relationship between trade liberalization, growth and bop in developing countries_ timothy mahea

8/6/2019 Relationship Between Trade Liberalization, Growth and BOP in Developing Countries_ Timothy Mahea

1/28

Ynfoq`lm{g`z inqtnnm

Qyoan F`inyof`{oq`lm&

Dyltqg oma Iofomkn lhZopcnmq{ `m Anxnflz`md

Kl~mqy`n{2

Om Nklmlcnqy`k

[q~ap

O{gle Zoy`eg

GTTO A@[K^[[@LM ZOZNY

Goci~yd`{kgn{ Tnf#T`y{kgoh{#Oykg`x 'GTTO)Goci~yd @m{`~n lh @mnymo`lmof Nklmlc`k{

9::1


2/28

Goci~yd`{kgn{ Tnf#T`y{kgoh{#Oykg`x 'GTTO)

Goci~yd @m{`~n lh @mnymo`lmof Nklmlc`k{

Mn~ny B~mdhnym{`nd 9? 9:;14 Goci~yd& Dnycomp

Qnfnhlm2 :1:,197 ;1 ;>>

Qnfnhow2 :1:,197 ;1 1>?

n#co`f2 gttoJgtto-an@mnymn2 gz2,,ttt-gtto-an

Qgn GTTO `{ o cnciny lh2

T`{{nm{kgoh{dncn`m{kgoh Dlhy`na T`fgnfc Fn`im`r 'TDF)

Oyin`{dncn`m{kgoh an~{kgny t`y{kgoh{t`{{nm{kgohf`kgny Hly{kg~md{`m{`~n

'OYDN)

O{{lk`o`lm a@m{`~{ N~ylznm{ an Klmblmk~yn Nklmlc`q~n 'O@NKN)
mailto:[email protected]://www.hwwa.de/http://www.hwwa.de/mailto:[email protected]


3/28

GTTO A`{k~{{`lm Zozny

Ynfoq`lm{g`z inqtnnm Qyoan

F`inyof`{oq`lm& Dyltqg oma

Iofomkn lh Zopcnmq{ `m Anxnflz`md

Kl~mqy`n{2Om Nklmlcnqy`k [q~ap

O{gle Zoy`eg

GTTO A`{k~{{`lm Zozny 978

gz2,,ttt-gtto-an

Goci~yd @m{`~n lh @mnymo`lmof Nklmlc`k{ 'GTTO)

Mn~ny B~mdhnym{`nd 9? 9:;14 Goci~yd& Dnycomp

n#co`f2 gttoJgtto-an

Qg`{ zozny to{ zynzoyna tg`fn gn o~gly to{ x`{``md gn Goci~yd @m{`~n lh

@mnymo`lmof Nklmlc`k{& Goci~yd& Dnycomp- Qgn o~gly t`{gn{ l gome Ay- Koy{nm

Gnhneny oma zoy`k`zom{ o gn {nc`moy hly gn`y ~{nh~f klccnm{ oma gn Fnxnyg~fcn

Qy~{ hly gn Ncny`~{ otoya-

Na`na ip gn Anzoycnm Tlyfa Nklmlcp

Gnoa2 ZA Ay- Koy{nm Gnhneny


4/28

GTTO A@[K^[[@LM ZOZNY 978

B~fp 9::1

Ynfoq`lm{g`z inqtnnm Qyoan

Fìnyof`{oq`lm& Dyltqg oma Iofomkn

lh Zopcnmq{ `m Anxnflz`md

Kl~mqy`n{2Om Nklmlcnqy`k [q~ap

OI[QYOKQ

Qgn libnk`xn{ lh g`{ zozny oyn l {~ap gn `czok lh fìnyof`{o`lm lm yoan anh`k`{ oma

k~yynm okkl~m{ lh anxnflz`md kl~my`n{- @ `{ nwznkna go yoan fìnyof`{o`lm tl~fa

zylcln nklmlc`k dyltg hylc gn {~zzfp {àn ip fnoa`md l o clyn nhh`k`nm ~{n lh

yn{l~ykn{& ip nmkl~yod`md klczn``lm& oma ip `mkyno{`md gn hflt lh àno{ oma

emltfnadn okyl{{ mo`lmof il~maoy`n{- Qyoan fìnyof`{o`lm kl~fa fnoa l ho{ny `czly

dyltg gom nwzly dyltg oma gnmkn gn {~zzfp {àn inmnh`{ cop in lhh{n ip gn

~m{~{o`moifn iofomkn lh zopcnm{ zl{``lm- Qg`{ {~ap ~{n{ zomnf aoo lh 19 kl~my`n{

'ilg `cn#{ny`n{ oma kyl{{#{nk`lm a`cnm{`lm) l n{`con gn nhhnk lh yoan

fìnyof`{o`lm oma dyltg lm yoan iofomkn tg`fn klmylff`md hly lgny hokly{ {~kg o{`mklcn nyc{ lh yoan- Qgn cobly h`ma`md lh gn {~ap `{ go yoan fìnyof`{o`lm

zylcln{ dyltg `m cl{ ko{n{& 'Zoy ? lh g`{ {~ap) gn dyltg `{nfh go{ o mndo`xn

`czok lm yoan iofomkn oma g`{ `m ~ym kl~fa goxn mndo`xn `czok{ lm dyltg gyl~dg

anny`lyo`lm `m yoan iofomkn oma oaxny{n nyc{ lh yoan- L~y klmkf~{`lm `{ go yoan

fìnyof`{o`lm kl~fa klm{yo`m dyltg gyl~dg oaxny{n `czok lm iofomkn lh zopcnm{-

Enp Tlya{2 Zomnf aoo& @mklcn Qnyc{ lh Qyoan& Apmoc`k Lz`c`{o`lm& Apmoc`k

zomnf clanf

BNF#Kfo{{`h`ko`lm2 K9?& K99& K9;& H?;& H?1& H;9

O{gle Zoyèg

[kgllf lh Nklmlc`k{ oma [lkòf [~a`n{

^m`xny{`p lh No{ Omdfò& Mlyt`kg

MY1 4QB& ^m`na E`mdalc

Zglmn2 %11#?8:;#>094?1

How2 %11#?8:;#9>:1;1

n#co`f2 O-ZoyègJ~no#ok#~e
mailto:A.Parikh@uea-ac-ukmailto:A.Parikh@uea-ac-uk


5/28

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@mqyla~kq`lm

Qg`{ {~ap nwnma{ gn zynx`l~{ tlye 'Zoyèg oma [`yi~& 9::1) tgnyn {o`k clanf{ goxn

innm ~{na l {~ap gn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan fìnyof`{o`lm oma nklmlc`k dyltg oma

gn bl`m `czok lh fìnyof`{o`lm oma dyltg lm yoan iofomkn- L~y zynx`l~{ clanf{ oma

omofp{`{ kom in ~{nh~f l ayot knyo`m `mhnynmkn{ i~ lgnyt`{n& ` to{ omofp`koffp fn{{

{ylmd o{ gnyn nw`{na zylifnc{ lh {nyòf klyynfo`lm t`g nklmlcny`k n{`co`lm lm

zomnf ly `cn {ny`n{ aoo- Clynlxny& {znk`h`ko`lm lh yoan iofomkn ynfo`lm{g`z aà ml

klm{àny o c~f`xoyòn apmoc`k {znk`h`ko`lm io{na lm lz`c`{o`lm gnlyp `m

`mnymo`lmof nklmlc`k{- Gltnxny& gn {~ap g`dgf`dgna {lcn cobly {n{ lh xoyòifn{

tg`kg kom in klm{ànyna `m o apmoc`k {n`md- Qgn libnk`xn{ lh g`{ {~ap oyn l nwoc`mn

gn `czok lh fìnyof`{o`lm& dyltg oma yoan zlf`kp xoyòifn{ lm gn yoan iofomkn oma

k~yynm okkl~m iofomkn{ `m o zomnf hyocntlye hly anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ tgnyn gn aoo

oyn hly nokg kl~myp lxny `cn oma gn{n kl~my`n{ oyn off ynona ldngny- Tn of{l

n{`con apmoc`k clanf{ lm zomnf aoo-

Tn h`y{ anh`mn gn k~yynm okkl~m `m o clyn ozzylzyòn commny gom b~{ gn yn{à~of

hylc gn iofomkn lh nwzly{ lh dlla{ oma {nyx`kn{ fn{{ `czly{ lh dlla{ oma {nyx`kn{- O

k~yynm okkl~m anh`k` kom in anh`mna o{ gn kl~myp{ nwkn{{ lh `mxn{cnm lxny {ox`md{-

Gltnxny& gn {ox`md oma `mxn{cnm hflt{ ynzlyna `m comp mo`lmof `mklcn okkl~m{ al

ml klmhlyc kfl{nfp l gn gnlyn`koffp klyynk klmknz{ lh {ox`md oma `mxn{cnm tgnm

`mnymo`lmof kozòf cli`f`p `{ nwnm{`xn- G`{ly`koffp& k~yynm okkl~m iofomkn{ tnyn

{coff `m zl{#?01> zny`la- @m`òffp g`{ to{ inko~{n lh lhh`kòf yn{y`k`lm{ lm

`mnymo`lmof kozòf clxncnm{ o{ cl{ `ma~{yòf`{na kl~my`n{ k~yynmk`n{ tnyn

`mklmxnyìfn ~m`f ?0>0- Ohny gn noyfp ?04:{ mn `mnymo`lmof kozòf hflt{ goxn

nwzomana o{ o yn{~f lh znylalffoy ynkpkf`md& gn ynclxof lh comp `ma~{yòf kl~myp

yn{y`k`lm{ lm `mnymo`lmof zopcnm{ hlfflt`md gn oalz`lm lh hflo`md nwkgomdn yon{

oma gn nkgmlfld`kof nxlf~`lm `m gn h`momkòf `ma~{yp- Qg`{ cnom{ go tn goxn l

klm{àny anh`m``lm lh k~yynm okkl~m tg`kg `{ {nm{``xn l kozòf `mhflt{ oma l~hflt{

`mkf~a`md {nyx`kn zopcnm{-


6/28

9

@m {nk`lm 9 lh gn zozny tn zylxàn klczoy`{lm lh gn ankoan ?00:{ t`g ?07:{ `m nyc{

lh yoan iofomkn oma nklmlc`k dyltg `m anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ oma ynd`lm{ lh gn{n

anxnflz`md kl~my`n{- @m {nk`lm ; tn zylxàn o clanf l f`me yoan iofomkn ly k~yynm

okkl~m t`g gn alcn{`k dyltg- Qg`{ `{ io{na lm gn klm{~cz`lm {cllg`md zy`mk`zfn

hly gn mo`lm oma hlfflt{ apmoc`k lz`c`{o`lm ~many k~yynm okkl~m klm{yo`m- @m

{nk`lm 1& gn klyyn{zlma`md apmoc`k clanf `{ n{`cona ~{`md apmoc`k zomnf aoo

nkgm`q~n- Tn h`y{ offlt hly gn nmaldnm`p lh dyltg xoyòifn `m {~kg o zylkna~yn oma

gnm tn znyc` lgny xoyòifn{ l in ynona nmaldnml~{fp t`g dyltg- @m {nk`lm >& tn

oncz ynd`lmof omofp{`{ hly tl ynd`lm{ mocnfp Ohy`ko oma Fo`m Ocny`ko '`mkf~a`md

O{òm kl~my`n{) oma zyn{nm {lcn lh gn klmyo{`md hno~yn{ lh gn yn{~f{- [`mkn tn

goxn lmfp {coff m~ciny lh O{òm kl~my`n{ `m l~y {oczfn& o {nzoyon omofp{`{ to{ ml

klma~kna ofgl~dg gnp hlyc o zoy lh gn 19 kl~my`n{ oma of{l lh Fo`m Ocny`kom

ynd`lm- @m {nk`lm 8& tn ayot {lcn klmkf~{`lm{ lh gn {~ap-

9 Mlm#h~nf nwzlyq`md anxnflz`md kl~mqy`n{ nwkf~a`md Kg`mo

Tn klm{àny gn zny`la ?07:#?070 ankoan oma klczoyn ` t`g ?00:#?000 ankoan o{ hoy

o{ yoan iofomkn oma k~yynm okkl~m anh`k`{ oyn klmknymna hly anxnflz`md kl~my`n{-

Qgnyn to{ o {ylmd `czylxncnm `m nwnymof iofomkn lh anxnflz`md kl~my`n{- Tg`fn gn

`czylxncnm `m gn nwnymof okkl~m{ a~y`md gn ky`{`{ oma oab~{cnm zny`la lh gn noyfp#

?07:{ tnyn o{{lkòna co`mfp t`g `czly klczyn{{`lm oma hoff`md dyltg& gn

ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm nwnymof okkl~m oma dyltg inkocn x`y~l~{ oma xnyp ~m~{~of hly

gn {gly zny`la intnnm ?07; oma ?07> tgnm nwnymof okkl~m{ `czylxna t`g y`{`md

dyltg- Qgnm& gnyn to{ o {ylmd anny`lyo`lm `m gn nwnymof zl{``lm intnnm gn pnoy{

?07477 oma gn cà#?00:{ t`g o {t`md ioke l o anh`k` fnxnf {`c`foy l go lh gn

zynx`l~{ ankoan- Qtl hno~yn{ lh gn zl{#?074 zny`la {oma l~- '`) Qgn zny`la ?0740:

to{ kgoyokny`rna ip `mkyno{`md nwnymof anh`k`{ oma {flt`md dyltg& `-n- o klm{nffo`lm&

tg`kg `{ kfnoyfp ~m{~{o`moifn `m gn flmd y~m- A~y`md g`{ zny`la comp anxnflz`md

kl~my`n{ of{l ~manytnm o ynd`cn kgomdn `m gn`y yoan zlf`kp `m gn {nm{n go gnp

a`{comfna q~omò`xn yn{y`k`lm{ oma yna~kna oy`hh{& oma go gnp co`mo`mna g`{

{omkn `m {z`n lh o tly{nm`md yoan okkl~m- @m lgny tlya{& gnp {lzzna ~{`md yoan


7/28

;

zlf`kp cno{~yn{ hly iofomkn#lh#zopcnm{ z~yzl{n{- '``) Nxnm gl~dg nklmlc`k dyltg `m

anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ z`kena ~z clanyonfp ohny ?00:& gn yon{ okg`nxna oyn o{{lkòna

t`g g`dgny nwnymof anh`k`{ 'l DAZ yo`l{) gom `m zynx`l~{ zny`la{- Qg`{ cnom{ go

lxny gn zo{ ankoan gnyn go{ innm om `mkyno{n `m gn nwnymof h`momk`md ynq~`yncnm

o{{lkòna t`g omp d`xnm dyltg yon- O{ o cony lh hok& gn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm

dyltg oma gn nwnymof zl{``lm lh gn zo{ hnt pnoy{ c`c`k{ go lh gn zny`la zy`ly l

gn nklmlc`k ky`{`{ lh gn noyfp#?07:{-

Qgn nxlf~`lm lh gn k~yynm okkl~m zl{``lm `m gn mlm#h~nf#nwzly`md#anxnflz`md

kl~my`n{ nwkf~a`md Kg`mo go{ innm foydnfp annyc`mna ip gn nxlf~`lm lh gn`y yoan oma

`mklcn okkl~m{& tg`fn gn`y iofomkn{ lm {nyx`kn{ oma k~yynm yom{hny{ goxn ml innm

{~ibnk l `czlyom kgomdn{ lxny gn zo{ gynn ankoan{-?

Qgn ankf`mn `m tlyfa `mnyn{

yon{ {`mkn ?070 go{ yna~kna gn zyn{{~yn lh ani {nyx`kn zopcnm{ lm gn k~yynm okkl~m

i~ g`{ go{ ml yom{fona `ml fltny k~yynm#okkl~m anh`k`{ a~n l gn ynmntna

anny`lyo`lm `m gn yoan okkl~m- Intnnm gn ?07:{ oma gn ?00:{& yoan anh`k`{ lh

anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ `mkyno{na {ylmdfp t`g gn yon lh dyltg ynco`m`md ip oma foydn

~mkgomdna- Qgnyn oyn o hnt mloifn nwknz`lm{ hylc g`{ io{`k zonym lh o {`c`foy

anh`k`,DAZ yo`l oma o fltny dyltg yon `m gn ?00:{ klczoyna t`g gn ankoan zy`ly l

?07:{2

gn oxnyodn nwnymof yoan zl{``lm lh anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ `mkf~a`md gn cobly

h~nf#nwzly`md kl~my`n{ go{ tly{nmna gyl~dgl~ gn zny`la5

gn dyl~z lh mlm#h~nf nwzly`md kl~my`n{ `m {~i#[ogoyom Ohy`ko go{ nwzny`nmkna

o tly{nm`md lh ilg `{ nwnymof zl{``lm oma `{ dyltg yon5

gn dyl~z lh mlm#h~nf anxnflz`md O{ò nwkf~a`md Kg`mo yo`{na `{ dyltg yon

tg`fn `czylx`md `{ nwnymof zl{``lm a~y`md gn ?07:{5 ` `{ gn lmfp ynd`lm hly

tg`kg gn ynfo`lm{g`z `m gn h`y{ gofh lh gn ?00:{ `{ ml {~i{omòffp a`hhnynm

hylc go `m gn ?04:{-

?

Qgn DAZ#yo`l lh gn {nyx`kn{ okkl~m go{ hf~k~ona intnnm : oma :-> zny knm& tg`fn go lh gn

k~yynm yom{hny{ go{ hf~k~ona intnnm ?-> oma 9-: zny knm- T`g gn h~nf#nwzly`md anxnflz`md

kl~my`n{ `mkf~ana& gn oxnyodn {nyx`kn{,DAZ yo`l inklcn{ :-7 l ;-: zny knm oma go lh gn k~yynm

yom{hny,DAZ yo`l : l :-7 zny knm- Hly ano`fna ncz`y`kof nxànmkn& {nn Qoifn O;? `m @mnymo`lmof

Clmnoyp H~ma& Tlyfa Nklmlc`k L~qflle& xoy`l~{ `{{~n{-


8/28

1

[o`{`kof nxànmkn {glt{ go ohny o klm`m~l~{ `mkyno{n lh ilg nwzly{ oma `czly{ lh

anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ a~y`md gn ?04:{& gn`y nwzly{ {odmona oma gn`y `czly{ aylzzna

a~y`md gn h`y{ gofh lh gn ?07:{- Ip klmyo{& ilg `czly{ oma nwzly{ goxn y`{nm

{ylmdfp {`mkn ?078- Flle`md o ynd`lmof {~i#dyl~z{ {~ddn{{ go gn ayo{`k

`czylxncnm `m gn yoan iofomkn lh mlm#h~nf anxnflz`md Ocny`ko a~y`md gn ?07:{ tnyn

a~n l o {f`dg `mkyno{n `m nwzly{ i~ co`mfp a~n l o xnyp {~i{omòf klczyn{{`lm lh

`czly{- Qg`{ klmyo{{ {goyzfp t`g gn nwzny`nmkn lh mlm#h~nf anxnflz`md O{ò

nwkf~a`md Kg`mo tgl{n yoan iofomkn `czylxna `m gn ?07:{ a~n co`mfp l o xnyp {ylmd

`mkyno{n `m nwzly{#klmyoyp l anxnflz`md Ocny`ko& `czly{ of{l `mkyno{na- Gnmkn& tg`fn

`czly klczyn{{`lm `{ fènfp l goxn kglena nklmlc`k dyltg `m anxnflz`md Ocny`ko&

y`{`md `czly{ tnyn o{{lkòna t`g y`{`md dyltg oma y`{`md nwzly{ `m anxnflz`md O{ò-

[~i#[ogoyom Ohy`ko `{ gn lgny anxnflz`md ynd`lm go nwzny`nmkna {ylmd `czly

klczyn{{`lm a~y`md gn ?07:{ oma& klmyoyp l gn {`~o`lm `m anxnflz`md Ocny`ko& g`{

nwzny`nmkn go{ ml xnyp c~kg `czylxna lxny gn zo{ hnt pnoy{-

@ma`xà~of kl~mqyp nwzny`nmkn

Qgn nwnymof yoan zl{``lm anny`lyona `m gn cobly`p lh kl~my`n{& tg`fn gn cobly`p lh

kl~my`n{ nwzny`nmkna y`{`md dyltg yon{ intnnm gn ?07:{ oma gn ?00:{- Gltnxny& ?>

l~ lh gn 90 kl~my`n{ t`g o anny`lyo`md nwnymof yoan zl{``lm oma y`{`md dyltgintnnm gn ?07:{ oma gn ?00:{ oyn `m anxnflz`md Ocny`ko 'Qoifn ?)- @ `{ of{l

mlntlygp go& intnnm gn ?07:{ oma gn ?00:{& off gn anxnflz`md kl~my`n{& tg`kg

goxn innm ohhnkna cl{ ip gn ynknm h`momkòf ky`{`{& '`-n- Iyor`f& @malmn{ò& Elyno&

Cofop{ò oma Qgo`foma) nwzny`nmkna o tly{nm`md `m gn`y nwnymof yoan zl{``lm oma g~{

om `mkyno{n `m gn`y nwnymof h`momk`md ynq~`yncnm{-

O znygoz{ {lcntgo {~yzy`{`md hno~yn `{ go [`mdozlyn `{ gn lmfp co`m nwzlyny lh

com~hok~yn{ tgl{n nwnymof yoan zl{``lm go{ `czylxna intnnm gn ?07:{ oma gn

?00:{& tg`fn go lh Glmd Elmd& Elyno& Cofop{ò& Cnw`kl& Qo`tom& Qgo`foma oma Q~yenp

go{ tly{nmna- @ {gl~fa ml in hlydlnm& gltnxny& go nwzly{ t`g o klczoyo`xnfp

g`dg#`mklcn nfo{`k`p lh ancoma nmklczo{{n{ o c~kg iyloany {znky~c gom

com~hok~yn{- [lcn kl~my`n{ `m gn {oczfn goxn innm oifn l `mkyno{n nwzly{ lh odyl#

`ma~{yòf dlla{& {~kg o{ hly nwoczfn Kg`fn& tgnyn nwzly noym`md{ hylc hy~` oma h`{gnyp


9/28

>

oma hlyn{yp zyla~k{ goxn& ldngny& klcn l y`xof gl{n hylc klzzny& oma g`{ go{ gnfzna

gny l okg`nxn ilg `mkyno{na dyltg oma om `czylxna nwnymof zl{``lm intnnm gn

?04:{ oma gn ?00:{-

; Qgnlynq kof io{n lh k~yynmq okkl~mq oma DAZ dyltqg ynfoq lm{g`z

@m g`{ {nk`lm tn zylzl{n o apmoc`k clanf l {~ap gn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm DAZ

dyltg oma yoan iofomkn l DAZ yo`l{- Qg`{ gnlyn`kof clanf `{ foydnfp hly anxnflzna

kl~my`n{ i~ ` zylxàn{ gn hyocntlye hly gn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan iofomkn oma

DAZ dyltg yon{ tgnm ani#DAZ yo`l `{ klm{om-

Tn klm{àny o {coff lznm nklmlcp `mgoi`na ip o ynzyn{nmo`xn odnm t`g om `mh`m`n`cn gly`rlm- Qgn nklmlcp {oy{ `m zny`la oma klm`m~n{ hlynxny- Tn mlycof`rn

zlz~fo`lm {`rn l ~m`p- Qgn ~`f`p h~mk`lm hly `mh`m`n zny`la `{

)^'K^') {{

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tgnyn K{ `{ klm{~cz`lm `m zny`la { oma `{ gn a`{kl~m yon- Any`x`md gn zny`la#

i~adn klm{yo`m& gn k~yynm okkl~m t`g klm{om `mnyn{ yon `{

KO 3 I%? I 3 P % yI K D # @ ';-9)

tgnyn KO `{ k~yynm okkl~m& I `{ mn hlyn`dm o{{n{ okk~c~fona lm zy`ly aon{& @ `{

`mxn{cnm oma `{ nq~`xofnm l kgomdn{ `m kozòf {lke& K `{ klm{~cz`lm& D `{

dlxnymcnm nwznma`~yn& qynhny{ l gn `cn zny`la-

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gn mndo`xn xof~n lh gn kozòf okkl~m- Qgn k~yynm okkl~m iofomkn o{ anh`mna `m

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10/28

8

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nq~`xofnm l gn yo`l lh gn ani l gn tlyfa coyen xof~n lh o kfo`c l gn nklmlcp{

9

Qg`{ `{ io{na lm gn o{{~cz`lm go gn fnmany{ t`ff ml znyc` gn `ma`xà~of l a`n t`g ~mzoà ani{ oma

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11/28

4

nm`yn h~~yn- Qgn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan iofomkn o{ o zylzly`lm l DAZ oma gn

kl~myp{ dyltg yon `{ zl{``xn-;

Qgnyn oyn& gltnxny& zl{{ì`f``n{ lh mndo`xn

ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm nklmlc`k dyltg oma yoan iofomkn{- Qg`{ kom gozznm `h gn

ingox`l~y lh l~z~ `{ mlm#{o`lmoyp-

@h l~z~ hlfflt{ o {lkgo{`k zylkn{{

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@m gn oilxn nq~o`lm znycomnm l~z~ hf~k~on{ clyn gom k~yynm l~z~ fnxnf-

Klm{~cz`lm {cllg`md `czf`n{ go om ~mnwznkna `mkyno{n `m l~z~ ko~{n{ om nxnm

dynony `mkyno{n `m klm{~cz`lm- Gltnxny& o zl{``xn l~z~ `mmlxo`lm `czf`n{ o k~yynm

okkl~m anh`k`-

Qgn lgny ko{n `{ lmn tgnyn gnyn `{ o ynma zyla~k`x`p dyltg oma o {coff anxnflz`md

nklmlcp `{ dylt`md ho{ny gom gn tlyfa nklmlcp- @m g`{ ko{n& ani#DAZ yo`l `{

`mkyno{`md hlynxny tg`kg `{ ~m{oifn- Qg`{ `{ inko~{n o kl~myp `{ zylcl`md g`dgnydyltg mlt o gn kl{ lh h~~yn nklmlc`k dyltg- ^many l~y apmoc`k hyocntlye& ani#

DAZ yo`l kl~fa `mkyno{n `h gnyn `{ o zl{``xn l~z~ {glke ly gn alcn{`k dyltg yon1

`{ g`dgny gom go lh gn tlyfa nklmlcp- Zyla~k`x`p {glke{>

kom lkk~y gyl~dg nyc{

;Qgn {flt dylt`md nklmlc`n{ oyn fènfp l {~hhny gn ani i~yanm `m gn {gly#y~m- @m ?00?& gn {flt

dylt`md Oydnm`mo oma M`dnyò goa nwnymof ani o{ ;-0 zny knm oma 1-7 zny knm lh DAZ yn{znk`xnfp

tg`fn gn ho{ dylt`md Qgo`foma goa gn {ocn lh gn lyany lh :-9 zny knm- 'Li{hnfa oma Yldlhh ?004)1

@ `{ mlt o tnff#emltm zylzl{``lm go t`g `mndyona dfliof kozòf coyen{ gnyn kom in ml`mnykl~myp a`hhnynmkn{ `m yn~ym{ l kozòf 'y`{e#oab~{na) oma o{ kozòf hflt{ l gn kl~myp tgnyn

gn yon lh yn~ym `{ g`dgny gn kyl{{#kl~myp a`hhnynmkn{ `m coyd`mof zyla~k{ lh kozòf tl~fa a`{ozznoy

fnoa`md l klmxnydnmkn lh l~z~ zny tlyeny- Qg`{ zylzl{``lm to{ ncz`y`koffp n{na oma o zfo~{ìfn

klmkf~{`lm l ayot hylc gn anion `{ go gnyn `{ klmxnydnmkn `m l~z~ zny tlyeny i~ ` go{ innmxnyp {flt-

>@m gn ynzyn{nmo`xn odnm clanf& gn g`dgny zyla~k`x`p dyltg t`ff nma l tnoenm gn k~yynm

okkl~m o{ znlzfn tl~fa ilyylt laop odo`m{ gn g`dgny h~~yn `mklcn- @m gn lxnyfozz`md dnmnyo`lm{


12/28

7

lh yoan {glke{ oma of{l gyl~dg fìnyof`ro`lm zlf`kp `m o anxnflz`md nklmlcp- O

nczlyoyp anny`lyo`lm `m nyc{ lh yoan kom ko~{n o k~yynm okkl~m anh`k`& tgnyno{ o

znycomnm anny`lyo`lm tl~fa ko~{n om `ccnaòn {g`h l gn mnt fltny klm{~cz`lm

fnxnf klm{`{nm t`g nwnymof iofomkn-

@h tn o{{~cn go gn tlyfa ynof yon lh `mnyn{ `{ ml klm{om i~ `{ nq~of l gn dyltg

yon `m anxnflzna nklmlc`n{ gnm tn goxn o clanf nq~o`lm hly yoan iofomkn l DAZ

yo`l tgnyn KO3I{%?I{ 3 yI{ % QI{ oma gn yo`l lh k~yynm okkl~m l DAZ `{

nq~`xofnm l QI,DAZ%yI,DAZ 3 H'DAZ dyltg& Zyla~k`x`p {glke{)- O{ zyla~k`x`p

{glke{ oyn a~n l nyc{ lh yoan kgomdn{& dyltg `m gn anxnflzna tlyfa oma

fìnyof`ro`lm ynd`cn{& tn ~{n gn{n o{ annyc`mom{ lh zyla~k`x`p {glke{ `m yoan

iofomkn l DAZ yo`l{-

QI,DAZ 3 H 'DAZ dyltg& Qnyc{ lh Qyoan& Dyltg `m @ma~{yòf Kl~my`n{&

Fìnyof`ro`lm) ';-??)-

Tn goxn g~{ lio`mna o ynfo`lm{g`z tg`kg kom in n{`cona hylc gn oxo`foifn {oczfn

lh aoo- Of{l& ~many {lkgo{`k hyocntlye tgnm l~z~ hlfflt{ o mlm#{o`lmoyp zog gn

ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan iofomkn oma l~z~ dyltg inklcn{ mndo`xn- Fìnyof`{o`lm

kl~fa `myla~kn mlm#{o`lmoy`p `m l~z~ ingox`l~y tg`kg tn ~mhly~monfp kl~fa ml

`mxn{`don t`g cnynfp ;: li{nyxo`lm{ hly nokg kl~myp oma `m {lcn ko{n{ ` `{ nxnm

fn{{- Clynlxny& fìnyof`ro`lm kl~fa iy`md {y~k~yof kgomdn oma nxnm tgnm ~m` yll

gpzlgn{`{ to{ ml ynbnkna ` kl~fa in a~n l gn fìnyof`ro`lm fnoa`md l nklmlcp tàn

kgomdn{ oma ynznyk~{{`lm{- Gnmkn tn goxn ml ~{na ~m` yll n{{ l a`{klxny mlm#

{o`lmoy`p `m l~z~ ingox`l~y-

Hly k~yynm okkl~m l DAZ znyknmodn{& tn ~{n gn tlyfa `mnyn{ yon go `{ annyc`mna

ip gn dyltg yon `m anxnflzna kl~my`n{- [l& l~y n{`co`md nq~o`lm hly KO,DAZ `{2

KO,DAZ3H 'Tlyfa @mnyn{ Yon& DAZ dyltg& Qnyc{ lh Qyoan& Fìnyof`ro`lm) ';-?9)

oma gn Tlyfa @mnyn{ yon `{ annyc`mna ip gn dyltg yon `m anxnflzna nklmlc`n{-

clanf& gn zyla~k`x`p dyltg kl~fa yo`{n gn foil~y `mklcn lh pl~md tlyeny{ i~ aln{ ml ohhnk gn

todn `mklcn{ lh gn lfany tlyeny{- O{ pl~md {oxny{ t`ff kl~m clyn gnox`fp `m oddyndon {ox`md gom


13/28

0

@m gn oilxn ynfo`lm{g`z{& tn nwznk `mnyok`lm{ intnnm fìnyof`ro`lm oma DAZ dyltg

oma fìnyof`ro`lm oma nyc{ lh yoan- Qgn coyd`mof nhhnk lh DAZ dyltg lm QI,DAZ

t`ff in mndo`xn 'ly zl{``xn okklya`md l lmn x`nt) o{ anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ oyn fènfp l

dylt ho{ny gom anxnflzna kl~my`n{ oma gn`y `czly zylznm{`p t`ff in g`dgny gom

nwzly zylznm{`p `m gn {gly#y~m- Clynlxny& gn coyd`mof `czok lh gn nyc{ lh yoan

t`ff in zl{``xn o{ o hoxl~yoifn kgomdn `m gn nyc{ lh yoan lh anxnflz`md nklmlc`n{ t`ff

fnoa l om `czylxncnm `m QI,DAZ yo`l- Qgn g`dgny dyltg `m anxnflzna nklmlc`n{

t`ff `czylxn gn yoan iofomkn l DAZ yo`l o{ gn anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ oyn fènfp l

nwzly clyn l gn anxnflzna tlyfa '{`mkn dyltg `m gn `ma~{yòf`rna tlyfa kynon{

ancoma hly klccla``n{ oma yot#conyòf{ `mkf~a`md `mnycnaòn zyla~k{)-

1 Qyoan iofomkn oma dyltqg ynfoq`lm{g`z{& {qy~kq~yof kgomdn oma Apmoc`k Zomnf

Clanf{

Tn n{`cona o apmoc`k clanf t`g lmn oma tl fod{ oma zynhnyna gn clanf t`g lmn

fod- Off nq~o`lm{ tnyn n{`cona ip Dnmnyof {na Cngla lh Clcnm{- Inhlyn gn{n

clanf{ tnyn n{`cona tn klm{ànyna {o`k zomnf aoo clanf{ 't`gl~ fod{) oma

lio`mna n{`con{ hylc h`wna nhhnk{ oma yomalc nhhnk{ clanf{8- Tn ty`n gn nq~o`lm

hly o apmoc`k clanf `m gn hlfflt`md hlyc2

`qq``q`q`q`q ppp %%%%%3 IW99?? ` 3 ?& 9-19& q3 ?&9&-;? '1-?)

p`q `{ gn yoan iofomkn ly k~yynm okkl~m l DAZ `m znyknmodn{& W`q `{ o {n lh

nwzfomolyp xoyòifn{ mocnfp fìnyof`ro`lm& dyltg `m ynof DAZ& z~ykgo{`md zltny lh

nwzly{ 'nyc{ lh yoan)& oma `mnyok`lm{ lh fìnyof`{o`lm t`g z~ykgo{`md zltny lh

nwzly{ oma lh fìnyof`{o`lm t`g gn dyltg yon `m ynof DAZ `m anxnflz`md oma

anxnflzna nklmlc`n{- q `{ gn nhhnk{ lh `cn ly pnoy a~cc`n{ oma cop in ynzyn{nmna

o{ kpkf`kof `czok{ lm yoan iofomkn l DAZ znyknmodn{- Tgnm gn anznmanm xoyòifn `{

lfa a`{{oxny{& {ox`md t`ff nma l y`{n oma gn k~yynm okkl~m l `czylxn- 'Li{hnfa ?00>)-

8Yn{~f{ lh gn{n kom in lio`mna hylc gn o~gly- Qgn{n clanf{ ~{`md zomnf aoo omofp{`{ a`hhny okklya`md

l tgngny gnp yno `mnyknz zoyocnny{ o{ yomalc ly h`wna okyl{{ gn {oczfn- Qgn n{`coly{ `m gn

yomalc nhhnk{ clanf oyn gn dnmnyof`rna fno{ {q~oyn{ n{`coly{& oma gnp klci`mn gn t`g`m oma

intnnm kl~myp n{`coly{ ~{`md gn klyyn{zlma`md yn{à~of xoyòmkn{ o{ tn`dg{- Hly nfncnmoyp zomnf

aoo nkgm`q~n{ {nn Blgm{lm '?008)- Hly {znkòf ynocnm lh zomnf aoo clanf{& {nn Iofod` '?00>) oma

Tllfayàdn '9::9)-


14/28

?:

k~yynm okkl~m l DAZ znyknmodn{& tn ~{n gn ani ynfona xoyòifn{ mocnfp ani

{nyx`kn l zopcnm{ yo`l{& omm~of dyltg `m okk~c~fona flmd#nyc ani oma znyknmodn

kgomdn `m tlyfa `mnyn{ yon{4-

Tn nwznk gn {`dm lh gn klnhh`k`nm{ l in zl{``xn t`g yn{znk l z~ykgo{`md zltny lh

nwzly{ oma dyltg `m anxnflzna nklmlc`n{ tg`fn tn nwznk mndo`xn {`dm t`g yn{znk

l dyltg `m ynof DAZ oma l`f zy kn{- Qtl#pnoy fod{ oyn ~{na lm gn o{{~cz`lm go fod{

oyn ml fènfp l in flmdny-

Nxnm `hp`q#? oma q oyn ml klyynfona& oma qaln{ ml ozzylokg `mh`m`p 'q3;? `m l~y ko{n)

gnm n{`co`lm ip h`wna nhhnk{ ly yomalc nhhnk{ `{ ml klm{`{nm nxnm `hm 'm~ciny lh

kl~my`n{) dln{ l `mh`m`p- Oynffoml oma Ilma '?00?) {~ddn{ om ofnymo`xn zylkna~yn

go klyynk{ ml lmfp hly gn iò{ `myla~kna ip gn foddna nmaldnml~{ xoyòifn& i~ of{l

znyc`{ o andynn lh nmaldnmn`p `m gn lgny yndyn{{ly{ '{~kg o{ Dyltg xoyòifn lm gn

y`dg goma {àn xoyòifn o{ o {~i{n lhW coy`w)- Qgn Dnmnyof`rna Cngla lh Clcnm{

N{`coly h`y{ a`hhnynmkn{ nokg xoyòifn oma gnm ~{n{ gn foddna xof~n{ lh nokg lh gn

xoyòifn{ o{ `m{y~cnm{- [znk`h`koffp&

`q`q`q`q`q ppp %%%3 IW99?? '1-9)

Qgn h`y{ gynn li{nyxo`lm{ oyn fl{ a~n l fod{ oma a`hhnynmk`md- O{{~c`md go qoyn ml

o~lklyynfona hly nokg ` o q31& p`? oma p`9 oyn xofà `m{y~cnm{ hly foddna xoyòifn{-

[`c`foyfp& o q3>& p`?& p`9 oma p`; oyn xofà `m{y~cnm{- Tn g~{ n{`con gn apmoc`k

clanf ~{`md gn oilxn zylkna~yn-7

4

Tn nwznk gn k~yynm okkl~m l anny`lyon t`g om `mkyno{n `m ani& `mkyno{n `m {nyx`kn zopcnm{ oma om`mkyno{n `m tlyfa `mnyn{ yon{- Nwznkna {`dm{ oyn mndo`xn t`g yn{znk l nokg lmn lh gnc-

7Clmn Koyfl {`c~fo`lm go{ {gltm go hly zomnf{ t`g q3> ly 8& gn iò{ lh gn klnhh`k`nm{ lh foddna

anznmanm xoyòifn kom in {`dm`h`kom& ofgl~dg gn iò{ hly gn klnhh`k`nm{ lm lgny y`dg goma {àn

xoyòifn{ nma{ l in c`mly-


15/28

??

Yn{~fq{ lh Oynffoml#Ilma N{q`coq`lm lm qgn Tglfn [oczfn hly qgn Nmq`yn zny`la oma

{~i#Zny`la{

@m Qoifn{ 9O& 9I oma 9K& gn yn{~f{ lh apmoc`k clanf{ oyn zyn{nmna hly gn zny`la

?07:#?000 ~{`md o {oczfn aoo lh 19 kl~my`n{- Qgn zomnf `{ ~miofomkna o{ tn al ml

goxn aoo hly off gn pnoy{ hly off kl~my`n{- Aoo hly noyf`ny zny`la tnyn ml klm{`{nmfp

oxo`foifn oma gnmkn tn goxn nwkf~ana zny`la ?04: l ?040- L~y {~ap `{ lxny gn zny`la

?07:#?000- H`y{ a hhnynmkn{ ynclxn gn h`wna nhhnk{ oma d`xnm gn apmoc`k{& tn

`myla~kn foddna nhhnk{ lm kgomdn{ `m QIDAZ? oma KODAZ? `m yn{znk`xn yoan

iofomkn oma k~yynm okkl~m nq~o`lm{- Tn {lcn`cn{& h`ma go ilg dyltg oma foddna

dyltg nhhnk{ oyn mndo`xn lm yoan iofomkn- 'Qoifn 9K)- Qg`{ of{l klmh`yc{ go gn

ho{ny alcn{`k dyltg nhhnk{ yoan iofomkn oaxny{nfp- Fìnyof`{o`lm `mkyno{n{ k~yynm

okkl~m anh`k`{ o{ `m Qoifn 9O- Lxnyoff fìnyof`{o`lm anny`lyon{ yoan anh`k`{ i~ `{

nhhnk{ klcn gyl~dg nyc{ lh yoan `mnyok`lm t`g fìnyof`{o`lm- @m Qoifn 9O&

fìnyof`{o`lm `{ ~{na o{ o a~ccp oma of{l o {flzn a~ccp tgnyn ` `{ `mnyok`md t`g

`mklcn nyc{ lh yoan- Qg`{ cnom{ go fìnyof`{o`lm ohhnk{ nyc{ lh yoan oma gn nyc{

lh yoan t`g fìnyof`{o`lm go{ o mndo`xn `czok lm yoan iofomkn- @m Qoifn 9I& l~y

yn{~f{ `ma`kon go fìnyof`{o`lm lm `{ ltm go{ o mndo`xn `czok ofgl~dg gn

klnhh`k`nm `{ ml {`dm`h`kom- Dyltg `m anxnflzna tlyfa nma{ l `czylxn yoan iofomkn

`m anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ tg`fn ` nma{ l tly{nm k~yynm okkl~m iofomkn okklya`md l

yn{~f{ lh Qoifn 9I- @m Qoifn{ 9I oma 9K `cn a~cc`n{ oyn ~{na tg`fn Qoifn 9O aln{ ml

~{n `cn a~cc`n{- Q`cn a~cc`n{ `ma`kon go gnyn oyn o~lmlcl~{ nhhnk{ oma {~kg

nhhnk{ kl~fa in klyynfona t`g kl~myp#`mxoyòm oaxomkna kl~my`n{ dyltg yon{- Qgn

nyc{ lh yoan goxn {`dm`h`kom zl{``xn nhhnk{ lm yoan iofomkn i~ `mnyok`lm t`g

fìnyof`{o`lm xoyòifn go{ mndo`xn nhhnk- 'Qoifn 9O)-

>- Ynd`lmof Omofp{`{ oma [~i#Zny`la Clanf{

@ c`dg in tlygtg`fn l flle o gn yn{~f{ ip ynd`lm{ oma ip {~i#zny`la{- @{ gnyn omp

nxànmkn lh kgomdn `m gn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan iofomkn oma nklmlc`k dyltg

intnnm a`hhnynm {~i#zny`la{< L~y ^MKQOA '?000) {~ap anclm{yona go gn


16/28

?9

ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan iofomkn oma DAZ dyltg kl~fa goxn kgomdna hylc lmn ankoan

l gn mnw- @m lyany l {~ap g`{ o{znk tn {goff nwoc`mn gn n{`con{ lh gn zny`la{

?07:#70 oma ?00:#00 ~{`md gn aoo lh o{ comp kl~my`n{ o{ zl{{ìfn `m nokg lh gn{n

zny`la{- @ `{ gn n{`co`lm io{na lm zomnf aoo oma tn ~{n gn If~manff#Ilma '?007)

apmoc`k zomnf n{`coly- Tn mlt al ml n{`con k~yynm iofomkn l DAZ nq~o`lm- Off

yn{~f{ ynhny l QIDAZ? oma gnp oyn lio`mna ~{`md [p{nc DCC oma nq~o`lm DCC

o{ gnp oyn nwzfo`mna `m Ilma '9:::)- Qgn{n yn{~f{ oyn zyn{nmna `m Qoifn{ ;O oma ;I-

Qnyc{ lh yoan goxn {`dm`h`kom nhhnk{ lm yoan iofomkn a~y`md ?07:#70 zny`la t`g gn

tl {nz {p{nc DCC- Dyltg xoyòifn aln{ ml goxn {`dm`h`kom ynfo`lm{g`z t`g

QIDAZ? oma g`{ cnom{ go ofgl~dg gn ynfo`lm{g`z `{ mndo`xn& ` aln{ ml goxn

goych~f nhhnk{ lm yoan iofomkn- 'Qoifn ;O) Fìnyof`{o`lm lm `{ ltm aln{ ml goxn

{`dm`h`kom `czok lm QIDAZ? a~y`md ?07:#70 zny`la- Qgnyn {nnc{ l in {`dm`h`kom

nxànmkn go gn ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm yoan iofomkn oma DAZ dyltg `{ mndo`xn `m

?00:#9::: ankoan tg`fn ofgl~dg gn ynfo`lm{g`z `{ mndo`xn& ` `{ ml {`dm`h`kom hly gn

zynx`l~{ ankoan 'Qoifn ;I)- Fìnyof`{o`lm `{ nma`md l goxn mndo`xn `czok lm

QIDAZ? a~y`md gn zny`la ?00:#9:::- Tn g~{ n{oif`{g go {lcn lh gn klmkf~{`lm{

tn cnm`lmna `m [nk`lm 9 oyn xofà okklya`md l gn apmoc`k zomnf n{`coly-

Qoifn 1 ynzly{ yn{~f{ hly Ohy`kom kl~my`n{ hly tl {~i#zny`la{ ?07:#70 oma ?00:#00-

Hly gn h`y{ zny`la& off `cn a~cc`n{ tnyn `m{`dm`h`kom- Tn goxn om ~miofomkna zomnf

i~ tgnm li{nyxo`lm{ oyn a`hhnynmkna l~ tn goxn xnyp hnt li{nyxo`lm{ hly nokg ankoan

lh ?07:#70 oma ?00:#9:::- Qgn foddna anznmanm xoyòifn go{ o {coff klnhh`k`nm

ofgl~dg {`dm`h`kom- Qgn {`dm lh dyltg xoyòifn hly ?00:#9::: ankoan `{ mndo`xn oma

{`dm`h`kom i~ ml hly ?07:#70 zny`la- Fìnyof`{o`lm go{ o mndo`xn oma {`dm`h`kom

klnhh`k`nm hly gn ?00:#9::: zny`la oma om `mkyno{n `m fìnyof`ro`lm cop fnoa l ?-0>

znyknmodn zl`m ankf`mn `m yoan iofomkn- Hly gn h`y{ zny`la& oaxomkna kl~my`n{ dyltg

go{ o {`dm`h`kom ylfn l zfop `m `czylx`md yoan iofomkn- Lxnyoff& tn h`ma go gn

ynfo`lm{g`z `{ a`hhnynm intnnm tl zny`la{ oma l~y gpzlgn{`{ oil~ fìnyof`ro`lm0

oma

0

Tn ~{na lgny xoyò`lm{ lh gn nq~o`lm{ hly K~yynm okkl~m oma Qyoan iofomknxoyòifn{- Dyltg to{ mnxny {`dm`h`komfp ynfona l yoan iofomkn ly k~yynm okkl~m `m

gn h`y{ zny`la- Fìnyof`{o`lm go{ yna~kna ilg yoan okkl~m oma k~yynm okkl~m

iofomkn{ `m Ohy`ko `m gn zny`la ?00:#9:::- Qgn alc`mom mndo`xn nhhnk lm yoaniofomkn klcn{ hylc `{ `mnyok`lm{ t`g nyc{ lh yoan- Fìnyof`{o`lm cop anny`lyon


17/28

?;

alcn{`k dyltg ilg gox`md anny`lyo`md `czok{ lm yoan iofomkn `m gn ?00:#9:::

`cn zny`la& `{ klmh`ycna-

@m Qoifn >& tn ~{n gn nm`yn {oczfn hly Ohy`kom oma Fo`m Ocny`kom nklmlc`n{- Hly

Ohy`kom nklmlcp& dyltg `m oaxomkna kl~myp zfop{ o zl{``xn oma {`dm`h`kom ylfn `m

`czylx`md yoan iofomkn- Qg`{ cop `czfp go gn ingox`l~y lxnyoff `{ xnyp a`hhnynm

intnnm tl zny`la{- Hly Fo`m Ocny`kom nklmlc`n{& dyltg go{ o mndo`xn `czok lm

yoan iofomkn5 om `mkyno{n `m `mklcn nyc{ lh yoan `czylxn{ yoan iofomkn& fìnyof`ro`lm

`{ ml {`dm`h`kom oma apmoc`k clanf `{ zfo~{ìfn- Comp `cn a~cc`n{ hly Fo`m

Ocny`ko oyn {`dm`h`kom {l gnyn `{ o dyno anof lh o~lmlcl~{ nhhnk lm yoan iofomkn oma

o{ om`k`zona& gn nhhnk `{ zl{``xn ~z l ?077 oma o{ tn cnm`lmna inhlyn g`{ to{ gn

zny`la tgnm ilg yoan iofomkn oma nklmlc`k dyltg `czylxna- Qgn ankoan lh ?00: hly

Fo`m Ocny`ko?: {glt{ o tly{nm`md lh yoan iofomkn oma g`{ `{ koz~yna l {lcn nwnm

`m `cn a~cc`n{-

@m Qoifn 8& tn zylxàn yn{~f{ lh Fo`m Ocny`kom yoan iofomkn nq~o`lm{ hly tl

a`hhnynm zny`la{- Tn h`ma go gn dyltg klnhh`k`nm{ oyn ml {`dm`h`kom hly gn h`y{

zny`la tg`fn hly gn {nklma zny`la gnp oyn g`dgfp {`dm`h`kom oma mndo`xn {~ddn{`md

go dyltg anny`lyon{ yoan iofomkn- Qgn dyltg `m oaxomkna kl~my`n{ `czylxn{ yoan

iofomkn `m Fo`m Ocny`kom oma O{òm nklmlc`n{- Qnyc{ lh yoan goxn zl{``xn `czok lm

yoan iofomkn `m ilg zny`la{ tg`fn fìnyof`ro`lm lm `{ ltm `{ ml {`dm`h`kom `m n`gnyzny`la- Odo`m tgnm tl zny`la{ oyn {~a`na {nzoyonfp oma t`g gn h`y{ a`hhnynmk`md gn

m~ciny lh li{nyxo`lm{ `{ {coff- L~y [p{nc#DCC aà ml zyla~kn {`dm`h`kom yn{~f{ lm

o foydn m~ciny lh xoyòifn{-

nyc{ lh yoan o{ `czly{ nwzoma o o ho{ny yon oma `czly zy`kn{ c`dg y`{n ho{ny gomnwzly zy`kn{ fnoa`md l anny`lyo`lm `m nyc{ lh yoan oma g`{ `m ~ym kl~fa fnoa l yoan

iofomkn anny`lyo`lm- Hly Ohy`kom nklmlc`n{& fìnyof`{o`lm `mnyok`md t`g dyltg go{ o

zl{``xn `czok lm yoan iofomkn-?:

Tn lmfp klm{ànyna yoan iofomkn l DAZ oma tl clanf{& lmn t`g `cn a~cc`n{ oma

omlgny t`gl~ `cn a~cc`n{ oyn n{`cona- Dyltg `{ {`dm`h`komfp mndo`xnfp ynfona lyoan iofomkn `m ilg clanf{- Tgo tn kom `mhny gnyn `{ go ho{ny nklmlc`k dyltg `m

O{òm oma Fo`m Ocny`kom kl~my`n{ tl~fa fnoa l o ankf`mn `m yoan iofomkn o{ `czly

dyltg hoy nwknna{ nwzly dyltg- [~yzy`{`mdfp& dyltg `m oaxomkna kl~my`n{ aln{ mlynclxn zyn{{~yn lm yoan iofomkn ly k~yynm okkl~m iofomkn-


18/28

?1

8- [~ccoyp oma Klmkf~{`lm2

Lmn lh gn cobly `{{~n{ `{ gn kozòf h`momk`md ynq~`yncnm{ `m gn zyn{nmkn lh yoan

anh`k`{ `m gn {gly oma cna`~c y~m hly anxnflz`md nklmlc`n{- Dfliof`{o`lm go{ coan

ilg anxnflz`md oma anxnflzna kl~my`n{ g`dgfp `mnyanznmanm- @h anxnflz`md kl~my`n{

tnyn l kokg ~z t`g anxnflzna kl~my`n{ `m gn`y zny kozò `mklcn& nmlycl~{ gnfz hylc

anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ cop in mnnana hylc anxnflzna kl~my`n{ ip top lh kozòf

h`momk`md- L~y {~ap {nnc{ l `ma`kon go gnyn oyn a`hhny`md zonym{ lm yoan anh`k`{

okyl{{ xoy`l~{ dnldyozg`kof ynd`lm{ oma of{l a~y`md gn ankoan lh ?00:#?000- Qyoan

fìnyof`ro`lm go{ `mkyno{na gn `czly{ lh comp anxnflz`md kl~my`n{ oma ofgl~dg ohny

`m`òf zgo{n lh `czly dyltg nwzly{ z`kena ~z `m {lcn anxnflz`md kl~my`n{& lm gn

tglfn& ` ynco`mna `m{~hh`k`nm l moyylt gn yoan anh`k`{- Yozà fìnyof`{o`lm to{

{lcn`cn{ hlffltna ip foydn `mhflt{ lh kozòf& k~yynmkp ozzynkò`lm oma cl~m`md

yoan anh`k`{& i~ ` lhnm nmana ~z t`g o ky`{`{ `mxlfx`md ynxny{of lh kozòf `mhflt{&

klffoz{n oma lxny{gll`md lh nwkgomdn yon{& {goyz k~{ lh `czly{ oma o annz nklmlc`k

klmyok`lm-

Tn h`ma go yoan fìnyof`ro`lm aln{ goxn {`dm`h`kom ynfo`lm{g`z t`g nklmlc`k dyltg

oma,ly yoan anh`k`{ `m {gly l cna`~c#y~m- K~yynm okkl~m anh`k`{ goxn {lcn`cn{

`mkyno{na inko~{n lh yoan fìnyof`ro`lm `m Ohy`kom nklmlc`n{ a~y`md gn zny`la ?07:#

?000- L~y {`dm`h`kom ynfo`lm{g`z intnnm fìnyof`ro`lm oma yoan anh`k`{ oma nklmlc`k

dyltg oma yoan anh`k`{ `{ hly Fo`m Ocny`kom oma O{òm nklmlc`n{ hly gn fony

ankoan- Qg`{ {nnc{ l `ma`kon go gn`y kozòf h`momk`md ynq~`yncnm{ oyn c~kg g`dgny

gom gn tlyfa klcc~m`p go{ innm oifn l zylxàn oma yozà fìnyof`ro`lm go{ lhnm

ko~{na h`momkòf ky`{`{ oma ani zylifnc{ `m Fo`m Ocny`kom oma {lcn O{òm nklmlc`n{-

L~y {~ap go{ comp f`cò`lm{ o{ gn aoo `moanq~ok`n{ alc`mon gn clanf n{`co`lm-

Qgn cno{~yn{ lh yoan fìnyof`ro`lm {~kg o{ [okg{#Toymny '?00>) ly Tokròyd '9::?) al

ml oen `ml okkl~m a`hhnynm `mnm{``n{ lh fìnyof`ro`lm `m a`hhnynm `cn zny`la{- L~y

{~ap go{ ml klm{ànyna fìnyof`ro`lm oncz ip omp anxnflzna nklmlcp- Qoy`hh oma

mlm#oy`hh ioyy`ny{ lm o {`dm`h`kom {kofn nw`{ `m anxnflzna kl~my`n{ hly ody`k~f~yof

zyla~k{ ncnyd`md hylc anxnflz`md nklmlc`n{-


19/28

?>

Ynhnynmkn{

Oynffoml& C- oma Ilma& [- Y- '?00?)& [lcn Qn{{ lh [znk`h`ko`lm hly Zomnf Aoo2 Clmn

Koyfl Nxànmkn oma om Ozzf`ko`lm l Nczflpcnm Nq~o`lm{& Ynx`nt lh Nklmlc`k

[q~a`n{& Xlf->7& zz-94404-

Iofod`& I- '?00>)&Nklmlcnqy`k Omofp{`{ lh Zomnf Aoqo& Blgm T`fnp ( [lm{-

If~manff Y- oma Ilma [- '?007) @m`òf Klma``lm{ oma Clcnm Yn{y`k`lm{ `m Apmoc`k

Zomnf Aoo Clanf{&Bl~ymof lh Nklmlcnqy`k{& 74& ??>#?1;

Ilma& [- Apmoc`k Zomnf Aoo Clanf{2 O D~àn l C`kyl Aoo Cngla{ oma Zyok`kn

@m{`~n lh H`{kof [~a`n{& Flmalm& Zozny :0,:9-

@mnymo`lmof Clmnoyp H~ma& Tlyfa Nklmlc`k L~qflle& xoy`l~{ `{{~n{-

Blgm{lm& B- '?008)&Nklmlcnqy`k Cnqgla{& Mnt Plye2 CkDyot G`ff-

Li{hnfa& C- '?00>)& Qgn @mnynczlyof Ozzylokg l gn K~yynm Okkl~m& Kgozny ;1 `m

Gomaille lh @mqnymoq`lmof Nklmlc`k{& Xlf-@@@& na`na ip D- Dyl{{com oma

E- Yldlhh& Nf{nx`ny [k`nmkn I-X-

Li{hnfa& C- oma Yldlhh& E- '?004)& Hl~maoq`lm{ lh @mqnymoq`lmof Cokylnklmlc`k{&

Kociyàdn CO2 Okoanc`k Zyn{{-

Zoyèg& O- oma [`yi~& K- '9::1)& Ynfo`lm{g`z Intnnm Qyoan Fìnyof`{o`lm& Nklmlc`k

Dyltg oma Qyoan Iofomkn2 Om Nklmlcny`k @mxn{`do`lm& GTTO A`{k~{{`lm Zozny

Ml- 979& Goci~yd @m{`~n lh @mnymo`lmof Nklmlc`k{& Goci~yd&?#>:

[okg{& B- oma Toymny& O- '?00>)& Nklmlc`k Ynhlyc oma gn Zylkn{{ lh Dfliof

@mndyo`lm&Iylle`md{ Zozny{ lm Nklmlc`k Okq`x`qp& Xlf-?& zz-???7-

^MKQOA '?000)& Qyoan oma Anxnflzcnmq Ynzlyq& ^m`na Mo`lm{& Dnmnxo& [t`rnyfoma-

Tllfayàdn& B- C- '9::9)& Nklmlcny`k Omofp{`{ lh Kyl{{ [nk`lm oma Zomnf Aoo&Kociyàdn CO-

Tokròyd& Y- '9::?)& Cno{~y`md qgn apmoc`k do`m{ hylc qyoan& Tlyfa Iome Nklmlc`k

Ynx`nt& Xlf- ?> ';)& zz- ;0;#190-

Tlyfa Iome '?007)& Dfliof Nklmlc`k Zny{znkq`xn{ ?007,00& To{g`mdlm AK2 Tlyfa

Iome-


20/28

?8

Qoifn ?Qyoan okkl~m l DAZ yo`l oma DAZ dyltg2 ?07008 klczoyna t`g ?07977

@czylx`md yoan okkl~m Anny`lyo`md yoan okkl~m

Clyn gom ?:. > l ?:. 9 l >. : l 9. : l 9. 9 l >. >

Clyn gom>. dyltg[pyò Fìpo @yom DD

; l >. ZMD[`mdozlyn

BlyaomQy`màoaomaQliodl

Doilm Oydnmq`mo Ilf`xò DFCMZ^

? l ;. Inm`mM`dnyò

[o~aÒyoiò

Cof` M`dny Nk~oaly Kg`fnH`b`@malmn{òZny~Qgo`foma

EC

Y`{`mdDyltg

: l ?. Xnmnr~nfo Iomdfoan{gKlflciò[y` FomeoQ~m`{ò

Kln a$@xly`n Alc`m`komYnz-Glma~yo{Boco`ko

Mnzof

Z

Hoff`mdDyltg

: l ?. D~`mno I`{{o~ Klmdl KOYKg`mo[nmndof

@maò Kl{o Y`koRociò

C

? l ;. I~ye`mo Ho{l Zoe`{qom OfdnyòKpzy~{Clylkkl

Iyor`fEnmpoQ~yenp

Glmd ElmdElynoCoaodo{koy

CR

; l >. Kgoa Qldl Ioyioal{NdpzqGo``

[`nyyo Fnlmn Q

Clyn gom>.

Kocnyllm @yoq Il{tomoAnclkyo`kYnz lh Klmdl

Ytomao

I~y~ma`

?7 i`d kl~my`n{ `m ilfa 'anh`mna o{ foydn{ DAZ `m ?00:#0> oma DAZ dynony gom ^[ !8: i`ff`lm `m ?004 nwkf~a`md gn cobly l`f#nwzl[`mdozlyn)- 0 cobly l`f nwzly`md kl~my`n{ `m òf`k{- 0 co`m nwzlyny{ lh com~hok~yn{ ~manyf`mna-

Off aoo hylc NQ[ nwknz aoo lm k~yynm DAZ oyn hylc Tlyfa Anxnflzcnm @ma`koly{ hly Dgomo& @maò& Boco`ko& Cofop{ò& Co~yòmò& M`dn

Fnlmn& [y` Fomeo& Qgo`foma& Qy`màoa oma Qliodl& R`cioitn- O{ ml aoo lm k~yynm DAZ oyn oxo`foifn hly ?008 hly Ioyioal{& Ilf`xò& Docioma [~aom& gn {nklma zny`la klczy`{n{ lmfp ?0700> hly gn{n kl~my`n{-


21/28

?4

Qoifn 9O

Yndyn{{`lm Klnhh`k`nm{& R#{o`{`k2 Oynffoml#Ilma Apmoc`k Zomnf N{`co`lm ?07:#00

'19 kl~mqy`n{ ^miofomkna Zomnf)

QIDAZ? KODAZ?

Mocn lh gnXoy`oifn

Klnhh`k`nm R#{o`{`k Klnhh`k`nm R#{o`{`k

QIDAZ'#?) :-4;;>""" 90-11

KODAZ'#?) :->?07""" 7-::

DYLTQG #:-:;18" #?-0; :-::9: :-?9

F@IDYLTQG :-:?90 :-1;

ZZ@ :-:?19""" ;-;> :-::9? ?-80

F@INY :-;?84 :->1 #:-;119" #?-0:

F@IZZ@ #:-:?:1"" #9-;>

OAXDY :-::?7 :-?1 :-:9;1""" ;-:9

ANIQ[Y ?-;;8> :-47

DFQALF #:-::>7"" #9-?9K@MQNYN[Q :-::9> ?-0?

KLM[QOMQ :-:170"" 9-48 :-:;4;"" 9-47

H`y{ Lyany OK #?9-01 ':-:::) #;-:1 ':-::91)

[nklma Lyany

OK

?-77 ':-:8:1) ?-99 ':-99:7)

Tofa 9 914-07 '7 AH)M~ciny lh Li{ 777 710

[oydom Qn{ 9 8>>-;> ':-::)Q`cn A~cc`n{ oyn ml ~{na-

"""[`dm`h`kom o ?. fnxnf& ""[`dmh`kom o >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`kom o ?:. fnxnf


22/28

?7

Qoifn 9I

Yndyn{{`lm Klnhh`k`nm{& R#{o`{`k lh Oynffoml#Ilma Apmoc`k Zomnf N{`co`lm ?07:#00

'19 kl~mqy`n{ ^miofomkna Zomnf) T@QG Q@CN A^CC@N[

QIDAZ? KODAZ?

Mocn lh gn

Xoy`oifn


QIDAZ'#?) :-41:8""" 9:-7;

KODAZ'#?) :-188>""" 7->8

DYLTQG #:-:981 #?-9: :-:?9;8 :-81

DYLTQG'#?)

ZZ@ :-::>7""" ;-81 :-::91 ?-8?

F@INY #:->78: #?-;0 #:-94:> #:-40

OAXDY :-:?8? :-8? #:->8>>"" #9-97

F@IDYLTQG #:-::89 #:-?7

ANIQ[Y ?-1947 :-0:

DFQALF :-::>; :-44

K@MQNYN[Q :-:8?7"" 9-;?KLM[QOMQ ?-889>"" 9-;;

H`y{ Lyany OK #7-7:':-:::) #;-4>':-:::9)

[nklma Lyany

OK

?-80':-:0:8) :-49 ':-1874)

Tofa 9 807-84 '99AH) ?141-4: '9;AH)M~ciny lh Li{ >;4 809

[oydom Qn{ 9 ;99-08':-:::)Pnoy A~cc`n{ ~{na-"""[`dm`h`kom o ?. fnxnf& ""[`dmh`kom o >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`kom o ?:. fnxnf


23/28

?0

Qoifn 9K

Yndyn{{`lm Klnhh`k`nm{& R#{o`{`k lh Oyoffnml#Ilma Apmoc`k Zomnf N{`co`lm ?07:#00

'19 kl~mqy`n{ ^miofomkna Zomnf) T@QG Q@CN A^CC@N[

QIDAZ? KODAZ?

Mocn lh gn

Xoy`oifn


QIDAZ'#?) :-4:97""" 8-?8

KODAZ'#?) :-11;8""" 4-09

DYLTQG #:-:;8: #?-;9 #:-:?9; #:-81

DYLTQG'#?) #:-:;;>"" #9-9; :-::;0 :-1>

ZZ@ :-:?1?"" 9-40 :-::49"" 9-;7

F@INY :-4?70 ?-?: :-1019 ?-:7

F@IZZ@ #:-::>;" #?-40

OAXDY :-:>80"" 9-?4 :-:988 ?-;?

OAXDY'#?) #:-?:7; #;-8? #:-:4;;""" #;-:7

F@IDYLTQG

ANIQ[Y ?-9:?> :-40DFQALF :-::89 :-0>

K@MQNYN[Q :-::9> :-71

KLM[QOMQ :-:;>? :->; :-?;?>"" 9-99

H`y{ Lyany OK #;-?: ':-::?0) #;-79 ':-:::?)

[nklma Lyany

OK

?-:4 ':-971>) :-4? ':-17)

Tofa 9 ;>0-:; '9; AH) ;:9>->9 '9>AH)

M~ciny lh Li{ >;4 809

[oydom Qn{ 9

Pnoy A~cc`n{ ~{na-

"""[`dm`h`kom o ?. fnxnf& ""[`dmh`kom o >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`kom o ?:. fnxnf


24/28

9:

Qoifn ;O

If~manff#Ilma Apmoc`k Zomnf N{`coly{ t`g [p{nc DCC oma A`hhnynmkn DCC hlyQIDAZ? lh 19 Kl~my`n{& ?07:#?070

[p{nc DCC A@HH#DCC

Mocn lh gn

Xoyòifn

Klnhh`k`nm #{o`{`k Klnhh`k`nm #{o`{`k

QIDAZ'#?) :-0?94""" 9:-10 :-4:?4""" ;-1?

DYLTQG #:-:1:: #?->9 #:-:98; #?-91

ZZ@ :-:?:0""" 9-?9 :-::0; ?-;4

OAXDY :-:444 ?-8? :-??:? ;-97

F@INY #?-9:?9 #?-9: #:-7947 #:-70

Pnoy7? #:-;9:4 #:-1? :-?:1> ?-?9

Pnoy79 ?-;;7? ?-88 ?-8?89""" ;-9:

Pnoy71 :-?;18 :-;8 :-;;1? :-71

Pnoy7> :-1?:; :-09 :-7?88"" 9-:;

Pnoy78 :->408 :-0: ?-9;>>""" ;-;;

Pnoy77 #:-8;?: #?-4>" #:-19>> #?-97Pnoy70 :-9:>> :-10 :-?748 :-14

Klm{om #?-:1?? #?->7 ######

OY'?) #9-48':-::8)""" #9-;? ':-:9?)"""

OY'9) ?-:>':-901) ?-:0 ':-941)

Gom{nm Qn{ 9'?:?)398-74'?-::) 9'08)39;-87'?-::)Ml- lh Li{- ;:? 9>0

""" [`dm`h`kom o ?. fnxnf5 ""[`dm`h`kom o >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`kom o ?:. fnxnf

Mln{2

?- Pnoy a~cc`n{ oyn `mkf~ana `m gn {nklma zny`la oma o{ gnp tnyn `m{`dm`h`kom `mgn h`y{ zny`la& gnp tnyn nwkf~ana-

9- O{pczl`k {omaoya nyyly{& o{pczl`koffp yli~{ l gnnyl{knao{`k`p oynynzlyna `m zoynmgn{n{-

;- H`y{ lyany OK oma {nklma lyany OK oyn n{{ lh h`y{#lyany oma {nklma#lyany {nyòfklyynfo`lm `m gn h`y{ a`hhnynmkna yn{à~of{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ M':&?)

~many gn m~ff lh ml {nyòf klyynfo`lm-

1- [oydom `{ o n{ lh lxny#ànm`hp`md yn{y`k`lm{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ 9

~many gn m~ff lh `m{y~cnm xofà`p& t`g andynn{ lh hynnalc ynzlyna `m

zoynmgn{n{->- Qgn `m{y~cnm{ ~{na `m nokg nq~o`lm oyn2 DCC 'A@H)# QIDAZ`#9-QIDAZ`?&

DYLTQG`#?-DYLTQG`?& ZZ@`#?--ZZ@`? oma OAXDY#?--OAXDY?


25/28

9?

Qoifn ;I

If~manff#Ilma Apmoc`k Zomnf N{q`coqly{ t`qg [p{qnc DCC oma A`hhnynmkn DCC

hly QIDAZ? lh 19 Kl~mqy`n{& ?00:#9:::

[p{nc DCC A@HH#DCC

Mocn lh gn

Xoyòifn


QIDAZ'#?) :-01;0""" ?;-07 :->:?8""" >-;7

DYLTQG #:-:789" #?-49 #:-?9?1""" #9-88

DYLTQG'#?) #:-:19; #:-79 #:-?:??""" #;-4:

ZZ@ :-::>;""" ;-?4 :-::87"" 9-;8

OAXDY :-::>1 :-?4 #:-:974 #?-97

F@INY #?-9119 #?-?; #?-?;9> #?->>

Pnoy9 #:-;9:4 #:-1? #:-?1:> ?-;0

Pnoy; ?-;;7? ?-88 #:-90>: #:-41

Pnoy1 :-?;18 :-;8 #:-;4:7 #?-97

Pnoy> :-1?:; :-09 :->>07" ?-4>

Pnoy8 :->408 :-0:Pnoy4 :-;987 :-0>

Pnoy7 #:-8;?: #?-4>"

Pnoy0 :-9:>> :-10 :-:80> :-99

Pnoy?: #:-??41 #:-9: :-:08> :-9?

Klm{om #?-:1?? #?->7 ######

OY'?) #9-48':-::8)""" #9->0 ':-:?)"""

OY'9) ?-:>':-901) #?-:>':-90;)

Gom{nm Qn{ 9'?:?)398-74'?-::)

9'??9)3?0->1'?-::)

Ml- lh Li{n ;:? 998

""" [`dm`h`kom o ?. fnxnf5 ""[`dm`h`kom o >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`kom o ?:. fnxnf

Mlqn{2

?- Pnoy a~cc`n{ oyn `mkf~ana `m gn {nklma zny`la oma o{ gnp tnyn `m{`dm`h`kom `mgn h`y{ zny`la& gnp tnyn nwkf~ana-


;- H`y{ lyany OK oma {nklma lyany OK oyn n{{ lh h`y{#lyany oma {nklma#lyany {nyòfklyynfo`lm `m gn h`y{ a`hhnynmkna yn{à~of{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ M':&?)~many gn m~ff lh ml {nyòf klyynfo`lm-


~many gn m~ff lh `m{y~cnm xofà`p& t`g andynn{ lh hynnalc ynzlyna `m

zoynmgn{n{-

>- Qgn `m{y~cnm{ ~{na `m nokg nq~o`lm oyn2 DCC 'A@H)# QIDAZ?`9-QIDAZ?`?&DYLTQG`#9-DYLTQG`?& ZZ@`#?--ZZ@`? oma OAXDY#?--OAXDY?- @m{p{nc#DCC& gn oilxn `m{y~cnm{ oyn ~{na `m gn a`hhnynmkna nq~o`lm{ oma

QIDAZ?`#?&DYLTQG`#?&OAXDY#?& oma ZZ@`#?


26/28

99

Qoifn 1

Yndyn{{`lm Klnhh`k`nmq{& q#{qoq`{q`k lh Ilma#If~manff Apmoc`k Zomnf N{q`coq`lm

?07:#9:::2 OHY@KO2 T`qg lyT`qgl~q Q`cn A~cc`n{QIDAZ?2?07:#70 QIDAZ? ?00:#9:::Lmn [nz A@H#DCC Lmn [nz A@H#DCC

Mocn lh gnXoyòifn


QIDAZ'#?) :-;101""" ;-09 :-90:;" ?-4;

DYLTQG #:-::4; #:-98 #:-:4?7 #?->9

DYLTQG '#?) #:-:??> #:-19 #:-??97"" #9-;?

ZZ@ :-:?48"" 9->4 #:-:::1 #:-?9

F@INY #:-;949 #:-8: #?-010:"" #9-19

OAXDY :-:4?8"" 9-:8 :-:9>; :->8

Pnoy 09 #?-;88>"" #9-9:

Pnoy 0; #?-8;>?"" #9-44

Pnoy 01 #:-;0:; #:-88

Pnoy 08 #:-?;04 #:-?4

Pnoy 04 #:-??;0 #:-?4

Pnoy 07 #?-:4>>" #?-4:

Pnoy 00 :-91;? :-;8

KLM[QOMQ #### #### ###### #####

H`y{ Lyany OK #9-09 ':-::1) #?-1: ':-?89)

[nklma LyanyOK

#?-?9 ':-98) #:-?8 ':-74?)

M~ciny lh Li{ 44 ;>

[oydom Qn{ 9 48-87':-??>) 18-70

"""[`dm`h`komq oq ?. fnxnf& ""[`dm`h`komq oq >. fnxnf oma " [`dm`h`komq oq ?:. fnxnf

Mln{2

8- Pnoy a~cc`n{ oyn `mkf~ana `m gn {nklma zny`la oma o{ gnp tnyn `m{`dm`h`kom `mgn h`y{ zny`la& gnp tnyn nwkf~ana-


7- H`y{ lyany OK oma {nklma lyany OK oyn n{{ lh h`y{#lyany oma {nklma#lyany {nyòfklyynfo`lm `m gn h`y{ a`hhnynmkna yn{à~of{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ M':&?)



~many gn m~ff lh `m{y~cnm xofà`p& t`g andynn{ lh hynnalc ynzlyna `mzoynmgn{n{-

?:-Qgn `m{y~cnm{ ~{na `m nokg nq~o`lm oyn2 DCC 'A@H)# QIDAZ`#9-QIDAZ`?&DYLTQG`#9-DYLTQG`?& ZZ@`#?--ZZ@`? oma OAXDY#?--OAXDY?


27/28

9;

Qoifn > 2 Yndyn{{`lm Klnhh`k`nmq{& q#{qoq`{q`k Ilma#If~manff Apmoc`k Zomnf

N{q`coq`lm2 OHY@KO oma Foq`m Ocny`ko hly ?07:#9:::

OHY@KO FOQ@M OCNY@KO

Mocn lh gn

Xoyòifn


QIDAZ'#?) :-8:88""" 0-;1 :-8480""" 8-::

DYLTQG :-:?:> :-19

DYLTQG'#?) #:-::;; #:-?1 #:-:4::""" #1-??

ZZ@ :-::;7 :-00 :-::89""" ;-;?

F@INY #:-19;0 #:-44 #:-:4?4 #:-94

OAXDY :-??7>"" 9-;7 :-:97>" ?-4?

Pnoy ; ?-0747""" ;-40

Pnoy 1 ?-9:0:"" 9-0;

Pnoy > ?-0;?8"" 9-7?

Pnoy 8 ?-84?:""" ;-19

Pnoy 4 ?-4>9?""" ;-0:Pnoy 7 ?-?8>1"" 9-9>

Pnoy 0 ?-8>?1""" 1-90

Pnoy ?: :-7;:;"" 9-87

Pnoy ?;o

#?-171:"" #?-04

KLM[QOMQ :-::77 :-?>

H y{ Lyany OK #1-;8 ':-:::)

[nklma Lyany

OK

?-?1 ':-9>>)

M~ciny lh Li{ ?;0

[oydom Qn{ 9 ?;?-9; ':-:81)

oLmfp {`dm`h`komq pnoy nhhnkq{ oyn ynzlyqna """[`dm`h`komq oq ?. fnxnf& ""[`dm`h`komq

oq >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`komq oq ?:. fnxnf

Mlqn{2

?-Pnoy a~cc`n{ oyn `mkf~ana `m gn {nklma zny`la oma o{ gnp tnyn `m{`dm`h`kom `mgn h`y{ zny`la& gnp tnyn nwkf~ana-

9-O{pczl`k {omaoya nyyly{& o{pczl`koffp yli~{ l gnnyl{knao{`k`p oyn ynzlyna

`m zoynmgn{n{-;-H`y{ lyany OK oma {nklma lyany OK oyn n{{ lh h`y{#lyany oma {nklma#lyany {nyòf

klyynfo`lm `m gn h`y{ a`hhnynmkna yn{à~of{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ M':&?)


1-[oydom `{ o n{ lh lxny#ànm`hp`md yn{y`k`lm{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ 9~many gn m~ff lh `m{y~cnm xofà`p& t`g andynn{ lh hynnalc ynzlyna `m zoynmgn{n{-

>-Qgn `m{y~cnm{ ~{na `m nokg nq~o`lm oyn2 DCC 'A@H)# QIDAZ`#9-QIDAZ`?&DYLTQG`#9-DYLTQG`?& ZZ@`#?--ZZ@`? oma OAXDY#?--OAXDY?


28/28

Qoifn 8

Yndyn{{`lm Klnhh`k`nmq{& q#{qoq`{q`k Ilma#If~manff Apmoc`k Zomnf N{q`coq`lm ?07:#002 Fo`m Ocny`ko oma O{ò

QIDAZ?2 ?07:#?0702 A@H DCC QIDAZ?2?00:#9:::2A@H DCC

Mocn lh gn

Xoyòifn


QIDAZ'#?) :-414;""" 1-0: :->:88""" 7-10

DYLTQG #:-:>14 #?-1? #:-?840""" #;-8>

DYLTQG'#?) #:-:;44 #?-97 #:-:0:>"" #9-89

ZZ@ :-:?:;"" 9-:1 :-::07>""" 1-74

F@INY #:-4:07 #?-?: :-7880 ?-99

OAXDY :-?947""" ;-11 #:-:1:7 ?-8>

KLM[QOMQ :-?:47 ?-;1 #:-9?>7"" #9-9?

H`y{ Lyany OK #9-99 ':-:94) #9-18 ':-:?1)

[nklma LyanyOK

?-18 ':-?1>) #:-1; ':-887)

M~ciny lh Li{ ?79 ?44[oydom Qn{ 9 ?:-8; '?-::) ?:-;> '?-::)-"""[`dm`h`kom o ?. fnxnf& ""[`dm`h`kom o >. fnxnf& "[`dm`h`kom o ?:. fnxnfMln{2

?- Pnoy a~cc`n{ oyn `mkf~ana -

9- O{pczl`k {omaoya nyyly{& o{pczl`koffp yli~{ l gnnyl{knao{`k`p oyn ynzlyna

`m zoynmgn{n{-;- H`y{ lyany OK oma {nklma lyany OK oyn n{{ lh h`y{#lyany oma {nklma#lyany {nyòf

klyynfo`lm `m gn h`y{ a`hhnynmkna yn{à~of{& o{pczl`koffp a`{yì~na o{ M':&?)



~many gn m~ff lh `m{y~cnm xofà`p& t`g andynn{ lh hynnalc ynzlyna `m zoynmgn{n{->- Qgn `m{y~cnm{ ~{na `m nokg nq~o`lm oyn2 DCC 'A@H)# QIDAZ `#9-QIDAZ`?&

DYLTQG`#9-DYLTQG`?& ZZ@`#?--ZZ@`? oma OAXDY#?--OAXDY?

relationship between trade liberalization, growth and bop in developing countries_ timothy mahea

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