relationship orientated cultures. universalist v particularist cultures in the universalist...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LSS 2503Types of cultures
Relationship orientated cultures
![Page 2: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Universalist v Particularist cultures
In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established which can be applied to everybody on any given situation.
Example: UK
LSS 2503
![Page 3: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
In the particularist culture relationships and circumstances in any given situation decide what is right. The spirit of the law is more important than the letter of the law.
Example: China
LSS 2503
![Page 4: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Achievement v Ascription cultures
Achievement oriented culturesIndividuals get their status from what they have achieved themselves rather than their position in society
Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK
LSS 2503
![Page 5: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ascription orientated cultures
People get their status from their position in society and this is linked to family name, connections, wealth, and age.
Examples: Indonesia, Venezuela
LSS 2503
![Page 6: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Affective cultures and Neutral cultures
Affective cultures
Openly express their emotions Use physical gestures Encourage physical contact Focus on the person, not their position
Example: Italians
LSS 2503
![Page 7: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Neutral cultures Do not show emotions Avoid physical contact Difficult to read Try and remain calm ‘Position’ of a person most important, not
the person themselves
Example: Japanese
LSS 2503
![Page 8: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Individualism versus collectivism
Individualism is a culture where the individual is the basis of society: individual rights are valued above the collective rights of a group
Example: USA
LSS 2503
![Page 9: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Individualism versus collectivism
Collectivism is a culture where the ‘group’ is the basis of the society: collective rights of the whole group are more important than individual rights.
Example: The USSR
LSS 2503
![Page 10: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Specific and diffuse cultures
Specific and diffuse cultures measure how far people get involved with public and private places
LSS 2503
![Page 11: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Specific culturesIndividuals are open to sharing their public space but guard carefully their private space. Public and private lives are kept separate as much as possible.
Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK, USA
LSS 2503
![Page 12: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Diffuse culturesIndividuals guard their public and private lives carefully as the two are often closely related.
Examples: China, Spain, Venezuela
LSS 2503
![Page 13: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Time Oriented CulturesMonochronic v Polychronic
cultures
Monochronic culturesOn thing is done at a time in an orderly fashion. There is a time and place for everything and interruptions are not well – received.
Example: Germany
LSS 2503
![Page 14: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Polychronic Cultures
Multiple tasks can be done at the same time. A meeting can have an open door with phones ringing at the same time. Interruptions are not a problem.
Example: France
LSS 2503
![Page 15: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Monochronic cultures Schedules more important than interpersonal relations Appointment time inflexible One task at a time
Examples: Germany, Switzerland
Polychronic cultures Interpersonal relations more important than schedules Appointment times flexible Many tasks handled at same time
Examples: Latin America, Arab culture
LSS 2503
![Page 16: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Time oriented cultures Past
Present
Future
LSS 2503
![Page 17: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Time oriented cultures
Past oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. They are slow to change anything with links to the past.
Examples: China, the UK and Japan
LSS 2503
![Page 18: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Time oriented cultures
Present oriented societies prefer to live in the present with short-term benefits. The past has gone and the future is uncertain.
Examples can be found in Latin America and some African countries
LSS 2503
![Page 19: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Time oriented cultures
Future oriented societies believe they can understand and shape the future. They look for long-term benefits.
Examples: Brazil, USA
LSS 2503
![Page 20: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Communication oriented cultures
Human interaction can be divided into two communication systems:
Low context High context
LSS 2503
![Page 21: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Low context
In low context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressedthrough clear messages ( spoken or written)
LSS 2503
![Page 22: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
High context
In high context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressed through the context and non-verbal channels such as pauses, silence, and tone of voice.
LSS 2503
![Page 23: Relationship orientated cultures. Universalist v Particularist cultures In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051621/56649ec95503460f94bd6e63/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Low context High context Individual values v Group values Self-face concerns v Mutual –face Linear logic v Spiral logic Direct style v Indirect style Person-orientedv Status oriented Self-enhancement v Self- effacement Speaker oriented v Listener oriented Verbal based v Context based
LSS 2503