rehva_032006_p2412

1Presidents LetterWellcome to Supportors of REHVA...

EditorRehva Journals Role on EPBD

News 49th General Assembly of Rehva Sustainability Focus of ASHRAE

Satellite Broadcast Cold Climate HVAC 2006 New Eurovent Document EPBD Concerted Action

Article The Implementation of the EnergyPerformance Directive ThroughoutEurope

Article HVAC and The Energy Performance ofBuildings Directive: Challenges andOpportunities

Article Energy Performance of BuildingsDirective (EPBD): Influences onEuropean standardization and onVentilation and air-condition Industry

ArticleChilled Beams - A Versalite Solution

HVAC EventsInternational HVAC Meetings,Congress, Seminars, Symposiums,Announcements

REHVA World-Members TTMD Turkey A.G.F.R. Romanian

Books REHVA Technical Memorandum REHVA Guidebooks

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34rehva journal 1/2006

contentsrehva journalMarch 2006 1st Quarter

Rehva BoardPresident

Prof.Dr. Olli SappanenVice Presidents

Prof.Dr. Peter NovakNuman Sahin

Prof.Dr. Francis AllardProf.Dr. Michael Schmidt

Marianne Lilja WittbomDr. Zoltan Magyar

Gold MedalsProf. Dr. Ole Fanger

Prof. Dr. Klaus W. UsemannProf. Dr. Branislav Todorovic

Honory FellowsNeville Billington

Henry MeijerEric Ericsen

Mario CostantinoWalter J. Knoll

Prof. Dr. Branislav TodorovicFerenc Meszaros

Ben Bronsema

Honory PresidencyNicolas Gomez

Rehva SecretariatPO Box 82, 1200 Brussels 20

BelgiumTel: 32-2-514.11.71

Fax: 32-2-512.90.62e-mail: [email protected]

www.rehva.com

Editorial CommitteeNuman Sahin

[email protected]. Dr. Hikmet [email protected]

Dr. brahim [email protected]

AdvertisingRehva Secretariat or National Associations

Contact via: www.rehva.com

Desinged by: Hazal [email protected]

DistributionREHVAs journal is distributed in 30 countries through

the member Associations and other InstitutionsThe views expressed in this journal are not necessary

those hold by REHVA or its member Associations.REHVA will not be under any liability whatsoever in

respect of contributed articles.

2As you may know the new articles and by-laws of REHVA make it possible also for pri-vate companies and other organizations to join REHVA as supporters of REHVA. Thispossibility will improve the communication between REHVA and HVAC- industry. Somecompanies have joined already, please visit our website www.rehva.com.

I would like to invite all member of REHVA to attract supporters to REHVA. We are looking specifically for multinational companies who would benefit thecooperation with an international organization like REHVA.

REHVA services to Supporters include* Free copy of each REHVA Guidebooks and reports* Name of the company in REHVA website under heading Supporters * Free publicity in the REHVA journal * Right to participate (one Representative and Spouse) to annual REHVA General As-sembly and related technical seminars * Membership in rehvaclub where supporters can meet the leaders and delegates ofREHVA national associations, leading scientists and experts of the HVAC world and otherdistinguished supporters during general assembly and special events.

This action is coordinated by REHVA Supporting Members Committee: Jan Afderheide(NL), Nicolas Gomez Gil (E), Marianne Lilja Wittbom (S), Renato Merrati (I), Per Ras-mussen DK), Numan Sahin (TR), Miro Trawnika, (CH), Maija Virta (FIN). Ms Siru Lnn-quist from FINVAC assists this committee ([email protected]).

One area of cooperation within REHVA members and supporters is the EU-projects. REH-VA is participating now in several projects which are related to Energy Performance Buil-ding Directive (EPBD). Most recent one is the EPBD-platform project, where REHVA isa member is team that develops on the request of commission a specific platform for exc-hanging information related to EPBD. The services for the platform will be useful for allREHVA members. The papers dealing with implementation of EPBD will be translated inseveral REHVA languages and are available for publication in journals of REHVA mem-bers. Some papers will be published also in the REHVA journal. Zoltan Magyar (HU) iscoordinating the translation and dissemination activity of EPBD-platform project withinREHVA.To get more information visit the website: www.buildingsplatform.org and later in thespring www.epbd.eu. REHVA journal starts the active follow up the implementation ofEPBD with this issue and will keep you informed during next three years.

Olli SeppnenPresident of [email protected]

Presidents Letter

Wellcome to Supporters of REHVA...

rehva journal 1/2006

3The most popular HVAC related issue in Europe in this time is EnergyPerformance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). We have reserved this issue especial-ly for this topic and most of the articles are related to the subject. Rehva Journalalso takes part in dissemination of the information coming from the Projects sup-ported by European Commission where Rehva is project partner... We will contin-ue having EPBD related articles in the next issues and publish Zoltan Magyar'sarticle in the next one.

Publishing Committee of Rehva and our member VDI-TGA from Germany haveorganized a Panel Discussion to be held during the Light & Building Fair on 23rdof April The representatives of the leading Building Management Companiesand the experts will discuss the The role of Building Manegement Systems onEPBD between 15.00 - 17.30 hours. We invite all members of our sector to partici-pate to this free activity. The place will be announced during the fair. We expectthis gathering to bring new ideas for our performance in realisation of BuildingsDirective...

In the next issues; we will concentrate on the following subjects; having 4 issues atthe end of each quarter of a year. We will appreciate your close follow up andsending articles in these subjects:z Heat Pumps and Applications (also covers using Earth)z Architect-Engineer Cooperation for Environmental (Green) Buildings and

Natural Ventilation,z Low Temperature Heating- High Temperature Coolingz Maintenance and Cleaning of HVAC Systems and the impact on Energy

Efficiency and Hygiene z Energy Usage and Efficiency in Buildings and Environmental Impact

Further issues will be:z Renewable Energy sources and applications in Buildings z HVAC in High Rise Buildings z Indoor Air Quality and Effect on Working Performance z Safety in Buildings and Fire Protection z Hygiene in Sanitary and Plumbing

Although we have the priority in the written schedule, Editorial Committee decid-ed to leave the writers free to write anytime they are willing to write an articlewe will gather the related ones whenever ready

Rehva Journal is getting better and being distributed in nearly 30 countries Lookforward to see our readers with us and develop the journal together

Very truly yours,Numan SahinVice President, Chairman of Publishing [email protected]


Editor

rehva journal's role on EPBD

IMPORTANT NEW EUROVENT DOCUMENT 6/8Recommendation for calculation of energy consumption for air handling units.During the work on Life Cycle Cost of Air Handling Units the participants in the Eurovent WG 6C realised that it was necessary to specifyexactly how to calculate the energy consumption. It was decided that a specific Eurovent Recommendation will be prepared. The draft hasbeen extensively discussed by the Group and the Recommendation was finalised and published as Eurovent Document 6/8. The basic purpose of this Recommendation is to prescribe a model for all energy calculations so that results from different manufactureswill be comparable. The energy costs will form the main part in a Life Cycle Cost calculation. A software program for these energy cal-culations is available in conjunction with the recommendations. The program can also be used for validation of similar calculations inother applications e.g. suppliers software programs.The guides and software provides a tool for providing consistent interpretations of the calculated energy costs. As engineering judgmentis required for entering data and assumptions are made in the analysis this softwaredoes not provide 100% accuracy. It is important that all input data and assumptions aredetailed when documenting the analysis or presenting the results of an analysis to athird party. When using the Eurovent software this data is presented along with theresults.

The document is available for free down loading from the Eurovent/Cecomaf website.A CD-rom with the software needed for calculation is included with the printedRecommendation and may be obtained from Eurovent Office in Paris for 100 .

49th General Assemblyof REHVATo be held in Moscow, Russia, from May18th to May 20th 2006, Tentative program isgiven below:

18th May: Meeting

19th May: Registeration, meetings of RehvaCommittees, and Meetings of workinggroups.

20th May: Official port (annual report, finan-cial report, Rehva vision, budget etc.).

Scanvac Young Researchers Awardfor Miimu AiraksinenDr. Miimu Airaksinen was presentedwith the Young Researchers Award2005 of Scanvac at FinVAC meetingin MIkkeli, Finland. Miimu Airaksinenis Senior Special Researcher at VTTAFATechnical Research Centre ofFinland.Airaksinen completed her doctoral dis-sertation in 2003 with the topicMoisture and Fungal Spore Transportin Outdoor Air- ventilated CrawlSpaces in Cold Climate.Today she is one of the leading expertsin energy-efficiency in building designand construction in Finland.

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Nina IonEurovent62 Boulevard de Sebastopol75003 Paris, Francetel : 33 1 49 96 69 80fax : 33 1 49 96 45 10e-mail : [email protected]

5th International Cold Climate Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning Conference organized by ABOK willdirectly follow REHVA General Assembly, from May, 21st - 24th 2006. contact: www.abok.ru/cc2006.

COLD CLIMATE HVAC

Sustainability Focus ofASHRAE SatelliteBroadcastInformation about building sustainability principles, prac-tices and emerging concepts will be presented in the freeApril 19, 2006, satellite broadcast and Webcast,Sustainability and the Building Environment. The pro-gram will take place from 1-4 p.m. EDT.

Registration opens today for satellite broadcast site coor-dinators and Webcast participants. Registration opensMarch 15 for satellite broadcast site participants. To reg-ister or for more information, visit www.ashrae.org/green-buildingsbroadcast.

European Building PerformanceDirective Concerted ActionEuropean Building Performance Directive Concerted Action: aninstrument to improve the good implementation of the Directive.

The European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildingsposes significant challenges for EU Members States in term of thepractical details of the transposition. The European Commission hasconsequently established a series of initiatives to try to overcomethese difficulties and move towards a certain degree of harmonisationon a voluntary basis.

On of the main initiatives towards promoting the dialogue betweenthe Members States is the Concerted Action (CA), funded by theIntelligent Energy-Europe Program of DG TREN.

http://www.epbd-ca.org/

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EIE-project ENPER-EXISTThe fifth newsletter of the EIE-project ENPER-EXIST (Applying the EPBD to improve the EnergyPerformance equirements to Existing Buildings) isready and will inform you with additional informationand interesting links on the following items in con-nection with the EPBD: - Belgium (Flemish region): Implementation of theenergy performance regulation on the 1st of January Read more about the status of implementation of theEPBD in the Flemish Region and the draft of theirenergy certificate here. - Programme of the 2nd workshop of ENPER-EXISTat EPBD conference in Budapest, May 2006 ENPER-EXIST will hold its second workshop as a joinedevent together with EPA-NR and EP-Label at theEPBD conference in Budapest. The title of the work-shop is "Asset, tailored, operational - Is there a pre-ferred rating method?". Study the planned programmehere. - The EPBD Buildings Platform A new EU project tosupport the EPBD implementation in the MemberStates was started at the beginning of 2006. Thenewsletter offers information on the planned work. - ENPER-EXIST insights: WP5 Dissemination .Learn about the total offer on dissemination within theENPER-EXIST project. - Summary of the 1st Eco-buildings symposium inBerlin. On November 2005 the first common sympo-sium of the EU 6FP eco-buildings projects "BRITA inPuBs", "SARA", "Demohouse" and "Eco-culture"took place in Berlin. For those not being able toattend, read here the summary of the event. - 3. EnSan-Symposium on "Raumlufttechnik imBestand" (air-conditioning systems in existing build-ings) Find information on the 3rd symposium of theGerman demonstration project ENOB, which will beorganised in March in Stuttgart including a link to theregistration form. http://www.enper-exist.com/pdf/news/Newsletter_ENPER-EXIST_5.pdf

Accelerating measures to improve energy efficiency inbuildings organised by the Renewable Energy and EnergyEfficiency. Partnership (REEEP) in collaboration withEuroACE (The European Companies for Energy Efficiencyin Buildings) and EURIMA (The European Insulation

Manufacturers Association) to discuss the excitingprospects that are opening up for the building sector in theview of recently adopted European legislation on energyefficiency.

FROM WORDS TO ACTION

Prof.Dr. Francis Allard received Honarary Doctarate from RomaniaFrancis ALLARD, professor at La Rochelle University, France, anddirector of the LEPTAB (Laboratoire d'Etudes des Phenomenes deTransfert Appliques au Batiment) laboratory since 1992, has receivedon the 4th of July 2005 the title of Doctor Honoris Causa from theTechnical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania.Professor ALLARD is also vice-president of the REHVA associationsince 2002. The scientific council of TUCEB appreciates the researchwork of M. ALLARD focused on thermal and mass transfer phenom-ena within the buildings, together with their application to the controlof ambient parameters of the enclosed occupied spaces, in order toassure thermal and acoustic comfort or good indoor air quality.

REHVA participates in the project as aleader for dissemination.

REHVAs Next World Congress will beorganized by FINVAC in Helsinki - Finland, during 10-14 June 2007Dead-line for abstracts 15 Oct 2006Dead-line for papers 15 Mar 2007Contact: www.clima2007.org, [email protected]

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1. IntroductionThe European Union pro-motes energy savings inbuildings by putting intoforce the Directive2002/91/EC, whereas allMember States shall bringinto force the laws, regu-lations and administrativeprovisions necessary tocomply with this Directi-ve. Proposed measures aresummarized to: a metho-dology for integratedenergy performance stan-dards, application of suchstandards on new and re-novated buildings, to es-tablish certification schemes in M.S. for all buildings,inspection of boilers/heating and cooling installations.In order to assist professionals to comply with the Direc-tive 2002/91/EC, a dynamic vocational training tool isunder development through the European project EEBD(Electronic European Building Directive).The professionals concerned by the Directive2002/91/EC are also potential end users of the projectedvocational tool and they were targeted among eight dif-ferent professionals domains: building designers andarchitects, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electri-cal and electronic engineers, building experts, buildingservice engineers, building managers and planners, andpostgraduate students in the energy efficiency in buil-dings. A questionnaire was designed and disseminatedtoward these professionals in order to identify potentialend users of the tool and to collect their specific demandsfor vocational training. Each region has priorities regar-ding the measures that the Directive 2002/91/EC forcesand these priorities formulate also the needs for vocatio-nal training needs. The vocational training needs werestudied through a survey submitted to more than 1000concerned professionals: more than 150 engineers perparticipating countries and to more than 100 engineersfrom other countries using REHVAs and BSRECs net-work. Through this review conducted throughout all Eu-ropean regions, 950 responses were collected from Juneto December in 2005.

The submitted questionna-ire was designed in orderto take a census of the pro-fessionals profiles, theknowledge level of the Di-rective, the information le-vel, the specific needsabout the Directive andthe interest level in thisproject. In order to obtaina representative amount ofresponses from the diffe-rent Europeans regions asfrom the different profes-sions, the questionnairewas translated in five lan-guages (English, Finnish,French, German and Gre-ek) and broadcasted thro-

ugh different media (hardcopy or electronic form) andduring conferences or seminars. As EEBD is an electro-nic project and as the Internet users are steadily increa-sing (35% of the population is using Internet throughoutEurope and this percentage is steadily increasing), an on-line questionnaire was set up, and a specific website forthe project is under development (http://www.eebd.org).

2. The Concerned Professionals ProfilesThree criteria were chosen to define the professionalsprofiles, and one could give several responses in order todefine precisely enough ones professional profile:

D Eight employer categories (building designers and arc-hitects, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electricaland electronic engineers, building experts, building servi-ce engineers, building managers and planners, and postg-raduate students in the energy efficiency in buildings).

D Six expertise areas (architecture or building design,HVAC, building technology, electrical/controls/IT,energy consulting, student).

D The country.The repartition of employers categories shows that a lar-ge majority of responses were given by designers (35%),the other categories are represented in an almost equallevel (around 10%), except for the associations category(3%). The targeted professionals appear to fit globally

The Implementation of the Energy Per formanceDirective Throughout Europe

A review of the vocational training need for the EPBD throghout Europe

Emmanuel BOZONNET Francis ALLARD

LEPTAB Universit de La Rochelle France.e-mail: [email protected] - [email protected]

the proposed employers categoriesas 81% of them correspond to at le-ast one of the proposed categories.The repartition of expertises areasshows that all the targeted areaswere represented by the sample,with a majority from the HVACand energy consulting (32%),which are maybe the most concer-ned by the Directive, or at least fe-eling the most concerned.The repartition of the collected res-ponses origin is more irregular asit can be seen on Figure 1.The majority of the responses werefrom Bulgaria (26%), Austria (25%),United Kingdom (12%), Greece (11%), France (6%),Finland (4%) and Estonia (2%). The regions of the pro-jects partners are obviously well represented in compa-rison with other countries.Regarding the responses rates and the observed differen-ces for the countries and professionals profiles, some pa-rameters can partly explain these ones: the questionnai-res spreading channels used and their effectiveness, thedifference of concern feeling due to cultural differencesbetween countries or professions, the time necessary toanswer, etc. However, these distributions of the respon-ses for the 3 criteria can certainly be explained by themotivation to answer the questionnaire which is linked tothe professionals profiles. This motivation is somewhatdriven by the specificities of information and the sensiti-zation of the targeted professionals. Then, it depends onits employers category, expertise area and from the dif-ferent regions where information on the Directive seemsto be different as it appears through further analysis ofthe questionnaire and detailed in the next parts.

3. Information And Interest In The Project VersusThe Vocational ProfileFour questions about professional information and futu-re interest in this European project were asked in the qu-estionnaire. It appears that a low part of interviewees(31% of the total) were informed about any trainingprogram or seminar concerning this Directive, at thetime these questionnaires were diffused. A lower part(23%) had not already attended any meeting or seminar.However, a large majority (88%) is interested in the fu-ture use of the projected vocational training tool (EEBDproject aim). There can be a bias from this result on theinterest in the tool as the obtained answers often comefrom interested people who have taken time to answerthis survey. However, the crossed analysis on the profes-sionals profile and these responses is valuable for thetraining tool design and the understanding of the vocati-onal needs. Then, the responses were processed regar-ding the employers category, the expertise area and thecountry.

The results are presented here (seeFigure 2) regarding the consideredcategory (horizontal axis), and therelative population of each cate-gory is highlighted by the diameterof the corresponding mark.The less informed professionalsare designers, manufacturers,contractor and installers: around80% of them had not already at-tended a Directive informationmeeting or workshop, and aslightly lower percentage wasinformed of future seminar ortraining program. The informati-on appears to be better amongassociations, researchers and te-achers or in facility management

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Figure 1. Repartition of the questionnaires answers by country.

Figure 2. Information about the Directive by meeting or seminars and interest in the use of theEEBD project, repartition for each employers category1.

(more than 30% of informed pe-ople). Globally, people from allemployers categories are highlyinterested in the future use ofthe electronic project, with aslightly lower level among themanufacturers (81%) and the re-searchers and associations cate-gory (87%).The same crossed analysis wasconducted versus the expertise are-a of the interviewees (see Figure 3)and shows similar results.The information level seems to bethe lowest (around 23%) in the fi-elds of architecture or building de-sign, electrical/controls/IT areaand among students. The energyconsultants look to be the best informed (around 35% ofthem). Finally all these categories are highly interested inthe future use of the project. Whereas the levels of infor-mation (between 20 and 30%) and the level of interest(around 85%) vary slightly versus the employers cate-gories and the expertise areas, the disparities are morenoticeable between the countries, see Figure 4.Through these results it appears that a low percentage ofinterviewees had already attended a Directive infor-mation meeting or workshop in Greece (12%), Bulgaria(16%) and France (21%). Besides, this percentage washigher in Estonia (40%), United Kingdom (36%), Fin-land (35%) and Austria (30%). The differences appear al-so in the lower interests level of the future use of theEEBD training tool in Estonia and Bulgaria, whereas it isabove 90% in the others countries.

4. An Assessment Of The ProfessionalsAwareness OfThe Directive Main PointsThe interviewed professionals were asked some questi-ons of self-assessment about their knowledge of somegeneral points of the Directive. The questions were gene-ral from Have you heard about the Directive? to morespecific ones like Did you know that the directive willinclude the specific requirement to inspect and evaluateof the efficiency of boilers?. Globally, the more the qu-estions were precise about the Directive, the less the res-ponses were positive. From these responses, a level ofknowledge of the Directive has been defined in order toanalyse the results versus the vocational profile: eachresponse was coded as 1 or 0, and the relative level wasobtained by the expression of this level on a percentageform. This relative level of Directives knowledge isvaluable to understand more precisely the training needsas to define the different vocational profiles.

A first analysis was conducted ac-cording to the employers cate-gory, see Figure 5.This repartition shows little diffe-rences between employers catego-ries with a relative calculated levelaround 60%, except for the facilitymanagement category (68%) andthe associations (77%). This relati-ve level repartition is also interes-ting to analysis throughout the ex-pertise area, see Figure 6.This repartition highlights thatthe less informed targeted cate-gory is in the area of expertise ofarchitecture and building design(57%) and electrical/controls/IT(56%), whereas the energy con-

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Figure 3. Information about the Directive by meeting or seminars and interest in the use of the E-EBD project, repartition for area of expertise.

Figure 4. Information about the Directive by meeting or seminars and interest in the use of theEEBD project; repartition for the different countries: Bulgaria (BG), Austria (AU), United Kingdom(UK), Greece (GR), France (FR), Finland (FI), Estonia (EE) and others European countries (EU).

sultant are the best informed witha level of 69%. This repartitionlooks to be more regular betweenthe different countries except forsome, see Figure 7.Globally the relative level ofknowledge appears to be around70% for the different consideredcountries except for Bulgaria andGreece where this level fall to 41and 49%. This difference may bepartly explained by the informati-ons differences between these co-untries as showed in the precedentparts. Actually, the highest levelsare obtained in Austria and Estoni-a where the information of intervi-ewees was the largest.

5. The Vocational Training Tool:A Possible Response To Specificdemands Toward The DirectiveAnd Its EffectsThrough the questionnaires res-ponses, and more specifically fromone opened question about specifictraining needs, the projected voca-tional training tool happens to be apossible response to a real demand.Long and largely argued answerswere given by a non negligible partof the interviewees (more than35%) and these responses de-monstrate a deep interest and curi-osity about the Directive and itsconsequences. From the processand the aggregation of all respon-ses, 11 points or main questionswere highlighted: calculation met-hods and software, standards, clas-sification, certification procedure,inspection, building regulation andelectric installation consequences,HVAC and hot water equipmentsconsequences, energy efficiency ofthe Directive, Energy sources andrenewable energies place, costconsequences, training needs andgeneral information. The repartiti-on between these different needs isrepresented on Figure 8, the total issuperior to 100% as different res-ponses could be given.

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Figure 5. Relative level of Directives knowledge vs. employers category.

Figure 6 Relative level of Directives knowledge vs. area of expertise

Figure 7. Relative level of Directives knowledge vs. country.

This repartition highlights a lot ofdemands for general informationand trainings (around 40%), forwhich the projected training tool issuitable. Two others specific pointsappear to be essential from the col-lected responses:The calculation methods and thesoftware use (18%): this point ma-inly concerns designers who arethe larger part of the survey, and al-so an important target of the pro-ject.The certification procedure (20%):this point concerns all professio-nals categories, as this will be theactual result of the different studiesand/or controls.A lot of questions are about the practical implementa-tion of EPBD in Europe in general, and more specifi-cally in each country. This global curiosity appears al-so in the demand for information about the differencesbetween the countries and their application of theEPBD Directive.

6. The Energy Performance ConsiderationThis study highlights some questions about the Directiveon Building Energy Performance with some differencesfrom the different vocational profiles which were identi-fied. These differences can be also explained with the ac-tual practice of energy performance of the professionals.According to the interviewees, more than a half of theprofessionals (54%) declare that they take already intoaccount energy performance in their project, mainly bycomputer simulation (25%). However, some variations

appear from the different employers categories, see Fi-gure 9.The energy performance appears to be less consideredamong manufacturers and installers (41%) whereasamong facility management category and associations ahigher level is attained (around 70%). However thereare differences in practice between these categories:building specifications are preferred in facility manage-ments category, in administration and government cate-gory and among installers, whereas for almost all othersprofessionals the computer simulation tool is preferred(mainly in the R&D category with a level of 34%). Themanual calculation seems to be preferred by the buildingowners and managers category. Besides, the crossedanalysis with the expertise area shows very low differen-ces between the identified categories, see Figure 10.For all these categories the computer simulation ispreferred to the manual calculation and the building

specifications (except for the stu-dents). The manual calculationand the building specificationsare globally used in a same pro-portion, around 18%. The highestlevel of energy performance con-sideration is found to be amongthe HVAC, energy consultantsand students categories (64%).Finally, the results are stronglyvariables between the consideredcountries, see Figure 11.The energy performance seems tobe considered very differently ac-cording to the country. In Bulgariaand Greece only 40% and 36% ofinterviewees declare to take intoaccount energy performance, whe-

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Figure 8. repartition of the different identified informations needs about the Directive from the qu-estionnaires responses to question 14.

Figure 9. Energy performance consideration vs. employer category.

reas high levels are obtains in France (91%), Finland(73%) and Estonia (80%). Moreover high differences ap-pear also in the tools: in Greece, as in Estonia, the manu-al calculation looks to be preferred, in United Kingdomthe building specifications are the most used, whereas ot-hers mostly use computer simulations. However, these results have to be carefully used as thequestion is a self assessment and specificity in somecountries can explain the obtained differences. For examp-le, in France (66% of computer simulations use), the useof the regulation simplified software is often considered asthe use of a computer simulation.

7. ConclusionRegarding the set up of the European Directive on buil-ding energy performance, the understanding of professi-onals demand and their practice is crucial for its success.For the different countries, significant differences were

observed in the information leveland the professionals practices.However, the presented analysisthrough the vocational profile gi-ves more details. As the majorityof the concerned professionals arestrongly interested in the develop-ments of this project (88%), it hasbeen shown that the informationlevel of the different categories isvariable, and that the categories ofHVAC, building technology andenergy consultants seem to be thebest informed. The numerous col-lected comments demonstrate alsothat there is actually a large de-mand for further information wha-tever are the expertise area and theEuropean region. The training toolshould answer to this demand byinformation on the modality of Di-rectives set up and specificities inthe different countries. Yet, thereare a many questions about regio-nal differences in regulations as inenergy performance in buildings.Part of this information will be ava-ilable through the EEBD interactivetool in English, German andFrench. The translation in these lan-guages appears to be necessary inorder to inform a large amount ofprofessionals. General directivesinformation as regional specific in-formation will be available andtranslated. The details will be given

for each country in their own language.The vocational training tool will propose interactive con-tent in relation with the specified professional profile. Inthis first approach, it appears that the demand is mainlyabout the calculation methods and software used, and thecertification procedure.Finally, the tool as a web interactive content should evol-ve according to the end user demand which will certainlyevolve too, as the implementation of the Directive willprogress throughout Europe.

References:(1) The graphic represents the employers category on the horizon-tal axis, and the percentage of the response Yes on the verticalaxis in each category. The diameter of each point is proportionalto the population of each category; this representation mode is va-luable to highlight most representative categories and will be usedfor the other results.

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Figure 10 - Energy performance consideration vs. expertise area

Figure 11. Energy performance consideration vs. country.

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1. IntroductionThe Energy Performance of Buildings Di-rective (EPBD) has been approved in De-cember 2002 and was published in the Offi-cial Journal of the European Communitieson January 4 2003. As a result, the 25 EUmember states have to implement a seriesof legal measures before January 4 2006.In this paper, the context of energy perfor-mance regulations is first briefly describedand the major features of the EPBD are pre-sented. Then, the paper is focused on thechallenges to be met for creating an envi-ronment that really stimulates the designand construction of energy efficient buil-dings with good indoor climate conditions.This is followed by a discussion regardingthe challenge of keeping the proceduressufficiently simple and at the same time sti-mulating improved energy performance.

2. Why An Energy Performance Approach And WhyNow?There are clearly some remarkable trends in the expressionof requirements:In the seventies, eighties and the beginning of the nineties,many countries have set up standards and regulations con-cerning minimum requirements regarding the thermal insu-lation of buildings. Often, this was combined with require-ments regarding the minimum efficiency of heating systems.This approach was quite logical since many buildings werepoorly insulated (due to which transmission losses represen-ted the bulk of the heating losses) and equipped with heatingsystems with poor performances;In the eighties, several regulations inc-luded the so-called passive solar per-formances of buildings (use of free so-lar gains in winter time) whereby mi-nimum requirements concerning thenet heating demand were imposed;Due to the increased importance ofsummer comfort and cooling, the po-tential contribution of renewable e-nergy sources, the relative and some-times absolute increase in the energyuse due to ventilation, the widening ofthe scope of regulations to non-do-mestic buildings in which e.g. the pri-

mary energy use for lighting is often veryimportant, there is since the beginning ofthe nineties a strong tendency for setting uprequirements whereby attention is paid tothe total energy use of buildings.

3. Main Features Of The EnergyPerformance Of Buildings Directive3.1. Objective Of EPBDAs stated in Article 1 of the EPBD, the ob-jective is to promote the improvement ofthe energy performance of buildings withinthe Community, taking into account outdo-or climatic and local conditions, as well asindoor climate requirements and cost-effec-tiveness.

This Directive lays down requirements as regards:a) the general framework for a methodology of calculationof the integrated energy performance of buildings;b) the application of minimum requirements on the energyperformance of new buildings;c) the application of minimum requirements on the energyperformance of large existing buildings that are subject tomajor renovation;d) energy certification of buildings; ande) regular inspection of boilers and of air-conditioning sys-tems in buildings and in addition an assessment of the heatinginstallation in which the boilers are more than 15 years old.

HVAC and The Energy Performance of BuildingsDirective: Challenges and Opportunities

a methodology of calculation of theintegrated energy performance of buildings

minimum requirements onthe energy performance of new buildings

minimum requirements for large existingbuildings that are subject to major renovation

energy certification of buildings

regular inspection of boilers and of air-conditioning systems in buildingsM

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Figure 1. Requirements in EPBD and timing.

Peter [email protected] Van Orshoven

X. Loncour

Belgian Building ResearchInstitute

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3.2. Timetable For EPBDIn Article 15, the following is stated:1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulationsand administrative provisions necessary to comply with thisDirective at the latest on January 4 2006. They shall forth-with inform the Commission thereof.When Member States adopt these measures, they shall con-tain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompaniedby such reference on the occasion of their official publica-tion. Member States shall determine how such reference isto be made.2. Member States may, because of lack of qualified and/oraccredited experts, have an additional period of three years(corresponding with January 4 2009) to apply fully the ro-visions of Articles 7, 8 and 9. When making use of this op-tion, Member States shall notify the Commission, providingthe appropriate justification together with a time schedulewith respect to the further implementation of this Directive.

4. General Framework Of The Requested Calculation MethodThe annex of the EPBD specifies the required characteris-tics of the calculation method.

5. Challenges For An Energy Performance CalculationIt is probably possible for member states to implement regula-tions which formally meet the EPBD requirements but whoseimpact in reality is limited and/or resulting in adverse effects.In order to implement an Energy Performance Regula-tion that really achieves environmental and societalquality, a whole range of challenges have to be de-alt with (Figure 2).

1. An EP approach must focus on the overall energy con-sumptionThe total energy consumption of the building and its instal-led appliances has to be considered, whereby certain as-sumptions have to be made with respect to various boun-dary conditions.

2. Special attention to indoor climateAn EP approach must pay explicit attention to the indoorclimate conditions. Of particular interest is the thermalcomfort in summer and the indoor air quality.

3. Performance oriented proceduresAs much as possible, the whole EP approach must be basedon a performance-oriented approach. This does not necessa-rily mean that the whole calculation procedure must be exp-ressed in performance terms, but that the method is foundedon a performance based philosophy. This is especially cru-cial for allowing the principle of equivalence.

4. Procedures in line with CEN standardsIt is clear that EP procedures should be based as much as pos-

1. The methodology of calculation of energy performances of bu-ildings shall include at least the following aspects:

a. thermal characteristics of the building (shell and internal par-titions, etc.).

These characteristics may also include air-tightness;b. heating installation and hot water supply, including their insu-

lation characteristics;c. air-conditioning installation;d. ventilation;e. built-in lighting installation (mainly the non-residential sector);f. position and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate;g. passive solar systems and solar protection;h. natural ventilation;i. indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate.

2. The positive influence of the following aspects shall, where re-levant in this calculation, be taken into account:

a. active solar systems and other heating and electricity systemsbased on renewable energy sources;

b. electricity produced by CHP;c. district or block heating and cooling systems;d. natural lighting.

Challenges:

1. Approach focusing on total energy use

2. Specific attention for indoor climate

3. Performance oriented procedures

4. Procedures in line with EN standards

5. Principle of equivalence: scientific aspects

6. Attention for design, component and

execution performance

7. Designer orieted software support

Challenges:

8. Various levels of complexity in procedures

9. Consultation with building sector

10. Correct boundary conditions for various actors

11. Easy access to reliable input data

12. Appropriate requirement levels

13. Legal framework for principle of equivalence

14. Clear procedures allowing effective control

15. Effective system for compliance checking

16. General awareness, training.

EP-Standard calculationprocedure

EP-requirementsand practical implementation

Figure 2. Challenges for and interaction between EP calculation and legislation aspects.

EP-calculations EP-legislation

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sible on the CEN standards. A practical problem is the fact thatcertain procedures are not yet approved as EN-standard.In order to facilitate the implementation of the EPBD, the E-uropean Commission has given a mandate to CEN for deve-loping a whole range of standards.

5. Open platform for innovation: coherent scientific philo-sophy with respect to the principle of equivalenceIt is crucial that the whole EP philosophy takes from the be-ginning the principle of equivalence into consideration. Itmeans in practice that one should have a correct philosophyfor allowing in a later phase a correct assessment of theprinciple of equivalence.

6. Attention for design, component and execution perfor-mancesIt is important to have not only good component performan-ces but also a good design and a correct execution. Therefo-re, an EP approach should pay attention to these 3 aspects.As far as legislation is concerned, the execution aspects canonly be included in the assessment if proof of compliance isrequired after construction (dossier as built).

7. Support by means of designer oriented software

6. Challenes For An Energy Performance LegislationAn Energy Performance legislation specifies the minimumperformance level, whereby the agreed Energy Performancecalculation method has to be used as determination method or,if not fully covered by the method, use can (partly) be madeof the principle of equivalence. In order to have an effectiveapproach, a whole range of requirements has to be met, e.g.:

8. Various possibilities for proving compliance with requi-red performance level, with specific attention for simplifiedprocedures for simple projects.Especially for small projects and/or projects with very clas-sical techniques and/or in a market which makes little use ofspecific consultancy on building physics, there may be a ne-ed for a simple procedure aside the fully elaborated EP cal-culation method. Such approach is in principle almost purelydescriptive. The other extreme is the approach that is requi-red for applying the principle of equivalence. It may requi-re detailed calculations going far beyond the fully elaboratedEP calculation and it is mainly performance based.

9. The preparation of the procedure should include consul-tation with all stakeholdersImplementing an EP legislation should be preceded by con-sultation with the various partners: designers, industry,building contractors, consumer organisations. This is im-portant for various reasons: to inform, to obtain feedback onthe applicability in practice.

10. Correct boundary conditions for various stakeholdersIn order to achieve a successful implementation of an EPapproach, it is important that the various stakeholders

(architects, building contractors, investors, building ow-ners, administration) have appropriate boundary conditi-ons that motivate them to correctly apply the regulationsand/or to take actions that increase the probability for acorrect application.

11. Easy access to reliable product dataReliable and well-defined product data are essential in-puts for applying an EP procedure. This means that, firstof all, there must be appropriate determination procedu-res. Moreover, industry must make these data availablewhereby easy access by the users is important. As far aspossible, there should be default data for most productsand systems, which should be an underestimation of thereal performances.

12. Requirement levels which are performance oriented andachievable by the marketAn EP regulation can contribute to a better environmentaland societal quality if the levels of requirement are on the o-ne hand sufficiently severe for stimulating better buildingdesign, technology and execution and if on the other handthese levels are achievable by the market.- In a first phase, the building sector must become famili-

ar with the new approach. Therefore, sufficient timeshould be allowed between the adoption of the new le-gislation and its effective application on new buildings.One year seems to be appropriate;

- Later on, the requirements can/should be gradually inc-reased. This has e.g. been done in the Netherlands whe-re the required EP level (based on NEN 5128) was in thebeginning 1.40 (1996), then it became 1.2 (1998) andsince January 2000, it has become 1.0.

13. Legal framework for the application of the principle ofequivalenceGiven the importance of the principle of equivalence as ameasure for correctly assessing innovative approaches, a le-gal framework for proof of compliance is needed. The aut-hors believe that it is not realistic to expect from a commu-nal civil servant to correctly assess such approaches and, the-refore, an assessment procedure at a higher level is required.

14. Clear procedures allowing effective controlGiven the building practice in certain countries, it is not evidentto assume that regulations are well respected. A way for increa-sing compliance with regulations is to require proof of compli-ance with the regulation after construction (and not only whenrequesting a building permit) and this for the following reasons:- It allows to pay attention to the execution aspects;- The motivated architects are in a stronger position to im-

pose the desired performance;- The motivated builders know quite well the composition

of their building. They will have the possibility of chec-king the conformity between the dossier as built andthe reality;

- The material producers and building contractors are in astronger position;

- As a result, the governmental officials will no longer bethe only controllers, since motivated building owners,architects, material producers, building contractors andpossible buyers of the building are becoming able tocarry out control;

- The risk of non-compliance with the regulations strong-ly reduces and it will lead to more energy efficient buil-dings and a better environmental performance of the bu-ilding stock;

- Finally, a dossier as built is at the same time an idealbasis for the energy certification as foreseen in article 7of the EPBD.

15. An effective system for checking compliance with the re-gulationA legislation without an effective control system will inmany cases not be very well respected. A legislation that isbased on a proof of compliance after construction stronglyenlarges the number and type of persons who can check theworks. Nevertheless, there is still a major role for the admi-nistration to set up a framework for carrying out randomcontrols and for taking appropriate measures in case of non-compliance.

16. Actions in relation to creating general awareness, trai-ningIt is probably in many cases important to pay sufficient at-tention to informing the market about the philosophy andadvantages of an EP approach. Moreover, appropriate trai-ning programmes are crucial.

7. Implementation Of CPD And EPBD: Similarities AndDifferencesThe CPD (Construction Product Directive) and EPBD (E-nergy Performance of Buildings Directive) have becomevery common terms in the European building language. Inthis paragraph, attention is given to some major similaritiesand differences. - A major similarity is that it are both European Directives.

They contain instructions to the Governments of allMember States which must comply with them. A series ofmeasures must be adopted in line with the requirementsof the Directive and this before the specified deadline.

- Another similarity is that both directives apply to theEuropean building sector.

- A major difference concerns the requested type of mea-sures: the CPD is focusing on free movement of const-ruction products (with specific attention to standardsand technical approvals) whereas the EPBD is obligingthe member states to impose minimum requirements interms of the energy performance of buildings.

- Another major difference has to do with the time scale tobe respected by the member states:

o For the CPD, member states have, among others, toimplement the relevant CEN standards and towithdraw conflicting national standards within a gi-ven time scale. However, member states can only ta-ke action once the CEN standards are available. In1988 (adoption of CPD), it was expected that CENwould be able to prepare the required actions withina time scale of only a few years. In practice, thiswork is only now coming for most of the workingitems in a final stage. As a result, the pressure formeeting the CPD requirements has for a long timebeen mostly on CEN related work and less on themember states.

o For the EPBD, the situation is completely different.The timescale is very clear and the member statescannot justify a delay by referring to CEN or otherorganisations since the EPBD does not impose to u-se CEN procedures nor allows a delay if certain pro-cedures are not available at CEN level. The manda-te given to CEN in the context of the EPBD doesntchange this.

- Another major difference between CPD and EPBD con-cerns the degree of uniformisation of procedures. TheCPD is clearly leading to a rather high level of simila-rity of national standards since the CEN standards haveto be fully implemented. In case of the EPBD, there is areal risk that the non-availability of certain crucial cal-culation methods will lead to a rather wide range of na-tional procedures. As far as HVAC systems are concer-ned, there may be substantial differences in assessingthe energy performances of such systems.

8. How to Combine Sufficiently Simple Procedures With Pushing Increased Energy Efficiency?The EPBD imposes all member states to implement anenergy performance calculation procedure and to requireminimum energy performance levels for all new buildings.In practice, this means that at a European level more than amillion of persons (architects, consultants, material suppli-ers, building contractors, building owners, administration,) will be directly or indirectly confronted with the natio-nal implementation(s) of the EPBD. Since for most of thesepeople, the energy performance of buildings is just one ofthe many aspects they have to deal with, it is evident to re-quire that such regulations should be kept as simple as pos-sible.

Keep it simpleThere probably is a wide consensus that EP regulations sho-uld be kept as simple as possible. In practice, what does it me-an? Should the target be to have a simple list of necessary me-asures? Should a method be more than 510 pages?An example may illustrate some issues of concern. Assu-me that you are a decision maker and that you have thechoice between 2 similar buildings but with some dif-ferences:

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- One building has a condensing boiler, the other buildinghas an ordinary boiler;

- One building has a heat exchanger with an efficiency of60%, the other of 80%;

- One building has efficient luminaries with daylight com-pensation and presence detection, the other not;

- One building has a lot of thermal bridges, the other not;- One building has a solar collector, the other not;- One building is very airtight, the other not;- One building has a high thermal inertia, the other not;- One building has a well designed control of solar gains,

the other not;- One building uses passive cooling, the other not.Many more potential differences can be listed. Probably, formost of these differences, a lot of people will agree that it isimportant that such differences should be handled (and re-warded) in an energy performance regulation.

9. A Correct Driver For Decisions Regarding Energy EfficiencyIn case a calculation method predicts a certain performance(e.g. the normalised primary energy consumption), a user ofthe regulation probably expects that the predicted performan-ce (or change in performance due to a modification) has a re-asonable degree of correlation with the performance to be fo-und in practice.In order to have a good correlation, it is important that:1. the performances at building level as predicted by the re-

gulation is a reasonable indication of the typical perfor-mances (for an average user) in practice;

2. the prediction by the regulation concerning the impact ofcertain technological measures is globally in line with thetendency in the reality.

The first aspect is receiving by many people a high prioritywhereas the second aspect is often receiving a lower priority.However, the second aspect is at least as important as the firstone. As an illustration, 3 alternative prediction models for acalculation method are evaluated in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Fi-gure 5.

The example of Figure 3 shows a model for which, on avera-ge, the building performance as predicted by the calculationmethod is of the same level as the real performance. As such,one can consider that the absolute level of the predicted per-formance is rather reliable.The example of Figure 4 clearly performs less good: the cal-culation method underestimates systematically the energyperformance and such a calculation method should be imp-roved.In the example of Figure 5, there is a slight underestimationof the calculation method and some correction might beuseful.Whereas the example of Figure 3 predicts on average theabsolute performance globally better than the example ofFigure 5, this is not at all the case if the predicted impact ofcertain modifications is evaluated. In the example of Figure5, there is a very good level of agreement between the pre-dicted and real variation in the energy performance. In Fi-gure 3, all possible relations are observed.For the 4 considered cases in Figure 3, the following re-marks can be made: Variation A:

Predicted variation of a certain technological modifica-tion is of the same order of magnitude as the real change inperformance.

Variation B:The calculation method predicts that the

technological modification gives a perfor-mance reduction whereas in reality there isan improvement.In case of a poorly designed air-to-air heatexchanger, it is possible that the gain (in pri-mary energy units) due to an improvement inthermal efficiency of the heat exchanger willbe completely lost by increased fan energyuse (due to higher pressure losses). If a cal-culation method only focuses on the thermalperformances of the heat exchanger without

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Figure 3. Predicted energy performance versus real performance: example of good globalcorrelation but poor prediction of change of performance (explanations in text).

Figure 4. Systematic underestimation of the performance by the cal-culation method.

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considering the fan energy, the predicted performances willbe the opposite of the real performances.Variation C:

The technological modification gives a significant impro-vement in real performance whereas the calculation methoddoes not at all consider this as a performance improvementA procedure which automatically considers a fixed energyreduction for daylight compensated luminaires without gi-ving attention to the building and window design is not ab-le to give a benefit for a good daylight design. Also if a fi-xed benefit is given to presence controlled lighting withoutconsidering the technology used, there is no motivation forindustry for making use of very energy efficient presencedetection systems.A procedure which doesnt take into account thermal masswill not give a benefit to the increase of the thermal massand as such not award the improved thermal comfort.Variation D:

The technological modification gives no improvementin real performance whereas the calculation method predictsa substantial performance improvement.Application of daylight compensated luminaires in officeswithout windows will in practice give no energy reductionat all. If the calculation method gives a fixed benefit fordaylight compensated lighting, also this benefit will be gi-ven to luminaires in rooms without daylight or for luminai-res installed at a distance of 6.15 meters from windows.If a preference has to be made among the 3 models, the aut-hors clearly prefer the model presented in Figure 5. Altho-ugh in absolute terms not very precise, it gives the correcttendency as far as technological modifications are concer-ned. Such approach will effectively stimulate the use of mo-re energy efficient technology.Complexity in balance with importance Many decision ma-kers (architects, ) are not specialists with respect to thecalculation of the energy performance of buildings. Moreo-ver and especially for many small dwellings, the appliedtechnology doesnt require very complex calculations forshowing compliance with the regulations. Therefore, it isimportant that EP procedures are adapted for various degre-es of complexity. In practice, the use of default values forcertain products or type of performances cansubstantially shorten the learning curve forbecome familiar with EP calculations and al-so for carrying out such calculations.

Examples:- The standard EN ISO 6946 deals with the

calculation of the U-value of cavitywalls. The method needs as input datathe number of mechanical fasteners perm of wall, the thickness and thermalconductivity of the mechanical fasteners,the percentage of mortar joints and theconductivity of the mortar. A precise col-

lection of such data is completely unrealistic for (most)architects. By using default values (values which donthave to be proved), one can substantially reduce the cal-culation effort.

- For the estimation of the energy consumption due tolighting, one needs in principle information on the no-minal power of the luminaries. By using a default valu-e for ordinary luminaries (e.g. 20 W/m), the work issubstantially simplified and it is up to the user to decidewhether or not to use this default value.

- Thermal mass is an important element in a strategy ofpassive cooling. It is essential that this parameter is ta-ken into consideration but it should also be avoided thatfor ordinary

small projects the determination of the thermal mass requi-res a lot of building data.

10. No Barrier For InnovationAn EP regulation can be a major stimulus for the market up-take of innovative energy efficient technologies. However,it also can be a barrier if the procedures dont have a consis-tent framework for handling innovative systems.

Example:During recent years, demand controlled ventilation, hybridventilation, night cooling strategies, are technologieswhich have received a lot of interest in research activities aswell as in a whole range of demonstration projects and inmore commercial projects. At present, many regulationsdont have clear procedures for handling such systems. Ifthe result of such lack of procedures would be that thesesystems dont receive a benefit, it is clear that an EP regula-tion will be a (major) barrier for such systems.This issue has been studied in the framework of the ECRESHYVENT Project. It seems quite realistic to expectthat, especially during the first coming years, certain typesof advanced HVAC concepts will not be well covered in theenergy performance regulations as used in the various EUcountries. As such, an energy performance regulation can bea barrier for the implementation and market uptake for suchstrategies.

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Figure 5. Predicted energy performance versus real performance: example of moderateglobal correlation but good prediction of change of performance.

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11. Limiting Unnecessary Differences Between MemberStates And Regions The EPBD allows each member state to develop its ownprocedure and differences are even allowed between regi-ons in a member states. However, many industries, archi-tects and consultants are active in several regions or statesand uniformity in qualitative procedures is highly apprecia-ted by them. Moreover, different procedures will substanti-ally increase the development cost of such procedures andthe updating. Therefore, the European Commission has setup different support measures for stimulating uniformisati-on in the national approaches and to facilitate the imple-mentation of the EPBD.Of particular importance are the following measures:- The mandate given by the European Commission to

CEN for developing standards for 31 mandates;- The EPBD Concerted Action, which acts as a central

meeting point for the policy makers in the differentmember states (www.epbd-ca.org);

- A series of SAVE projects focusing on different aspectsof the EPBD and with the aim to support the memberstates in the implementation.

12. Energy Performance Regulation: An Open PlatformFor Innovation And CreativityThe availability of cost-effective innovation technologieswith respect to indoor climate and energy efficiency is not aguarantee for its large-scale application by the building sec-tor. Many users are not able to correctly assess the benefitsof certain innovations. Moreover, creative solutions forimproving the indoor climate and/or energy efficiency arenot always understood by the decision makers. An EP app-roach has the potential to stimulate innovation and to pro-mote creative solutions.In Figure 6, various possible actions (all aiming to improvethe energy efficiency of a building) are compared with res-pect to their investment and the energy savings (in EPterms). In principle, an EP approach must allow to assess allrelevant technological improvements. As far as the variousmeasures have no other advantages, an EP approach will

orient the market to those measures with the best invest-ment-energy savings-ratio, which corresponds in Figure 6to those measures with the steepest slope. A major advanta-ge for governments is that one can focus on a single globalrequirement; the market forces can determine the most att-ractive options.

13. ConclusionsIn general, there is a tendency for increasing the number andseverity of the requirements regarding building performan-ces: environmental impact, acoustical performances, buil-ding security, durability, energy, . In principle, there is awide consensus that energy performance regulations shouldbe as simple as possible. However, and as illustrated in thispaper, there are a whole range of challenges for an energyperformance regulation. As a result, it seems impossible orat least not suitable to develop very simple methods sincesuch methods may have adverse effects. On the other hand,it has for many, especially small, projects little sense toconfront designers and other building partners with all thedetails of a very refined approach. One of the major challen-ges is to find an intelligent mixture between simplicity anddetail.In parallel with the calculation procedures, it is crucial topay sufficient attention to the implementation aspects ofsuch regulations. Success can only be achieved by meetinga whole range of challenges.There is no doubt that the European work on energy perfor-mance legislation will not reach its final stage in 2006 andeven not in 2009. It probably will be an iterative processwhereby there will be as function of time an improvementin the quality of the calculation procedures and in the prac-tical implementation aspects. Moreover, one should logi-cally expect on the longer term an increased level of unifor-mity of the procedures with a major role for the Europeanstandardisation activities.

References[1] CEC, COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 December 1988 on theapproximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisionsof the Member States relating to construction products (89/106/E-EC), European Commission, Brussels, 1989EPD CA.[2] EU DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC of the European parliament andof the council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance ofbuildings.[3] Wouters, P., Quality in relation to indoor climate and energy ef-ficiency: an analysis of trends, achievements and remaining chal-lenges, PhD thesis, University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve,2000, Belgium.[4] RESHYVENT project Cluster project on Demand ControlledHybrid Ventilation in Residential Buildings with specific emphasison Integration of Renewables - www.reshyvent.com.[5] SAVE-ENPER project, www.enper.org.[6] EN ISO 6946 - Building components and building elements -Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance - Calculation met-hod, August 1996.

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Figure 6. An EP approach stimulates the use of cost-effective measures.

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1. Introduction

EU Member States should have transposed intotheir national legislation the new EnergyPerformance of Buildings Directive (EPBD),by the beginning of 2006. This transpositionprocess is not yet completed in most countries,but full implementation of the key elements ison its way. To put the main elements of theEPBD not only in legislation but also into realpractice will still need many efforts onEuropean level and each Member State, but theelements are still the same: New buildings (res-idential, commercial, etc.) and a substantialnumber of existing buildings shall have anenergy performance certificate based on thecalculated energy performance of the building,and heating and air-conditioning systems abovea certain capacity shall be inspected regularly.

Under a Mandate issued by the Commission, CEN has pre-pared draft standards to support the implementation of theEPBD within a harmonised framework, to cover the require-ments for the energy performance calculations for buildingsand building services systems, ways of expressing energy per-formance, criteria for the indoor environment, inspection ofheating and air-conditioning systems and conversion to prima-ry energy.

This article presents information of the ongoing CEN work,including selected highlights from numerous discussions aroundthe subject. Some thoughts about the whole progress are pointedout, not only looking at standardisation but at EPBD implemen-tation as a whole. The importance to see the three main elementsas a whole and linked together is also discussed: energy perfor-mance requirements and calculations, energy performance cer-tificates, and inspections, are not independent of each other. Onebig challenge to our industry and to the whole profession is topromote good indoor environment in parallel with good energyperformance, and thus find more convincing arguments for moresophisticated technologies and services based on certified high-quality products. Good indoor environment and good energyperformance can be achieved together only if systematicallyconsidered in parallel from the early design stage - for exampleaccording to the chart in Figure 1.

My first article on this subject was published inEUROVENT/CECOMAF Review 68, October 2004 - andthe first follow-up in Review 74, April 2005. This article isotherwise technically identical with the second follow-uparticle published in Review 82, January 2006, with one addi-

tion the chart (Figure 1) was originally pre-sented in Review 74. (See www.eurovent-cecomaf.org, page "Review")

2. The Directive - Some Key Issues

In 2003 the European Commission issued anew directive on Energy Performance ofBuildings, often abbreviated as the EPBD,2002/91/EC [1]. This directive requires allmember countries by January 2006 have toimplement the directive in national buildinglegislation. To support the implementation, astandardisation mandate to CEN from theCommission has been issued.

A fact is that, in any case, each MemberState will prepare its own laws and regula-tions for EPBD implementation. - Eventhough in the beginning there are lots of dif-

ferences, Europe is already on the way towards harmonisedmethods and practices. Energy performance is in fact a com-plicated issue. If we go to details, there are several questionsstill open. In my previous article I wrote about the discussionsaround cooling load calculations. The recent CEN Enquirystages have brought up lots of other comments and questions,and even some main definitions would need further clarifica-tion. For example: what is the exact definition of "BUILD-

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)Influences On European Standardization And On Ventilation And

Air-conditioning Industry

Jorma RailioFinnish Association ofMechanical Building ServicesIndustries (FAMBSI), e-mail: [email protected]

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STAGE I-Basic architectural and structural design-Define TARGET LEVELS for--Energy Performance (e.g. A)--Indoor Environment (e.g. S1)-verify by calculation that the legal requirementsare fulfilled at standardised loads and operation

STAGE IIDesign/Energy performance certificate- the energy performance, based on standardusage shall be calculated for the real buildingand its selected building services systems, and for defined Indoor Environment class

-the Energy Performance class shall be at least as good as targeted and calculated at stage I. If not, then backcoupling to STAGE I

-Energy performance certificate - calculateusing the final product data (use of certifiedproducts should be encouraged and rewarded)

-the real energy consumption, based on the actualuse of the building, can be calculated separately, and it may deviate from the consumptionestimated for the certificate (standardconsumption)

final product data

Figure 1. Principles of design methodology for good energy performance andgood indoor environment. The same system and product data should be thebasis of inspections, too.

ING", "part of building", or "zone in a building"? In the CENwork for inspection standards, one difficulty is that in somecountries "ventilation" and "air conditioning" are almost thesame, but in some other countries these are two totally differ-ent things.

3. CEN Standardization Related To The EPBD

The standardisation mandate to CEN from the Commissionlists theWork Items (WI's) for five CEN Technical Committees(TC's). Some 2000 pages of text had been developed in anexceptionally tight time schedule - mostly technically complet-ed before the end of 2004, but final technical adjustments andeditorial work took their own time and the CEN Enquiry for thefirst drafts started in March 2005. By the end of November2005, all drafts have received their prEN numbers - and thenumber for each document will stay from now on, for the life-time of the final European Standard and its future revisions.

The target date of Formal Vote for the final drafts is August2006, and the scheduled date of availability of the Standards isFebruary 2007. The next months will show how these targetdates can be met.

The extent of the drafts has brought up a lot of discussion - "toomuch too soon - and is the text reliable?". The Enquiry has atleast questioned the quality of certain parts in the written mate-rial; several comments claim that the writers have not takeninto account the most recent scientific findings, or that someinformation in the texts is valid only in a limited part of Europeand/or only in certain types of buildings and systems.

Another question of concern is the fact that the directive leavesa lot of freedom for interpretations on national level, and it hasbeen very difficult to try to harmonise different national inter-pretations, which may rely on different existing national build-ing regulations, especially if these have been based on differ-ent philosophies - one example of this is the minimum ventila-tion rates. This concern is really justified from the manufactur-er's point of view. Companies are working more and moreinternational - different requirements, methods and practicescan make serious barriers for trade!

4. Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Indoor Environment

The Work Items (WI's) allocated to CEN/TC 156 were techni-cally finalized before the end of 2004, the only exception beingadjustments in WI 31 (prEN 15251). The titles of the draftshave changed several times during the writing process. Thepresent titles, still subject to change if needed, can be seen fromthe list of all WI's in the end of this article.

-prEN 15240 "Inspection of air-conditioning systems": WG10 (Convenor: Jorma Railio, Finland)

-prEN 15243 "Dynamic calculation" WG7 (Convenor:Gerhard Zweifel, Switzerland)

-prEN 15242 "Calculation of air flows" WG7 (task lead-er: Jean-Robert Millet, France)

-prEN 15241 "Calculation or ventilation energy" WG7 (taskleader: Jean-Robert Millet, France)

-revision of EN 13779 WG 7 (task leader: Jorma Railio,Finland)

-prEN 15239 "Inspection of ventilation systems" WG11(Convenor: Pierre-Jean Vialle, France)

-prEN 15251 "Criteria for indoor environment" WG 12(Convenor. Bjarne Olesen, Denmark)

Some words about the progress including the CEN Enquiry:

prEN 15240 Ventilation for buildings - Energy performance ofbuildings - Guidelines for inspection of air-conditioning sys-tems : As this is clearly related to Article 9 of the EPBD, theobjectives are rather clear. However, the definition of "air con-ditioning system" is a bit complicated if we think about a com-mon question: "is ventilation (or air distribution) included inthe air conditioning system":

"air conditioning system" - a combination of all componentsrequired to provide a form of air treatment in which tem-perature is controlled, possibly in combination with the con-trol of ventilation, humidity and air cleanliness"

The definition has been interpreted in many ways, and theEPBD Mandate includes separate work items for inspections ofair conditioning (prEN 15240) and ventilation systems (prEN15239 Ventilation for buildings - Energy performance of build-ings - Guidelines for inspection of ventilation systems). Muchis discussed about the extent of prEN 15240 - should it onlydescribe the minimum requirements and procedures of manda-tory inspection, and would it be possible to satisfy the differentneeds in different Member States as well as the needs for dif-ferent types of new and existing buildings, by means of classi-fication. And: should the 12 kW limit defined in Article 9 bedefined per unit or per building. Commission's interpretation isstill unchanged: buildings where the total installed power isover 12 kW are subject to regular inspection. However,Member States have also different interpretations - some adoptthe Commission's interpretation, some others define the limit12 kW per zone". Furthermore, should the inspection be limit-ed to the generation side and exclude distribution? Article 9 is,however, applicable to systems using air handling unitsequipped with cooling coils.

Even though several CEN members have wished to mergeprEN 15240 and prEN 15239, this merger is not possible dueto contractual reasons. The Mandate specified two differentWork Items. If we look the "merge or not to merge" questionfrom the technical point of view, there is not a single correctanswer to it. Especially in Nordic countries, "ventilation" and"air conditioning" are typically provided by more or less cen-tralised systems and the difference is typically only in thenumber of air treatment functions in the air handling units. Inwarmer climates the difference is clear as ventilation and air-conditioning are typically separated from each other. So,there will be two different standards, but attention will bepaid in further editing to make the two standards comple-

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mentary, referring to each other, with minimum duplication oftext.

prEN 15243 "Ventilation for buildings - Calculation of roomtemperatures and of load and energy for buildings with roomconditioning systems" presents a method for hour by hour cal-culation for all cases which cannot be covered by simplifiedmethods. The draft aims to describe the procedure for the useof calculation methods for different room related purposes suchas room temperature calculation, room cooling and heatingload calculation, and room energy calculation for buildingswith room conditioning systems, as an alternative or comple-ment to simplified calculation methods described in other stan-dards already existing. prEN 15243 includes several informa-tive Annexes which describe, among other issues, some exist-ing national models and methods applied in different energycalculations, plus some validation tools. Some parts of theseAnnexes are subject to revision after the CEN Enquiry, whichclosed in November 2005.

prEN 15242 "Calculation methods for the determination of airflow rates in buildings including infiltration" describes amethod to calculate the ventilation air flow rates for buildingsfor applications such as energy calculations, heat and coolingload calculation, summer comfort and indoor air quality evalu-ation. In the calculation, much attention will be paid on natural-ly ventilated buildings and infiltration, but also the performanceand air-flows in mechanical ventilation systems are discussed,including also estimates for unintentional leakages in the sys-tem (AHU's. ductwork). Even if the leakage calculation is justone of the many issues in the standard, it would be important topoint out the benefits of low leakages in the system from ener-gy point of view, and thus promote the use of high-quality prod-ucts in the ventilation systems. prEN 15241 "Ventilation forbuildings - Calculation methods for energy requirements due toventilation-systems in buildings" - describes the method to cal-culate the energy impact of ventilation systems in buildings tobe used for energy calculations, heat and cooling load calcula-tion. Its purpose is to define how to calculate the characteristics(temperature, humidity) of the air entering the building, and thecorresponding energies required for its treatment as the auxil-iaries electrical energy required. For example, prEN 15241gives possibilities to make calculations based on real productdata. This is indeed a very challenging issue for the AHUgroups CEN/TC 156/WG5 and EUROVENT WG6C. Thenewly completed EUROVENT AHU Energy Guideline takes amore product-oriented approach, but this work is a valuablecomplementary contribution there and may give a good input inthe future revision of the 15241.

prEN 15251 "Criteria for the Indoor Environment includingthermal, indoor air quality (ventilation) and light" is an impor-tant item to support the efforts for proper indoor environmentin parallel with energy performance. It is possible to specifydifferent classes for ventilation rate and acceptable space tem-perature range, and also for indoor air quality in a measurableway. Also the "system performance" standard under revisionwithin the EPBD work, EN 13779 "Ventilation for non-resi-

dential buildings - performance requirements for ventilationand room-conditioning systems", specifies several classes forcomfort and indoor air quality. One of the key issue is how toexpress the requirement for maximum summertime indoortemperature. Another new issue introduced in prEN 15251 isthe "overall index for indoor environment" - this should bedefined in parallel with the energy performance class which isthe key issue of the energy performance certificate. At the CENEnquiry for prEN 15251, some critical comments were pre-sented on the idea of overall index, but improved approaches tothis index are in preparation.

The relationships between the standards in preparation havebeen discussed in nearly all Working Groups in concern, witha lot of confusion. The outcome of the CEN Enquiry hasexpressed several needs to improve the texts and to clarify thescopes and borderlines. In the final stages of the preparatorywork after the CEN Enquiry, much attention has to be paid toefforts to minimise overlapping and duplication of texts, and towork for consistency between the drafts. One table was drawnup at the latest CEN/TC 156 plenary meeting to explain theborderlines between the different standards applied at thedesign of indoor environment. This table should also giveadvise how to clarify the borderlines between different draftsand to avoid unnecessary duplication of texts:

The table is only to clarify the different focuses of the docu-ments presented there. Actually, prEN 15243 will link these allmore closely together and provide a link between the ventila-tion and/or air conditioning system and the whole building, fur-ther to prEN ISO 13790 (WI 14), prEN 15203 (WI 4), prEN15217 (WI 2) etc. The relationships between all EPBD stan-dards will be explained in the so-called "Umbrella Document",which is still in preparation and will be published as aTechnical Report possibly by the end of year 2006.

5. Conclusions And Discussion

It is clear that the CEN work in 2004 was just the first steptowards harmonisation of European practices, and it will alsoreveal needs on product level for new standards and revisionsof many existing ones. Calculations, and further the certificatesand inspections, should actually be based on reliable productdata - this is also an opportunity to give priority to certifiedhigh-quality products and advanced indoor environment tech-nologies. However, many countries tend to prefer simplifiedapproaches based on "typical product data", or default values.

The work from now on, for the Formal Vote stage, must be seenas "the end of the beginning". It is unrealistic to expect 100%consistency between all drafts, a full description of their rela-tionships and a fully harmonised framework within the existingschedule. A statement was drawn up recently at the CEN/TC 156plenary to emphasise the needs for early revisions, in fact a needfor continuous review was also pointed out in the statement.

Another challenge - and this is a big challenge to EuropeanHVAC profession as a whole - is related to the extent of infor-

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mation. The concern on the extent of the present drafts is welljustified. On the other hand, there is a huge need of more spe-cific information about how to apply the EPBD and theStandards, for example how to perform the required inspec-tions in residential buildings, schools, offices, hospitals etc.

The introduction to prEN 15251 says "An energy declarationmakes no sense without a declaration related to the indoorenvironment ". It is now a real challenge to our industry. If we

just look at the energy performance, the EPBD may become athreat to our industry - but if we promote good indoor environ-ment hand in hand with good energy performance, the EPBDwill provide lots of opportunities and challenges.

References

[1] Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of thecouncil of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of build-ings. European Commission

TABLE: References List of EPBD STANDARDS

List of Mandated Work Items and standards related to the EPBD. After the end of Enquiry, the CEN Working Group responsiblefor the preparatory work will start the analysis of comments and to prepare the final draft for Formal Vote, within one year of theclosing date. During this revision process comments given to related standards have to be taken into account as well.

Title

Umbrella document, Overview of relations between EPBD standardsEnergy performance of buildings - Methods of expressing energy perfor-mance and for energy certification of buildings I (merged with WI-3)Energy performance of buildings - Overall energy use, primary energyand CO2 emissions

Energy performance of buildings - Ways of expressing energy perfor-mance of buildings (merged with WI-1)

Energy performance of buildings -Assessment of energy use and defi-nition of ratings

Energy performance of buildings - Inspection of boilers and heatingsystems.Ventilation for Buildings - Energy performance of buildings -Guidelines for the inspection of air-conditioning systems.

Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system ener-gy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 1: General

Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system ener-gy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 2.1: Space heating emis-sion systemsHeating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system ener-gy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 2.2: Space heating gen-eration systems:Part 2.2.1. Combustion systems (Boilers)Part 2.2.2. Heat pump systems Part 2.2.3. Thermal Solar systems (including DHW)Part 2.2.4 The performance and quality of CHP electricity and heat(incl. on-site and micro-CHP)Part 2.2.5. The performance of quality district heating and large volumesystems.Part 2.2.6. The performance of other renewable heat and electricity.Part 2.2.7. Biomass combustion systemsHeating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system ener-gy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 2.3: Space heating dis-tribution systemsHeating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system ener-gy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 3. Domestic hot watersystems:3.1 characterisation of needs (tapping requirements)3.2 distribution3.3 generation

Ventilation for Buildings - Calculation of room temperatures and ofload and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems

Number

CR abcd

prEN15217

prEN15315

- (see 1)

prEN15203

prEN15378

prEN15240

prEN15316-1

prEN15316-2-1

prEN15316-

4-1

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

prEN15316-2-3

prEN15316-

3-1

3-2

3-3

prEN15243

End of Enquiry

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