relationship in nature: activities of man (powerpoint)
DESCRIPTION
Explains the different biological interactions among individuals - of same species or of different species.TRANSCRIPT
RELATIONSHIP IN NATURESpecies Interaction
Group 5Willesa GoJonalyn JavinarAnne LaraRacquel LiporadaAngelica Lopez
BCFMA3-1
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO SPECIES
INTERACTION
SPECIE A SPECIE B
Mutualism + +Commensalism
+ 0
Parasitism + -Predation + -Competition - -
POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP
Mutualism and Commensalism
MUTUALISM
Relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit
When two organisms of different species "work together," each benefiting from the relationship
IMPORTANCE OF MUTUALISM
Coevolution
Mutualism plays a key part in ecology.
IMPORTANCE OF MUTUALISM
Biodiversity Sustainability
IMPORTANCE OF MUTUALISM
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM
Ungulates (such as Bovines) and bacteria within their intestines
Bee and flower
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM
Bacteria and human
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM
Oxpecker (a kind of bird) and rhinoceros or zebra
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM
Ocellaris clownfish and Ritteri sea anemones
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM
Goby fish and shrimp
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM
TYPES OF MUTUALISM
Facultative Mutualism
Both species benefit from the interaction but each can live without the other, if necessary.
Plants (Pollination)
TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Facultative
Ants and aphids
Small fish of several families
TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Facultative
Obligate Mutualism
Neither one of two interacting species can survive for long without the other.
TYPES OF MUTUALISM
Yucca moth and yucca plant
Bees (pollen and nectar)
TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Obligate
Lichens
TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Obligate
Relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped
Derived from the Medieval Latin commensalis, meaning "sharing a table", from the prefix com-, meaning "together", and mensa, meaning "table" or "meal"
COMMENSALISM
EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM
Cattle egrets foraging in fields among cattle or other livestock
EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM
Birds following army ant raids on a forest floor
EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM
Kol-bal jackals and tigers
Inquilinism
It involves one species using the body or a body cavity of another organism as a platform or a living space while the host organism neither benefits nor is harmed.
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM
Barnacles and whales
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Inquilinism
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM
Metabiosis
This is a form of commensalism that occurs when one species unintentionally creates a home for another species through one of its normal life activities.
Gila woodpecker and Saguaro
cacti
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Metabiosis
Hermit crabs and gastropod shells
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM
Phoresy
This takes place when one organism attaches to another organism specifically for the purpose of gaining transportation.
Seed spreading
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Phoresy
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM
Ammensalism
This is the opposite of commensalism, wherein the other is harmed by the presence of the other.
The bread mold penicillium
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Ammensalism
Black walnut tree (Juglans nigra)
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Ammensalism
Sheep or cattle trampling on grass
TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Ammensalism
NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP
Parasitism, Predation and Competition
PARASITISM One in which one organism, the
parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death
EXAMPLES OF PARASITISM
Tapeworms Fleas
EXAMPLES OF PARASITISM
Barnacles
EXAMPLES OF PARASITISM
Brood Parasitism Mosquito on Humans
KINDS OF PARASITES
-Animal Parasites-Resulting to lice on humans, mosquitos on
humans, leech on mammals, round worms/nematodes in most vertebrates, fasciola
in humans, tapeworms in cow, ticks on dogs, fleas on dogs, barnacles on crabs.
KINDS OF PARASITES
-Bacterial Parasites-Resulting to bacterial infections, such as sore
throat,E coli in intestine
KINDS OF PARASITES
-Worm Infestations-Resulting to having Hookworms or
tapeworms
KINDS OF PARASITES
-Protist Parasites-Resulting to protist infections, such as
amoebic dysentery
KINDS OF PARASITES
-Viral Parasites-Resulting to viruses such as that causes
the flu or AIDS
KINDS OF PARASITES
-Plant Parasites-Mistletoe is plant parasite
TYPES OF PARASITES
-Ectoparasites-Parasites that lives outside the host’s
body
Mites
TYPES OF PARASITES
-Endoparasites-Parasites that lives inside the host’s body
Hookworm inside its host body
TYPES OF PARASITES
-Parasitoids-(or necrotroph) Parasites that use
another organism’s tissue for their own nutritional benefit until the host dies
from loss of needed tissues or nutrients
TYPES OF PARASITES
-Biotrophic-Parasites that cannot survive in a dead host
and therefore keep their hosts alive
Many viruses
TYPES OF PARASITES
-Social Parasites-Parasites that take advantage of interactions between members of a social host species to
their detriment
TYPES OF PARASITISM
-Epiparasites-(or hyperparasitoids) Parasites that feed on
another parasite
PREDATION Describes a biological interaction where
a predator (an animal that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the animal that is attacked)
EXAMPLES OF PREDATION
Lions and Zebras
EXAMPLES OF PREDATION
Galapagos tortoises and cactus plants
TYPES OF PREDATION
-Herbivory-consumption of plant or algal tissue
TYPES OF PREDATION
-Carnivory-consumption of animal tissue
TYPES OF PREDATION
-Mycophagy-consumption of parts of fungi
TYPES OF PREDATION
-Omnivory-consumption of both plant and animal
tissues
TYPES OF PREDATION
-Detritivory-consumption of dead organic material
COMPETITION A rivalry of two or more parties over
something. It is an interaction between individuals brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply (e.g. food, space, shelter, mate, ecological status, etc.), leading to a reduction in survivorship, growth, and/or reproduction of the individuals concerned.
SPECIFIC WAYS THAT INDIVIDUALS MAY COMPETE
1. Exploitation--depleting resources2. Pre-emptive--using space3. Overgrowth--species growing over
another and depriving the other of light4. Chemical--production of toxins5. Territorial--behavior or fighting in
defense of space6. Encounter--transient interactions
directly over a specific resource
KINDS OF COMPETITION
Interspecific Competition
This is a competition where individuals of one species suffer a reduction in fecundity, survivorship, or growth as a result of resource (e.g. food or nutrients, space, mates, nesting sites) exploitation or interference by individuals of a second species. Survival is the key in this type of situation.
KINDS OF COMPETITION
Intraspecific Competition
This competition is the struggle between members of a population for scarce resources. This competition has 2 types:
KINDS OF COMPETITION – Intraspecific
(1) Adapted or programmed intraspecific competition
Results from aggressive social behavior such as dominance hierarchies and territoriality. Here only certain individuals high in the peck-order, or holding territories, succeed in breeding. This is sometimes called contest competition because it involves aggressive contests between competing individuals.
(2) Unadapted or incidental intraspecific competition
Results from the accidental interaction between individual organisms utilizing the same resources, for resources used by one are unavailable to others. This is sometimes called scramble competition because everybody is involved in a mad scramble for the scarce resources.
KINDS OF COMPETITION – Intraspecific
TYPES OF COMPETITION
Interference Competition
This occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat.
Male-male competition in red deer during rut
TYPES OF COMPETITION - Interference
TYPES OF COMPETITION
Exploitation Competition
This occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource which acts as an intermediate. For example, the use of the resource(s) depletes the amount available to others, or they compete for space.
Canopy of taller trees
TYPES OF COMPETITION - Exploitation
TYPES OF COMPETITION
Apparent Competition
This occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator.
Nettle aphids (prey A) and grass aphids (prey B) are prey to
Coccinellidae (predator)
TYPES OF COMPETITION - Appparent
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Camouflage, Aposematism and Mimicry
CAMOUFLAGE Is often referred to as cryptic
coloration Is an important defensive strategy
utilized by many organisms in nature Structural adaptation that
enables species to blend colors and patterns with their surroundings to avoid detection by predators
EXAMPLES OF CAMOUFLAGE
Praying mantises sit in flowers of a similar color and ambush visiting
insects.
EXAMPLES OF CAMOUFLAGE
White ermines (a type of weasel) and snowy owls hunt in snow
covered areas.
APOSEMATISM Is commonly known as warning
coloration Is a strategy used by some animals to
alert potential predators of their presence with bold colors with patters to promote avoidance.
EXAMPLES OF APOSEMATISM
Black-and-white stripes of the
skunk
Bright orange of the monarch
butterfly
EXAMPLES OF APOSEMATISM
Yellow-and-black coloration of many bees and wasps and some snakes.
MIMICRY The resemblance of one organism to
another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment or protection from predators.
TYPES OF MIMICRY
Aggressive Mimicry
A form of mimicry in which a predator (the mimic) closely resembles another organism (the model) that is attractive to a third organism (the dupe) on which the mimic preys.
The bright leaves of the venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) attract insects in the same way as flowers.
TYPES OF MIMICRY - Aggressive
The Alligator Snapping Turtle uses its tongue to lure fish.
TYPES OF MIMICRY - Aggressive
TYPES OF MIMICRY
Batesian Mimicry
A form of protective mimicry in which an unprotected species (the mimic) closely resembles an unpalatable or harmful species (the model), and therefore is similarly avoided by predators.
The Syrphid fly mimics the colors and markings of honey bees.
TYPES OF MIMICRY - Batesian
The Monarch would be the
model and the Viceroy the
mimic.
TYPES OF MIMICRY - Batesian
TYPES OF MIMICRY
Müllerian Mimicry
A form of protective mimicry in which two or more poisonous or unpalatable species closely resemble each other and are therefore avoided equally by all their natural predators.
Poison dart frogs of South America and Madagascar.
TYPES OF MIMICRY - Müllerian
Heliconius erato and Heliconius
melpomene
TYPES OF MIMICRY - Müllerian