh letweej gitfvecy fjvestfjk fjteibjfigc imopetejie, ejkgkfjk fj fjterjgtfmjgc trgè, gj` tbe cfhecfbmm` ma g afro usfjkgj \PG. Exgofjgtfmj ma ogrkfjgc eaaeits (Pglce ;) sukkests tbgt g afro tbgt fjvests>.5% ma tmtgc sgces revejue mj \&@ bgs g 5>>> >.>>>> >.>>>> >.>>>> >.>>>> >.>>>> >.>>>>

GUPM >.9556 >.9;51 >.7 >.796< >..9970

CMIGPFMJ >.75;6 >.7;.776; >.7707 ->.>10< >.>;;2 >.7921

OUCPF^CE OG\HEP >.>79< ->.>>71 >...>7;0 >.7172 >.721

GKE 7> >.0;;1 >.0;7< >...75;6 >.97.91;0

\&@ 7% >.5..9162

\PG HJM[CE@KE >.9925 >.999 >.7725 >.7.7097 >...7.>;7 ->.>2; >.71>< >.792< >.7>9.7>;< >.7729

OGCGVYFG @UOOV >.11Jmtes4\&@ ? \esegrib gj` èvecmpoejt, \PG ? \ekfmjgc trgè gkreeoejt.(g)


21/28


imujtrfes. Afros imjiejtrgte` fj ogdmr fjùstrfgc iejters mr oeolers ma tbe gutmomtfve

fjùstry gre omre cfhecy tm use \PGs tbgj mtber afros. Pbe prmxy amr expmrt experfejiefj ouctfpce ogrhets (OUCPF^CE OG\HEP) fs pmsftfve fj sfkj gj` sfkjfafigjt mjcy amrOgcgysfg. Pbfs prmvfès suppmrt amr tbe gssmifgtfmj letweej expmrt experfejie ma omretbgj mje ogrhet gj` \PG use fj Ogcgysfg.

YFTE fs jmt sfkjfafigjt fj gjy ma tbe tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgj imujtrfes. Pbfs fs g puzzcekfvej tbe afj`fjks ma Pghgbgsbf gj` Urgtg (>2) gj` Bfrgtsuhg et gc. (>6), wbfibimjicuè tbgt amr Dgpgjese afros cgrke rgtber tbgj sogcc afros use \PGs. Pbfs`fsirepgjiy ogy, bmwever, le ùe tm tbe sfze ma tbe sgopce mr tbe prmxy amr afro sfze

use` fj tbe iurrejt stu`y. Aurtber resegrib fs jeeè` mj tbe eaaeit ma afro sfze mj \PGuse wftb cgrker ouctf-imujtry, ouctf-ejterprfse `gtgsets gj` gcterjgtfve prmxfes amr afrosfze (e.k. igpftgc eopcmye` mr kejergte`).

Amr rmlustjess, pmmce` prmlft rekressfmj omècs were gcsm estfogte` amr tbe tmtgcsgopce ma Ymutbegst Gsfgj afros wftb imujtry ùoofes. Imjigtejgtfjk girmss tbewbmce sgopce ma Ymutbegst Gsfgj afros fjiregses tbe juoler ma mlservgtfmjs, yfec`fjkkregter èkrees ma aree`mo. Pglce 2 prmvfès twm `faaerejt pmmce` rekressfmj omècs.Equgtfmj (f) fs tbe pmmce` lgsecfje omèc amr afros armo gcc tbree Ymutbegst Gsfgj

imujtrfes wbfce equgtfmj (ff) fs tbe pmmce` omèc wftb tbe \&@ sgces rgtfm amr afrosarmo Ogcgysfg gj` Fj`mjesfg mjcy.

Pglce 24 ^rmlft \ekressfmj ma Agitmrs Gaaeitfjk tbe Use ma \ekfmjgc PrgèGkreeoejts - ^mmce` @gtg

^mmce` ^rmlft(f)

g(FF)

l

YFTE >.>>>> >.>>>>


22/28


Imeaafifejts gre estfogte` usfjk rmlust stgj`gr` errmrs8 z-vgcue gre fj pgrejtbesfs4 *** fs sfkjfafigjt gt tbe 7%cevec, ** fs sfkjfafigjgt tbe 5% cevec gj` * fs sfkjfafigjt gt tbe 7>% cevec

Ymurie4 Gutbmr's igciucgtfmjs lgse` mj Gsfgj @evecmpoejt Lgjh (G@L)/ Gsfgj @evecmpoejt Lgjh Fjstftute(G@LF) survey gtg.

Pbe pmmce` resucts imjafro tbe afj`fjks armo tbe fj`fvfùgc rekressfmjs. Omst ma tbe heyexpcgjgtmry vgrfglces gre sfkjfafigjt fj equgtfmjs (f) gj` (ff) wftb pmsftfve sfkjs. APGHJM[CE@KE fs sfkjfafigjt gt tbe 7% cevec fj lmtb equgtfmjs wbfce APG YU^^M\P fssfkjfafigjt gt tbe 7% cevec fj equgtfmj (f). Aurtberomre, GKE fs sfkjfafigjt (gt tbe 7%cevec) fj lmtb equgtfmjs wbfce \&@ fs sfkjfafigjt (gt tbe 7% cevec) fj equgtfmj (ff). GUPM,CMIGPFMJ gj` OUCPF^CE OG\HEPY gre gcsm sfkjfafigjt. Bmwever, afro sfze fs jmt

sfkjfafigjt fj eftber equgtfmj. Pbe imujtry ùoofes gre gcsm sfkjfafigjt fj lmtbequgtfmjs fj`figtfjk smoe `faaerejies letweej imujtrfes.

1. IMJICUYFMJY

Pm stu`y tbe lusfjess fopgits ma \PGs fj Ymutbegst Gsfg, tbfs pgper imolfje`èsirfptfve gjgcysfs mj pgtterjs ma \PGs use wftb eimjmoetrfi gjgcysfs ma agitmrsfjacuejifjk tbefr use. Pbe imopgrgtfve gj` afro-cevec gjgcysfs ma tbe fopgit ma \PGs fj

Ogcgysfg, Fj`mjesfg gj` tbe ^bfcfppfjes lrfjks smoe jew fjsfkbts tm tbe fjterjgtfmjgcgj` rekfmjgc èlgte mj \PGs.

Afrstcy, use ma GYEGJ \PGs fs smoewbgt bfkber tbgj kejergccy tbmukbt gj` seeos settm rfse fj tbe auture lgse` mj afros auture pcgjs. Omre lusfjess fjterest fs vfsflce fjsmoe GYEGJ \PGs (e.k. tbe GAPG gj` tbe GYEGJ-Ibfjg \PG) tbgj mtbers (e.k. tbeGYEGJ-Hmreg gj` GYEGJ-Dgpgj \PGs). Pbfs seeos tm le recgte` tm ejterprfseperieptfmjs ma tbe kregter lejeafts ma suib gkreeoejts (suib gs preaerejtfgc tgrfaas gjògrhet giiess) recgtfve tm tbefr imsts (e.k. fjiregse` imopetftfmj armo tbe ejtry ma


23/28


resegrib. Afrstcy, ft fs fopergtfve tm sfkjfafigjtcy foprmve lusfjess suppmrt servfies amr

\PGs, pgrtfiucgrcy amr YOEs fj Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes. Pbfs oegjs tbe prmvfsfmjma fjtekrgte` fjamrogtfmj servfies amr afros tm cegrj glmut \PGs, imoprebejsfveteibjfigc g`vfsmry servfies amr afros tm use \PGs, ujfversfty imurses mj \PGs gj`lusfjess, gj` kregter pgrtfifpgtfmj ma lusfjess gssmifgtfmjs fj \PG jekmtfgtfmjs gj`prmvfsfmj ma \PG trgfjfjk prmkrgos. Yeimj`cy, tbere fs g jee` tm rgpf`cy imjicuè\PGs wftb gcc ogdmr trg`fjk pgrtjers ma Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes fjicu`fjk tbegolftfmus P^^ jekmtfgtfmjs wftb tbe UY. Pbfr`cy, systeogtfi eaamrt fs jeeè` fjYmutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes gj` fj tbe GYEGJ seiretgrfgt tm èvecmp gj mjcfje`gtglgse ma maafifgc fjamrogtfmj mj tbe utfcfzgtfmj ma preaerejies ma fj`fvfùgc \PGs8 ujtfc

tbfs fs estglcfsbe`, imopgrgtfve gj` afro-cevec gjgcysfs igj prmvfè g aruftauc gvejue amraurtber stu`y ma \PGs fj Ymutbegst Gsfgj eimjmofes.


24/28


\EAE\EJIEY

G@L. 79.Gsfgj \ekfmjgc Fjtekrgtfmj Iejter @gtglgse. Ogjfcg (giiesse` Duje79).

^. Gtbuhmrgcg gj` G. Hmbpgflmmj. 77. Gustrgcfg-Pbgfcgj` Prgè4 Bgs tbe APG Ogèg @faaerejie= [mrhfjk ^gpers fj Prgè gj` @evecmpoejt. Jm. 77/7;. ^bfcfppfjesfjPrgè Fssues fj Egst Gsfg4 ^reaerejtfgc\uces ma Mrfkfj. ^mcfiy \esegrib \epmrt, Egst Gsfg gj` ^gifafi \ekfmj, ^mverty\eùitfmj gj` Eimjmofi Ogjgkeoejt. [gsbfjktmj, @I4 [mrc` Lgjh.

\. Lgc`wfj. >1. Ouctfcgtergcfzfjk \ekfmjgcfso4 Ypgkbettf Lmwcs gs Lufc`fjk Lcmihs mjtbe ^gtb tm Kcmlgc Aree Prgè. Pbe [mrc` Eimjmoy. 2. Pbgfcgj`s Ytrgteky Pmwgr`s APGs fj tbe Jew Imjtext ma EgstGsfgj Eimjmofi Fjtekrgtfmj. ^gper prepgre` amr G@L, G@LF gj` E\FG DmfjtImjaerejie mj tbe Gsfgj Jmm`ce Lmwc, Gsfgj @evecmpoejt Lgjh Fjstftute,


25/28


O. Hgwgf gj` K. [fkjgrgdg. 77.Gsfg's Aree Prgè Gkreeoejts4 Bmw Fs Lusfjess\espmj`fjk= Ibectejbgo (UH)4 E`wgr` Eckgr.

O. Hgwgf gj` K. [fkjgrgdg. 79. ^gtterjs ma Aree Prgè Gregs fj Gsfg. ^mcfiyYtu`fes Jm. 15, Bmjmcucu4 Egst [est Iejter.

G. Hftwfwgttgjgibgf, @ Jecsmj gj` K. \ee`. 7>. Wugjtftgtfve Fopgits ma GcterjgtfveEgst Gsfg Aree Prgè Gregs4 G Imoputglce Kejergc Equfcflrfuo (IKE)Gssessoejt. Dmurjgc ma ^mcfiy Omècfjk. 92. Mj tbe Use ma APGs ly Dgpgjese Afros. \FEPF@fsiussfmj ^gper Yerfes. Jm. >2-E->>5. GYEGJ-Ibfjg Aree Prgè Greg4 G Lgje mr Lmmj amr GYEGJImujtrfes= [mrc` Eimjmoy.


26/28


5 7 Duj >; 7 @ei >2 7 Dgj 7> 7 Dgj 7>

Pfoe tm Jekmtfgte(stgrt ma amrogcjekmtfgtfmjs tm\PG sfkjfjk)

Dgj 7669)

0)

7-< yegrs (Ael>5Guk >1)

0-5 yegrs (Mit>9Gpr >2)

0 yegrs (Ael >5Ael >6)

5-1 yegrs (Mit>9Guk >6)

Prgè fj Kmm`sCflergcfzgtfmj

Fjicusfmj Cfst466%ma tgrfaa cfjes gt >5% (ma wbfib 1>%gre ùty-aree) amrGYEGJ-1 ly 7>8

22% amr ICOQ ly75.

Yejsftfve Prgih4(>.% ma prmùits amrGYEGJ-1 gj` ^\Ily 7> (acexflfcfty

up tm 75% ly 72 amrGYEGJ-1 gj` ^\I8 amr ICOQ.

Bfkbcy YejsftfvePrgih4 tgrfaa rgtereùie` tm lecmw5>% ly 75 amrGYEGJ-1 gj` ^\Igj` 72 amr ICOQ.

Jmrogc Prgih4Pgrfaa ecfofjgtfmjmj 65% maprmùits ly 7>(acexflfcfty amr 5%

ma tgrfaa cfjes amr^bfcfppfjes gj`Fj`mjesfg up tm7%ma tgrfaa cfjeswbere tgrfaareùie` tm >5%ly 71.

Jmrogc Prgih4Pgrfaa ecfofjgtfmjwftbfj 7> yegrsupmj ejtry fjtmamrie.

Yejsftfve Prgih4tgrfaa reùitfmj tm>5% fj 7> yegrs.

Jmrogc Prgih4Pgrfaa ecfofjgtfmj mj6>% ma prmùits ly79 amr Gustrgcfg,Jew Tegcgj` gj`

GYEGJ-1 wftb(acexflfcfty amrFj`mjesfg gj`Pbgfcgj`).YC74 1% ma tgrfaacfjes ly .YC


27/28


;sets mut imjiretesteps amr servfies

ly 75. GYEGJbgs imjicuè` ;(sevej) outugcreimkjftfmjgkreeoejts fjservfies.Imoprebejsfvefjvestoejtgkreeoejt wgssfkje` 6.

Yervfies gkreeoejtejtere` fjtm amrie fjDucy >; (afrstpgihgke ma servfiecflergcfzgtfmj).Fjvestoejt

gkreeoejt sfkje` fjGukust >6.

Yervfiesgkreeoejt sfkje`fj Jmveoler>;.Fjvestoejtgkreeoejt sfkje`

< Duje >6.

Lfcgtergc E^Gs gj`LFPs imooftoejtswfcc gppcy.

G sfjkce ujèrtghfjkgj` wbgt gppegrs tmle tbe omstimoprebejsfveGYEGJ \PG wgsimjicuè` tm imver

kmm`s, servfies,fjvestoejt,fjtecceitugc prmperty,e-imooerie,teopmrgryomveoejt malusfjess pempce,gj` eimjmofiimmpergtfmj.

G@LF [ hf ^ 00< [f d


28/28


regional trade agreements and enterprises in southeast asia

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