relationships in nature. what is symbiosis? two organisms that live together temporarily or for a...
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Relationships in Nature
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What is symbiosis?
Two organisms that live together•Temporarily or for a longer time•At least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship
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What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism ParasitismCommensalism
both organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism benefitsone
organism is unaffected
one organism is
harmed
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Parasitism
• Causes harm to host
• The parasite benefits, the host is harmed or in some cases killed.
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Zombie Caterpillars -Slave Bodyguard
• Glyptapanteles is a wasp that lays its eggs in the body of a caterpillar.
• This is a three layered parasitic infection.– The wasps disable the caterpillar’s
immune system, allowing the wasp eggs to survive.
– The eggs hatch and feed on the caterpillar, but do not kill it. Instead, the caterpillar stops developing and spends the rest of its life protecting the wasp larva, even going as far as spinning its own cocoon around the wasp pupae.
– When the adult wasp emerges from its cocoon, the zombie caterpillar finally tastes the sweet release of death.
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Commensalism
• Only one member benefits– sharing space, defense, shelter, food
• Neither will die if relationship is ended– Shrimp & sea cucumber
http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm
The Shrimp hitch a ride on the large sea cucumbers. The shrimps get transported through a large area of potential food by their host with only a minimal expenditure of energy on their part. They can be observed getting off their host cucumber to feed in productive areas, and back on for a ride to the next spot!
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Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected
Cattle with cattle egrets
Cattle stir up insects as they eat
grassEgrets hang around
and eat insects
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Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected
Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets protection
Anemone is unaffected
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Cactus Wren & Cholla Cactus
• Cactus wren – builds its nest in a
cholla cactus to protect its young from predators such as raven. There is no harm to the cactus.
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Mutualism
• Both organisms derive mutual benefit
• Neither can survive without the other
• Tickbirds and rhinos
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Buffalo & Oxpecker
• Buffalo– Lets the bird eat
• Oxpecker– Eats ticks and other parasites off skin– Warns buffalo of danger
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/enemies/partners.html
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Honey Bee & the Dandelion
• Honey bee– gets to eat the
pollen from the flower.
• Dandelion– uses the bee to
spread its pollen to another flower
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Shark and Remora Fish
• Shark– Lets the fish eat
• Remora Fish– Eats parasites– Gets the shark’s
leftovers
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Hermit Crab & Sea Anemone
• Hermit crab– protects the crab
• Sea anemone– Gets leftover food
http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm
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Crocodile & Bird
• Nile crocodile– Usually eats animals– Allows bird to walk
around its mouth
• Crocodile bird– Cleans parasites in
croc’s teeth– Removes and eats
scraps of food– Eats harmful leeches
and parasites
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Mutualism: both benefit
Moray Eel with Cleaner Shrimp
Zebra Moray Eel gets a clean mouth
Cleaner Shrimp gets a meal
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Mutualism: both benefit
Antelope with Oxbird
Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a
meal