rehardening of softened tooth enamel

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REHARDENING OF SOFTENED TOOTH ENAMEL” WARD PIGMAN, T. KOULOURIDES and H. CUETO New York Medical College, N.Y. City and University of Alabama, Dental School, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A. Abstract-Measurements of the hardness of enamel provide a sensitive measure of changes in the enamel surface. Ground surface enamel has a hardness of about 300 Knoop hardness numbers (KHN). When teeth are exposed to 0.001 N lactate buffer at pH 5.0, the hardness decreases linearly to about 100 KHN in 10 to 12 hr at 35°C. This hardness corresponds approximately to that for incipient natural white spots. If enamel surfaces are exposed to freshly prepared solutions of calcium and phosphate salts above pH 6.9, the softened enamel may be rehardened. Optimal conditions at 37’ are approximately: calcium concentration, 1 to 2 mM/I; Ca/P ratio I .67; pH 7.3; and fluoride concentration, 0.05 mM/l. The solutions are metastable, and the pH drops below 6.9 after 30 to 60 min. Fresh calcifying solutions are used when the pH drops below 6.9. Under such conditions, the hardness may be increased from 150 KHN to about 300 KHN in 3 to 4 hr. When the teeth had been previously softened below about I50 KHN, the recovery after exposure to rehardening solutions was less complete. Such solutions produce an increase of about 10 per cent in the hardness of ground surface enamel and of intact surface enamel, not softened previously. Saliva alone produces some rehardening of softened enamel, and the conditions affecting this action of saliva are under study. Freshly prepared rehardening solutions were incorporated in the bacteriological medium used for the production of i/z vitro caries by oral bacteria. Calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions were studied singly and in all combinations. The combination of all these ions, as expressed for the optimal conditions above, completely inhibited the in vitro caries. The combination of calcium and fluoride ions inhibited significantly, but the other combinations were relatively ineffective. Resume-La durete, aprb polissage, de l’email dentaire est normalement de 300 unites Knoop (UK), et constitue un temoin sensible de I’ttat de sa surface. Si une dent est exposee pendant 10 a 12 heures a un tampon lactique 0,001 N, ti pH $0 et a 35’C, cette durete baisse lineairement jusque quelque 100 UK, valeur semblable a celles qu’on mesure aux taches blanches de caries debutantes. Les surfaces ainsi ramollies peuvent etre ensuite endurcies par des solutions phos- phatees convenables, & des pH superieurs B 6,9. Cet effet est optimal a 37OC, pour des solutions contenant I a 2 mM/l de Ca ++ et 0.05 mM/l de F-, ou le rapport Ca/P est de I,67 et le pH de 7,3. De telles solutions, metastables, doivent etre remplacees apres 30 a 60 minutes, quand leur pH est tombe a 6,9. Au contact de ces solutions, l’email ramolli recouvre en 3 a 4 heures sa durete d’origine; la recuperation est moins complete si le ramollisement avait abaisse la durete au-dessous de I50 UK. Ces solutions durcissent de quelque 10% (en UK), I’email de dents intactes et celui de dents polies non ramollies au lactate. *This paper is published in abbreviated form; Dr. Pigman kindly presented it at very short notice. [I331

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Page 1: Rehardening of softened tooth enamel

REHARDENING OF SOFTENED TOOTH ENAMEL”

WARD PIGMAN, T. KOULOURIDES and H. CUETO

New York Medical College, N.Y. City and University of Alabama, Dental School, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.

Abstract-Measurements of the hardness of enamel provide a sensitive measure of changes in the enamel surface. Ground surface enamel has a hardness of about 300 Knoop hardness numbers (KHN). When teeth are exposed to 0.001 N lactate buffer at pH 5.0, the hardness decreases linearly to about 100 KHN in 10 to 12 hr at 35°C. This hardness corresponds approximately to that for incipient natural white spots.

If enamel surfaces are exposed to freshly prepared solutions of calcium and phosphate salts above pH 6.9, the softened enamel may be rehardened. Optimal conditions at 37’ are approximately: calcium concentration, 1 to 2 mM/I; Ca/P ratio I .67; pH 7.3; and fluoride concentration, 0.05 mM/l. The solutions are metastable, and the pH drops below 6.9 after 30 to 60 min. Fresh calcifying solutions are used when the pH drops below 6.9.

Under such conditions, the hardness may be increased from 150 KHN to about 300 KHN in 3 to 4 hr. When the teeth had been previously softened below about I50 KHN, the recovery after exposure to rehardening solutions was less complete.

Such solutions produce an increase of about 10 per cent in the hardness of ground surface enamel and of intact surface enamel, not softened previously.

Saliva alone produces some rehardening of softened enamel, and the conditions affecting this action of saliva are under study.

Freshly prepared rehardening solutions were incorporated in the bacteriological medium used for the production of i/z vitro caries by oral bacteria. Calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions were studied singly and in all combinations. The combination of all these ions, as expressed for the optimal conditions above, completely inhibited the in vitro caries. The combination of calcium and fluoride ions inhibited significantly, but the other combinations were relatively ineffective.

Resume-La durete, aprb polissage, de l’email dentaire est normalement de 300 unites Knoop (UK), et constitue un temoin sensible de I’ttat de sa surface.

Si une dent est exposee pendant 10 a 12 heures a un tampon lactique 0,001 N, ti pH $0 et a 35’C, cette durete baisse lineairement jusque quelque 100 UK, valeur semblable a celles qu’on mesure aux taches blanches de caries debutantes.

Les surfaces ainsi ramollies peuvent etre ensuite endurcies par des solutions phos- phatees convenables, & des pH superieurs B 6,9. Cet effet est optimal a 37OC, pour des solutions contenant I a 2 mM/l de Ca ++ et 0.05 mM/l de F-, ou le rapport Ca/P est de I,67 et le pH de 7,3. De telles solutions, metastables, doivent etre remplacees apres 30 a 60 minutes, quand leur pH est tombe a 6,9. Au contact de ces solutions, l’email ramolli recouvre en 3 a 4 heures sa durete d’origine; la recuperation est moins complete si le ramollisement avait abaisse la durete au-dessous de I50 UK.

Ces solutions durcissent de quelque 10% (en UK), I’email de dents intactes et celui de dents polies non ramollies au lactate.

*This paper is published in abbreviated form; Dr. Pigman kindly presented it at very short notice.

[I331

Page 2: Rehardening of softened tooth enamel

134 WARD PIGMAN. T. KOULOURIDES AND H. CUETO

La salive elle-meme endurcit quelque peu l’email ramolli, dans des conditions actuellement a l’btude. Les solutions d&rites ont Cte incorporees aux milieux bacteriens propres a produire des lesions carieuses in vitro: elles y inhibent toute production de lesions. Une etude factorielle montre que I’efficacite du melange revient a cet Cgard, pour la plus grande part, a la presence simultanee des ions Ca+ + et F-.

Zusammenfassung*-Messungen der Zahnschmelzhlrte stellen eine empfindliche Methode dar, urn Verlnderungen in der Schmelzoberfllche zu erkennen. Schmelz zeigt normalerweise eine Harte von ungefahr 300 Knoop-Hlrtegraden (KHG). Werden Zahne einer gepufferten 0,001 N-Laktatliisung bei einem pH von 5,O ausgesetzt, dann nimmt bei 35’C in 10 bis 12 Stunden die Harte linear ab bis auf ca. 100 KHG. Diese HPrte entspricht ungefshr derjenigen der weissen, milchigen Schmelzflecken.

Werden Schmelzflachen einer frisch zubereiteten Calcium- und Phosphatsalzlosung bei einem ungef;ihren pH von 6,9 ausgesetzt, dann wird erweichter Schmelz gehartet. Bei 37% sind die optimalen Bedingungen gegeben durch: Calcium-Konzentration I bis 2 mM/l; Ca/P-Verhlltnis 1,67; pH 7,3; Fluor-Konzentration 0,OS mM/l. Diese Losungen sind metastabil; ihr pH fallt in 30-60 Minuten unter 6,9. In diesem Falle mussen die Losungen frisch zubereitet werden.

Unter diesen Bedingungen wird die Harte von I50 KHG in 3-4 Stunden auf cu. 300 KHG erhoht. Wenn die Zlhne vorher unter 150 KHG enthartet wurden, war die erhartende Wirkung der Liisungen weniger vollstandig und blieb unter 300 KHG.

Werden solche Losungen auf intakte Schmelzoberflachen appliziert, die nicht vor- g&gig anthartet wurden, dann nimmt die HPrte urn cu. 10 % zu. Auch Speichel allein ergibt eine gewisse Hlrtung des vorglngig enthlrteten Schmelzes; zur Zeit werden der Mechanismus und die Bedingungen, welche diese Wirkung regieren, untersucht.

Urn den Kariesangriff durch Mundbakterien in vitro zu untersuchen, wurden frisch zubereitete hlrtende Losungen dem Kulturmilieu zugesetzt. Calcium, Phosphate und Fluoride wurden einzeln und in verschiedenen Kombinationen experimentiert. Der in vitro Kariesangriff wurde durch die oben beschriebene optimal hartende Losung total gehemmt. Die Calcium-Fluorid-Kombination inhibiert signifikant, wahrend alle anderen Kombinationen relative unwirksam waren.

* Siehe Fussnote, p. 133.