relaxa american english
DESCRIPTION
Relaxa American EnglishTRANSCRIPT
Àðìèí Øâèíã, Åíäðþ Åëèúò
Âòîðî ïðåðàáîòåíî èçäàíèå
© ÐÅËÀÊÑÀ ÎÎÄ Âàðíà
Ïî ëèöåíç íà SITA GmbH
Pinneberg, Germany
Âñè÷êè ïðàâà çàïàçåíè.
02.2006
Printed in Bulgaria
Íàñòîÿùèÿò ó÷åáíèê è àóäèî-
êàñåòèòå, êîèòî ñà ñúñòàâíà
÷àñò íà òîçè åçèêîâ êóðñ, ñå
ïðîäàâàò ïðè óñëîâèå, ÷å
íÿìà äà ñå çàåìàò, ïðåïðîäà-
âàò èëè ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâàò ñ
òúðãîâñêà èëè äðóãà öåë,
âêëþ÷èòåëíî è ïîä äðóãà
ôîðìà èëè ñ âèäîèçìåíåí âèä,
ïî ôîòîêîïèðåí, ìàãíèòåí èëè
äðóã íà÷èí.
Ïðàâàòà ïðè ïîëçâàíåòî íà
òîçè åçèêîâ êóðñ ñå òðåòèðàò
îò ðàçïîðåäáèòå íà Çàêîíà çà
àâòîðñêîòî ïðàâî è ñðîäíèòå
ìó ïðàâà.
Èçïîëçâàíåòî ìó çà îðãàíèçè-
ðàíå íà êóðñîâå è ñåìèíàðè
- ñàìî ñ ïðåäâàðèòåëíîòî ïèñ-
ìåíî ñúãëàñèå íà èçäàòåëÿ.
Óâàæàåìè êëèåíòè!
Ïîçäðàâÿâàìå âè, ÷å ñòå
èçáðàëè ñàìîó÷èòåëèòå
ÐÅËÀÊÑÀ çà ñâîåòî åçèêîâî
îáó÷åíèå! Ñèãóðíè ñìå, ÷å ùå
îñòàíåòå äîâîëíè îò ïîêóï-
êàòà ñè. Ñêîðî ùå ñå óáåäèòå
âúâ âèñîêîòî êà÷åñòâî íà
íàøèòå ïðîäóêòè - ÷èñòè
çàïèñè, èäåàëíî ïðîèçíîøåíèå,
ïúëåí ïðåâîä íà áúëãàðñêè
åçèê* íà âñè÷êè äóìè è äèàëîçè,
êàêòî â ó÷åáíèêà, òàêà è íà
çàïèñèòå.
Çà âñè÷êî òîâà ñå ïîòðóäè
íàøèÿò åêèï. Ñåãà å âàø ðåä!
Çàïî÷íåòå åçèêîâîòî ñè
ñàìîîáó÷åíèå ñ îïòèìèçúì.
Ùå ñå óâåðèòå, ÷å ìîæåòå!
* Áèçíåñ Àíãëèéñêè,
Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè è
Àìåðèêàíñêè Ìàðêåòèíã
ñúäúðæàò âìåñòî ïðåâîä
îáÿñíåíèÿ íà ïîíÿòèÿòà íà
àíãëèéñêè åçèê.
îò Èçäàòåëÿ
4
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Each of the 12 chapters of this book is aimed at maximizing understand-
ing by the Bulgarian listener. Starting with a summary of the main points of
each interview, the vocabulary is then dealt with in four sections:
Simple word/word translations
e.g., proverb ïîãîâîðêà
“False Friends”
“False Friends” are English words which look or sound similar to Bulgar-
ian words, but have a different meaning, as well as words which have
more meanings than the one normally learned;
e.g., actually íå àêòóàëíî, à âñúùíîñò
eventually íå åâåíòóàëíî, à â êðàéíà ñìåòêà, etc.
CAREFUL! There are some words which have completely different
meanings in American English and British English, e.g.,
suspenders òèðàíòè (US),
æàðòèåðè (GB);
vest æèëåòêà (US),
ïîòíèê (GB);
rubber ïðåçåðâàòèâ (US),
ãóìà çà òðèåíå (GB).
Prepositional verbs and phrases
(Especially tricky for non-native speakers of English as they follow no
logical system, but can completely change the meaning of a sentence),
5
e.g., to look at ïîãëåæäàì;
to look up ïðàâÿ ñïðàâêà â êíèãà.
Idioms
Idioms are groups of words which cannot be translated literally or under-
stood logically, e.g.,
every once in a while îò âðåìå íà âðåìå
BUT BE CAREFUL! There are some idioms in American English which
have a completely different meaning in British English, e.g.,
to knock someone up ñúáóæäàì ñ ÷óêàíå (ïî âðàòàòà) (GB),
ïðàâÿ áåáå (íà íÿêîãî) (US);
to knock back ãàâðúòâàì (GB),
îòêëîíÿâàì, îòêàçâàì ñå (US).
IMPORTANT: All translations provided for Bulgarian speakers apply
in the given context.
To enable the listener to check whether he/she has correctly understood
each unit, each of the twelve chapters contains ten questions on the
contents of each interview, and another ten questions on items of vocabu-
lary. The correct answers are given at the end of this book.
This series, then, introduces us to the language and culture, the geogra-
phy and history of the United States of America.
How to use this Book
6
CONTENTS
ÏÐÅÄÃÎÂÎÐ .......................................................... 3
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK .................................... 4
CONTENTS ............................................................ 6
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................ 8
CHAPTER 2 .......................................................... 16
CHAPTER 3 .......................................................... 26
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................... 37
CHAPTER 5 .......................................................... 48
CHAPTER 6 .......................................................... 60
CHAPTER 7 .......................................................... 75
CHAPTER 8 .......................................................... 87
CHAPTER 9 ........................................................ 102
CHAPTER 10 ....................................................... 113
CHAPTER 11 ....................................................... 127
CHAPTER 12 ....................................................... 138
APPENDIX .......................................................... 153
KEY ..................................................................... 159
7
USA
8 ×àñò 1
CHAPTER 1
“The United States of America is many things to many people - but,
to about 230 million citizens it is home. In this series of programs
we will get to know a variety of Americans, from all walks of life: we’ll
find out how they live and work, and how they play, what they like
and what they don’t like. And above all, we will hear how they speak.
We will also learn a great deal about their nation - about their states,
a little history and geography, business, farming, industry, culture
and finally about travel.
At the beginning of Chapter 1,
we arrive at ‘John F. Kennedy’
International Airport, New
York. To start with, we are told
what we need to have with us
as tourists in the U.S.A. and
how to find our way around in
general. “Naturally you must be
in possession of valid travel
documents when you arrive in
the United States: you must
have a valid passport, and you
must have a visa stamped in it.”
After a short introduction to New York City, we begin our first interview at
the United Nations Headquarters Building in Manhattan. “A group of
young tour guides take visitors on conducted tours of the UN Building. One of
these guides is a young lady called Laurie Ann Coleman: Ann Coleman is 19
years old, and she is what I like to call Afro-American. In other words, she’s
black, and proud of it.” This young guide tells us something about the
history of the United Nations and about the reasons for the organization’s
existence. Some people, we are told, are rather skeptical about its value
as a guarantor of peace in the world.
“People are saying to themselves - what good is the United Nations? It’s just
a bunch of people talking blah-blah. They never achieve anything. Now that’s
9Chapter 1
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
proverb
valid
visa
baggage claim
indicator board
customs check
currency
hotel pick-up bus
ïîãîâîðêà
âàëèäåí, ðåäîâåí
âèçà
ãèøå çà ïðåäàâàíå íà ïðèñòèã-
íàë áàãàæ
èíôîðìàöèîííî òàáëî
ìèòíè÷åñêà êîíòðîëà
âàëóòà
ìàðøðóòåí àâòîáóñ ëåòèùå-õîòåë
VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES
what they say. Is that right?”
But Laurie Ann explains:
“No. See the UN was set up to be a forum for discussion. Not a world
government, not to force anybody in anything. So, of course, they are here
talking and that’s because that’s what they are supposed to do. They keep the
communication open for all the member countries ...”
After providing us with a number of interesting facts, Laurie Ann closes
the interview with some remarks on the value of learning foreign lan-
guages. Our next guest, also in Manhattan, is the film industry expert,
Fred Hift. He tells us all about his experiences in the film industry and
describes his career:
“I was a journalist ... I was with CBS first, and I was with the ‘New York Times’,
and in 1950 a job came open on ‘Variety’. ‘Variety’ is a well-known entertain-
ment paper ... And then in 1960, I met a man called Otto Preminger ... When
that was over, I became the vice president in charge of marketing for
Twentieth Century Fox., in Europe ... And then, eventually, wend on my own
and became a journalist and a broadcaster, which is what I am now.”
10 ×àñò 1
courtesy phone
boroughs
to overlook
sight
site
conducted tours
Afro-American
in total
briefing
get, got, *gotten
to switch
forerunner
whatever
a bunch of
to achieve
to enforce
no matter how
guideline
to pass
loss/gain
to lose ( lost, lost)
Secretary General
disarmament
warfare
blast
lunacy
awareness
well received by the public
in awe
to stumble
public transportation
áåçïëàòåí (áåçòàêñîâ) òåëåôîí
ãðàäñêè ðàéîíè
ãëåäàì îò âèñîêî
ãëåäêà
ìÿñòî
îðãàíèçèðàíè îáèêîëêè íà ãðàäà
àôðî-àìåðèêàíåö
îáùî
êðàòêî ñúâåùàíèå
ïîëó÷àâàì
ïðîìåíÿì (ñå)
ïðåäøåñòâåíèê
êàêúâòî è; êàêúâòî è äà å
êóï; êàìàðà îò (ïðåñèëåíî çíà÷.)
ïîñòèãàì
âëèçàì â ñèëà
íåçàâèñèìî êàê
óïúòâàíå, óêàçàíèå
ïðèåìàì (ðåçîëþöèÿ, çàêîí)
çàãóáà/ïå÷àëáà
ãóáÿ
ãåíåðàëåí ñåêðåòàð
ðàçîðúæàâàíå
âîéíà (âîäåíå íà âîéíà)
åêñïëîçèÿ
ëóäîñò
ñúçíàíèå
ïîïóëÿðåí
ñ áëàãîãîâåíèå è ñòðàõîïî÷èòàíèå
ñïúâàì ñå
îáùåñòâåí òðàíñïîðò
* - only in the US
11Chapter 1
shift
the most friendly in the world
as a third language
due north
legislator
to reside
corporate headquarters
to affect
urbane
to flee (fled, fled)
near
the 1950s
editor
to cover sth. inside-out
trade paper
a couple of
just 12 years old
tycoon
after all
rather
broadcaster
I’m afraid
freedom of expression
FALSE FRIENDS
actually
sensible
eventually
ðàáîòíà ñìÿíà
íàé-äðóæåëþáíèòå íà ñâåòà
êàòî òðåòè åçèê
ïðàâî íà ñåâåð
çàêîíîäàòåë
æèâåÿ, îáèòàâàì
öåíòðàëåí îôèñ íà ôèðìà
çàñÿãàì, âúçäåéñòâàì
èçòúí÷åí
èçáÿãâàì
áëèçî äî
ïåòäåñåòòå ãîäèíè
ðåäàêòîð
âëàäåÿ èçöÿëî
áðàíøîâ âåñòíèê
íÿêîëêî
ñàìî íà 12 ãîäèíè
ìàãíàò
âúïðåêè âñè÷êî
ïî-ñêîðî
âîäåù â ðàäèîòî
áîÿ ñå
ñâîáîäà íà èçðàçÿâàíåòî
íå àêòóàëíî, à âñúùíîñò
íå ÷óâñòâèòåëåí, à ðàçóìåí
íå åâåíòóàëíî, à â êðàéíà ñìåòêà
12 ×àñò 1
PREPOSITIONS
to consist of
divided into
to be proud of
to inject into
to deal with
to force into
to go on
to close up
to slow down
to break out
to bind on
to comply with
to work on sth.
to affect on
to get around
to be true of
to be in charge of
to impose on
ñúñòîÿ ñå îò
ðàçäåëåí íà
ãîðäåÿ ñå ñ
âëàãàì
èìàì ðàáîòà ñ, çàíèìàâàì ñå ñ
ïðèíóæäàâàì, çàñòàâÿì
ïðîäúëæàâàì
çàòâàðÿì
çàáàâÿì ñå
èçáóõâàì (çà âîéíà, êîíôëèêò)
îáâúðçâàì
ñúáëþäàâàì
ðàáîòÿ íàä íåùî
çàñÿãàì
çàîáèêàëÿì
âàæè çà
îòãîâîðåí çà
íàëàãàì
IDIOMS
to clear customs
“... and it could take some time before you clear customs”, to get through
the customs, to declare taxable goods.
it’s as simple as that
“... all you have to do is mention your name and reservation. It’s as simple
as that”, it’s no problem.
13Chapter 1
in no time
“In no time you’ll be picked up”, almost immediately.
the very southernmost
“And the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, that joins the very southernmost tip of
Lower Manhattan with Brooklyn”, the point most south/ farthest south.
in other words
“... and she is what I like to call Afro-American. In other words she’s black,
and proud of it”, said in a different way.
to get a bit of routine at ...
“So you’ve actually got quite a bit of routine at it”, to get used to.
to be supposed to ...
“So, of course they’re talking! And that’s because that’s what they are sup-
posed to do”, to be expected to.
no matter how
“... they cannot be enforced by the United Nations, no matter how sensible
or moral these resolutions may seem”, it doesn’t make any difference/ir-
respective of how
to serve a term
“There is an exhibit on the Secretaries General that have served term here”,
to hold office.
to watch your step
“And I have to tell them to watch their steps while we’re seating them ...”, to
be careful.
to come to realize
“Laurie Ann Coleman has come to realize how useful speaking a foreign
language can be”, to see, to understand.
a job came open
“... I was with CBS first and I was working with the ‘New York Times’ and in
1950 a job came open on ‘Variety’”, became available.
14 ×àñò 1
to go about doing something
“... and he was able to see how the people of Israel were going about
building up their new state ...”, to proceed, manage.
to keep a finger on the pulse of
“Tell me, Fred, do you still keep your finger on the pulse of motion pictures,
on the industry?”, to keep in close contact with, to observe.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the following sentences.
1. Fred called me last night and talked ... me for three hours.
2. After we had cleared customs, we went to the bank to change
some ....
3. Inflation has had a serious effect ... the employment situation.
4. I looked for him for two hours and ... I found him.
5. Mr. Hift is the Head of the largest department. He is in .... .... ....
marketing.
6. You had better be careful and watch your ... when you are walk-
ing along there.
7. Fred gets a lot of information about current developments in the
film industry by reading the ... papers.
8. I wouldn’t take a cab, if I were you. I’d use ... ....
9. Thank you very much for the invitation, but ... I can’t come as
I will be away on a business trip at that time.
10. He’s not always in such a good mood. Every once ... ... ... he
gets very bad tempered.
15Chapter 1
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. What travel documents must you have when travelling to the
United States?
2. Where do you collect your baggage?
3. Where can you change currency?
4. How can you get to your hotel?
5. What is a courtesy phone?
6. What is Laurie Ann Coleman’s job?
7. What does Laurie Ann Coleman show to visitors?
8. What is the aim of these exhibits?
9. What is the name of New York’s state capital?
10. What is Fred Hift’s job?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
something else
something very special: We went to the UN Building today - it was really
something else!
to give a rain check
to say no, to refuse: I’m afraid I’ll have to give you a rain check on the
party tonight - I have to work overtime.
to pass the buck
not to accept responsibility: It’s no good complaining to him - he’ll only
pass the buck and tell you to see the manager.
on the level
honest, straightforward: If he says he’ll pay you back, you can count on it.
He’s on the level.
nothing doing
no, certainly no, I refuse: A: “Can you lend me your car?” B: “Nothing do-
ing. Last time you kept it for a whole week.”
16 ×àñò 2
CHAPTER 2
In this unit we continue our conversation with the film journalist and
broadcaster, Fred Hift. We now turn to the subject of the film
industry today. Fred Hift still keeps a close finger on the pulse of the
movie business, although he is no longer actively involved in the
making of films. Of the film industry today he says:
“The state of the industry is that,
in 1987, Hollywood, and I mean
it in the broad term Hollywood,
the independents, the studios
and everybody else turned out
something like 553 pictures. An
unheard-of total. And we’re in a
sense paying the penalty for this
volume of films. Because when
you turn out 553 films, quality
takes second place ...” The rea-
son for this increase in quan-
tity - and loss of quality - is the video market. In spite of this, Hift points out
that the film industry had its best year in 1987 with a total box gross of 4.3
billion dollars. The reasons for this are complex - people do still like the
sense of occasion that going to the movies involves, and they tend to rent
cassettes of movies they have seen and liked. But he thinks that the film
boom is nearing its end:
“In my opinion there will be a downward curve, and the downward curve has
already happened. It’s happened in video. The video business in the United
States has peaked, and is now going down. Which means that people have
been saturated with films.”
Fred Hift also points out that foreign films have little chance of commercial
success in the United States:
“When you consider that the United States today ... has something like 21 to
22 thousands screens, when you consider that, and then you take the fact that
17Chapter 2
a foreign film is very lucky to play in about five hundred theaters, it gives you
some sense that the country, per se, has not accepted the foreign film.”
Next we learn something about the geographical and political back-
ground of the United States. The city of Philadelphia played an important
historical role as America’s capital until 1800.
Today’s capital is Washington D.C. Here we meet Dr. David Arnett,
Country Affairs Officer for the United States Information Agency. Dr.
Arnett is responsible for liaison between the missions in West and East
Germany. He explains the function of the USIA and its activities in West
Germany: “We have a series of America Houses there. Cultural and informa-
tion centers which are run by USIS; in Washington we’re known as USIA, the
United States Information Agency, overseas the US Information Service, so
USIS ... And we arrange a series of speaking programs, conferences,
exhibitions, showings of films and video cassettes. We’re responsible for
various exchange programs, the Fulbright Program and others. We basically
try to explain to audiences overseas what the United Sates is. We talk about
our history, our society, our foreign policies, of course, and try to explain to
our friends overseas just what we are as a country, who we are as a people
and how we became that way ...”
David Arnett then explains that the USIA and USIS is represented in every
country where the USA has a diplomatic mission. And he explains exactly
what “World Net” is: “World Net is a worldwide satellite television service
which is picked up by American Missions abroad. The general public in
foreign countries are invited to view the programs transmitted by World Net.
The most interesting aspect of these programs is a feature called Interactive
Dialogues. This means that a certain American official will be sitting in the
World Net studio in Washington, and he will talk directly to guest who are
watching the program at U.S. missions abroad. The guest are able to see the
official on the screen, and they are able to engage in a dialogue - much like a
video-telephone conversation ... Topics of all kinds are discussed, and the
questions are sometimes provocative.” After brief look at David Arnett’s job
and past career, the narrator describes some of the sights of Washington,
in particular the Smithsonian Institution, the National Air and Space
Museum and the Washington Monument, the world’s tallest stone obelisk,
2 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
18 ×àñò 2
607 feet (185 meters) high, where ...
“... an elevator takes visitors all the way to the top in a matter of moments, and
the views from up there are magnificent. You can clearly see the White House
and the Capitol, the Lincoln Memorial - in fact everything ...”
We conclude Chapter 2 with a recommendation: “Museum Washington” -
a magazine which is published every two months, and keeps the visitor
up-to-date on what exhibitions can be seen at the various Washington
galleries at any one time.
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
motion picture/movies
unfortunately
the (business) end
end
to summarize
the independents
gap
new release
odd
to suffer
VCR
to carry
miraculously
box office
gross
survey
ôèëìè
çà ñúæàëåíèå
ôèðìåíà ñòðàíà
öåë, ñòðàíà
îáîáùàâàì
íåçàâèñèìèòå
ïåðèîä îò âðåìå
íîâè èçäàíèÿ; íîâà ïðîäóêöèÿ
ñòðàíåí, îñîáåí
ñòðàäàì
âèäåîêàñåòîôîí
ïîêàçâàì
êàòî ïî ÷óäî
êàñà â êèíî èëè â òåàòúð
áðóòî
àíêåòà, èçñëåäâàíå
19Chapter 2
cascade
furthermore
reawaken
downward
to peak
to saturate
distribution
impression
to triple
to quadruple
screen
per se (lat.)
to conclude
spangled
envy
fate
constitution
promotion
exchange program
basically
obvious
primary
emphasis
to claim
multi-ethnic society
judgement
overseas
ensure
similarity
îãðîìåí áðîé, õèëÿäè, áåçáðîé
îñâåí òîâà, îùå ïîâå÷å
ñúáóæäàì îòíîâî
íàäîëó
äîñòèãàì àïîãåé, êóëìèíàöèÿ
íàñèùàì
ïëàñìåíò
âïå÷àòëåíèå
óòðîÿâàì
ó÷åòâîðÿâàì
åêðàí
êàòî öÿëî
çàâúðøâàì
îáñèïàí
çàâèñò
ñúäáà
èçäàíèå
ïîâèøåíèå
ïðîãðàìà çà ðàçìÿíà
îñíîâíî
î÷åâèäåí, ÿâåí
ãëàâåí
óäàðåíèå, àêöåíò
òâúðäÿ, îòñòîÿâàì
ìíîãîíàöèîíàëíî îáùåñòâî
ïðèñúäà
îòâúä îêåàíà
îñèãóðÿâàì
ïðèëèêà
20 ×àñò 2
assignment
ambassador
periodical
transmit
topic
straightforward
initial
seek
preference
stretch
to house
charge
convenient
exhibition
around
copy
FALSE FRIENDS
end
briefly
familiar
spirit
latest
prove
map
çàäà÷à
ïîñëàíèê
ñïèñàíèå
èçïðàùàì
òåìà íà ðàçãîâîðà
íàïðàâî, áåç çàîáèêàëêè
íà÷àëåí
òúðñÿ
ïðåäïî÷èòàíèå
ðàçñòîÿíèå
ïîäñëîíÿâàì
òàêñà
óäîáíî, ïðàêòè÷íî
èçëîæáà
îêîëî
åêçåìïëÿð
íå âèíàãè êðàé,
à ñúùî è ñòðàíà; öåë
íå ïèñìåíî, à êðàòêî
íå ôàìèëèàðåí, à çàïîçíàò
íå ñàìî ñïèðòíè íàïèòêè, à è äóõ
íå ïîñëåäíèÿ, à íàé-íîâèÿ
íå èçïèòâàì, à äîêàçâàì
íå ïàïêà, à êàðòà, àòëàñ
21Chapter 2
PREPOSITIONS
comments about/on
to deal with
agree with
turn out
an interest in
in addition to
solution to (a problem)
responsible for
emphasis on
information about/on
to specialize on
familiar with
compare with/on
engage in
to follow
to the fullest extent
at the moment
to grow up
dedicated to
on clear days
at any time
êîìåíòàð, ìíåíèå çà
òúðãóâàì, çàíèìàâàì ñå ñ
ñúãëàñÿâàì ñå ñ
ïðîèçâåæäàì
èíòåðåñ êúì
â äîïúëíåíèå êúì
ðàçðåøàâàíå íà ïðîáëåì
îòãîâîðåí çà
íàáëÿãàíå íà
èíôîðìàöèÿ çà
ñïåöèàëèçèðàì
çàïîçíàò ñ
ñðàâíÿâàì ñ
âçåìàì ó÷àñòèå â
ñëåäâàì
â íàé-ãîëåìèÿ îáõâàò
â ìîìåíòà
ïîðàñòâàì
ïîñâåòåí íà íÿêîãî
â ÿñíè äíè
ïî âñÿêî âðåìå
22 ×àñò 2
IDIOMS
in the broad term
“... in 1987 Hollywood, and I mean it in the broad term Hollywood”, in the
widest sense of the word.
to pay the penalty
“... And we’re paying the penalty for this volume of films,” to suffer the con-
sequences, to pay for something you’ve done wrong.
to take second place
“... when you turn out 553 films, quality takes second place,” not to be as
important as something else.
a sense of occasion
“... people still like a sense of occasion ... they like going out somewhere
...,” the feeling of doing something special.
in my opinion
“... In my opinion there will be a downward curve ...,” this is what I think.
all told
“... The United States of America is federation of states - fifty, all told.”
taken altogether.
well worth a ...
“... Philadelphia is well worth a visit ...,” it is a good idea, it is rewarding.
a short hop
“... From Philadelphia it’s only a short hop to Washington D.C. .... ,” a short
way, trip.
first things first
“... For one thing I have friends here, and Washington has the Smithsonian
Institution. But first things first. One of my friends is David Arnett ...,” the
most important thing should be mentioned/done first.
23Chapter 2
a cog in the wheels
“... you’re a cog in the wheels of this machine, okay?”, a part of a larger
organization.
in timely fashion
“... I try to make certain that any materials that may be needed ... are pro-
vided in timely fashion”, in good time, even before needed.
on behalf of ...
“... I was responsible for making statements to the press on behalf of the
American Embassy ...,” in someone’s name, on someone’s orders.
to take into consideration
“... USIA officials are allowed to state their preferences about where they
would like to be sent and these wishes are taken into consideration...,” to
take into account, to allow for.
to draw to a close
“... Well, David, our time is rapidly drawing to a close and you and I are off
to have a Mexican lunch ...,” to come to an end.
to take this occasion
“... And may I take this occasion again to welcome you to Washington...,”
polite phrase meaning, “May I now?”
in a matter of moments
“... an elevator takes visitors to the top in a matter of moments”, extremely
quickly.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in these sentences.
1. It is getting more and more difficult to increase sales of videos
and video equipment. The market seems to be ....
24 ×àñò 2
2. According to a ... undertaken by the Allensbach Institute, 9 out
of 10 Germans prefer coffee to tea.
3. David now has a much better job. He was given ... last month.
4. Of course you can get there by bus, train and taxi, but it’s much
more ... to take your own car.
5. Fred makes several interesting comments ... the past and future
of the motion picture industry, an area he is very familiar ....
6. The Head of Distribution is responsible ... seeing that all films
are shown in all the major cinemas throughout the country.
7. Many record companies now also specialize ... the production
of video clips to promote record sales.
8. Although it’s always cheaper to eat in, a lot of people prefer the
sense ... ... that goes with eating in a restaurant.
9. We really learnt a lot on our last trip to the United States. It was
certainly well ... ... .
10. Well, this chapter is gradually coming ... ... ... and we must get
ready to move on to the next.
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Why do people still go to the movies although it is much
cheaper, and more convenient, to hire a video cassette?
2. Why are foreign films not very successful in the United States?
3. What do the fifty stars and the seven red and six white stripes on
the American flag represent?
4. What do the letters D.C. stand for?
25Chapter 2
5. Which state was known as the Quaker State?
6. What, briefly, is the USIA?
7. What, briefly, is World Net?
8. Which famous building houses the US Senate and the House of
Representatives?
9. Where can you find Charles Lindbergh’s “Spirit of St. Louis” to-
day?
10. What is the most useful magazine guide for the visitor to Wash-
ington?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
to go over like a lead balloon
to fail completely, to flop: Our latest sales campaign went over like a lead
balloon. Nobody bought anything.
to be psyched up
to be mentally prepared: I was all psyched up to meet the Sales Manager
to discuss the disastrous results.
over the hill
past you best, not as good as you were: I’m afraid old Willie can’t sell like
he used to. He’s over the hill.
on the ball
alert, in shape: I’ve never seen Connors play so well. He’s really on the ball
today.
off the beam
wrong, mistaken: You’re completely off the beam, if you think New York is
the capital of the United States.
26 ×àñò 3
CHAPTER 3
Chapter 3 of our series takes us into C & W country; the land of
Country and Western music. Driving on Interstate Highway 66, we
head due West through the State of Virginia, named after Queen
Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen of England.
Interstate Highway 81 leads us
into Tennessee, “The Volun-
teer State”. We make a stop in
Nashville.
There we talk to Carl Hartman
jr., Director of the Power Use
Division of the Nashville Elec-
tric Service. Hartman tells us
about the work of the Tennes-
see Valley Authority, respon-
sible for the building and main-
tenance of a series of dams on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers,
built to control the flow of these rivers. These TVA dams also provide
hydroelectric power. The lakes resulting from the building of these dams
now provide recreational areas for the people:
“They’re allowed to be used, and are used very frequently, for such sports as
sailing, fishing, water-skiing and this type of water activities. As the rivers flow
through Kentucky, they get rather close to each other, and there is an area
between them that they call “Land between the Lakes”. And the TVA has
taken over this area and developed it into a nature habitat that becomes an
instructional thing for students and this sort of thing.”
We learn that this area used to be very intensive cotton growing land and
that it continues to be an agricultural area. The TVA plays a role here, too,
concludes on a note of warning on the effects of these phosphated
fertilizers on the ecology of the water system as experienced in Europe.
On a more positive note we hear about the new farming methods,
introduced by the TVA, which has turned much eroded, non-productive
27Chapter 3
land into fertile farming country.
We continue on a musical note - a “Country Music” note. “This music has
its roots in rural America, but goes back to the British Isles and Scandinavia.
In the Appalachian Mountains this music was kept alive and cultivated by
simple country settlers and farmers. It has been called many things - moun-
tain music, hillbilly music, bluegrass, rockabilly, country and western, rural
folk blues - and various other names. Millions of Americans love country
music, and it has become big business, worldwide ...”
Next we pay a visit to the Country Music Hall of Fame, and we meet Cathy
Parolini in her office there. Cathy is Head of Sales and Marketing, and she
knows a great deal about this unique museum: “We have over twenty
thousand square feet, which probably means nothing to anybody. But part
of the museum is dedicated to the Hall of Fame members. There are about
55 Hall of Fame members. These are the top people in country music, who
have somehow given something to the music, whether as performers or as
executives, or composers in some element of the music that has put hem at
the top.”
Cathy goes on to explain that the museum is also a successful commer-
cial enterprise, thanks partly to an admission charge for visitors. The
exhibits and artifacts are many and varied: “As you walk into the museum,
you see the Grand Ole Opry exhibit ... We have costumes and musical
instruments for bluegrass, country music style of cowboy, of all the contem-
porary. We have Elvis’ Cadillac that he gave us about six months before he
died. We have the new Johnny Cash exhibit that shows the life and career of
Johnny Cash. And we have two movie theaters ...”
The old Ryman Auditorium in downtown Nashville is the original home of
the Grand Ole Opry, and still worth a visit today. The new Grand Ole Opry
has, in the meantime, moved to more spacious quarters near the edge of
town. It is really a big television studio. Country music is now big business
and run like one. The days when fame could be won overnight are now
gone forever. Cathy Parolini tells us why:
“If people are going to pick up and sell their home and come to Nashville and
try to sell their songs, it’s not any wiser to do that than to try to be the head of
a corporation and never have had any experience or gone to college for it or
anything. I couldn’t walk into a major corporation and become president.”
28 ×àñò 3
And now we know why Nashville has become known as “Music City,
USA”. It is very easy to become fond of this city, the capital of Tennessee,
with its many sights and points of interest, with its bars and its many fine
restaurants. With heavy heart we leave this tidy town and make our way to
Georgia.
ïåéçàæ
ïëàíèíñêè ãðåáåí
ïëàíèíñêà âåðèãà
ïîêàçâàì
ìíîãîîáðàçèå
ïðåëåñòè
âàðîâèê
ïåùåðà
äåâà
ñåëèùå
îñíîâàâàì
ëþáâåîáèëåí, íåæåí
èìåíèå, èìîò
ïðîäúëæèòåëåí
äîáðîâîëåö
ñòðîèòåëñòâî
áëàãîñúñòîÿíèå
ñú÷èíÿâàì, ñúñòàâÿì
çàïî÷âàì
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
view
ridge
mountain range
to feature
a variety
attractions
limestone
cave
virgin
settlement
to establish
lovingly
estate
enduring
volunteer
civil engineering
prosperity
conceive
initiate
29Chapter 3
maintain
subject
effort
undoubtedly
recreation
nature habitat
charitable
rural
to raise
fertilizer
raw materials
pellet
nitrogen
potash
runoff
environment
top-soil
suspicious
sponsor
community
recording
square feet
executive
composer
award
nominee
ïîääúðæàì, ïîäêðåïÿì
òåìà
óñèëèå
áåç ñúìíåíèå
ïî÷èâêà, âúçñòàíîâÿâàíå íà
çäðàâåòî
ïðèðîäíà ìåñòíîñò
ìèëîñúðäåí
ñåëñêè
îòãëåæäàì
òîð
ñóðîâèíè
òîï÷åíöà
àçîò
êàëèé
îòïàäíè âîäè
îêîëíà ñðåäà
ïîâúðõíîñòåí ïî÷âåí ñëîé
ïîäîçðèòåëåí
ïîîùðÿâàì, ïîäêðåïÿì ôèíàí-
ñîâî
îáùèíà
çàïèñ
êâàäðàòíè ôóòà
èçïúëíèòåë
êîìïîçèòîð
íàãðàäà
ïðåäëîæåí, íîìèíèðàí
30 ×àñò 3
elect
merely
plaque
curator
source of revenue
admission price
artifact
foundation
celebrate
transcript
contemporary
publisher
self-termed
corporate area
valve
earphone
to relay
broadcast
original
outlaw
gambler
bum (slang)
honkytonk angel (slang)
weirdo (slang)
hardship
hog
trucker
drunkard
èçáèðàì
ïðîñòî, ñàìî
âúçïîìåíàòåëíà ïëî÷à
äèðåêòîð íà ìóçåé
èçòî÷íèê íà äîõîäè
âõîäíà òàêñà
ïðîèçâåäåíèå íà èçêóñòâîòî
ôîíäàöèÿ
ïðàçíóâàì
ïðåïèñ, êîïèå
ñúâðåìåíåí
(êíèãî)èçäàòåë
òàêà íàðå÷åí (îò íàðîäà)
òúðãîâñêè êâàðòàë
ðàäèîëàìïà
ñëóøàëêè
ïðåïðåäàâàì
èçëú÷âàì, ðàçïðúñêâàì
ñàìîáèòåí, îðèãèíàëåí
áàíäèò
êîìàðäæèÿ
ñêèòíèê
ïðîñòèòóòêà
÷àëíàò
òðóäíîñò, èçïèòàíèå
ñâèíÿ
ïúòíèê â òîâàðåí âàãîí
ïèÿíèöà
31Chapter 3
chaingang
air-conditioned
facility
enlighten
implement
somewhat
devise
flyer, flier
accessible
longevity
incredible
afford
promote
appreciate
fiddle
dobro
hoedown
hootenanny
deeply rooted
daring
outgrow
humble
true-to-scale
replica
commemorate
eyesight
host
êîëîíà îò îêîâàíè çàòâîðíèöè
ñ êëèìàòè÷íà èíñòàëàöèÿ
ñúîðúæåíèå
ïðîñâåùàâàì
ðåàëèçèðàì, èçïúëíÿâàì
ìàëêî
ñúçäàâàì
ëèñòîâêà
äîñòúïåí
äúëãîëåòèå
íåâåðîÿòåí
ïîçâîëÿâàì ñè íåùî
ïîäïîìàãàì
öåíÿ, îöåíÿâàì
öèãóëêà
âèä ìóçèêàëåí èíñòðóìåíò
ñåëñêà âå÷åðèíêà
âå÷åð íà êúíòðè ìóçèêàòà ñ òàíöè
äúëáîêî âêîðåíåí
ñìåë, äúðçúê
íàäõâúðëÿì
ïðîñòè, ÷èñòè
â ðåàëíè ðàçìåðè
êîïèå, ìîäåë
îçíàìåíóâàì
çðåíèå
äîìàêèí
32 ×àñò 3
íå ñàìî íåäîãëåæäàì,
à è îáõâàùàì ñ ïîãëåä
ïðåäïðèåìàì, à an undertaker =
ïîãðåáàëåí èíñòèòóò
íå ñàìî êîíòðîëèðàì,
à è óïðàâëÿâàì, îáóçäàâàì
íå áðàíø, à êëîí, ôèëèàë
íå ñàìî êîíöåðí,
à è ãðèæà, çàãðèæåíîñò
íå ñàìî êóëòèâèðàí,
à è ïîääúðæàí
íå ñàìî áÿãàì, à è âîäÿ, ðúêîâîäÿ
íå ïðèëèâ, ïîðîé, à íàâîäíåíèå
ïîåìàì êóðñ êúì
íàðè÷àì íà íÿêîãî
â íåéíà ÷åñò
ñåâåðíî îò
êàòî ðåçóëòàò îò
áëèçî äî
âúâ âðúçêà ñ, ïî îòíîøåíèå íà
íàìåñâàì ñå â, ïðå÷à
çàâèñÿ îò
òúðñÿ, íàìèðàì ÷ðåç òúðñåíå
íà äîëíèÿ åòàæ
ïîñâåùàâàì íà íÿêîãî
íà âúðõà
FALSE FRIENDS
to overlook
to undertake
to control
branch
concern
cultivated
to run
flood
PREPOSITIONS
to head for
to name after
in her honor
north of
as a result of
close to
in relation to
to interfere with
to depend on
to call on
on the lower floor
to dedicate to
at the top
33Chapter 3
IDIOMS
before too long
“... Before too long you’ll find yourself at the northern end of Skyline Drive”,
after a while.
open to the public
“... Both estates are open to the public, and both are worth a visit,” open
for everyone to see.
in the forefront
“... The TVA has been in the forefront in developing fertilizers and this sort
of thing which helped that”, to be one of the first to do something.
back in ...
“... Back in 1933, most Tennessee Valley farmers were using old-fashioned
farming methods”, a long time ago.
to bear fruit
“... At first farmers were suspicious and skeptical. But practical education
soon bore fruit”, to produce results.
a household name
“... Some of the performers have become true international superstars, and
household names in America”, known by everybody.
on display
to live on
to carry on
to step off
to convince of
to be fond of
to remind of
íà ïîêàç
æèâåÿ îò íåùî
ïðîäúëæàâàì, ñïàçâàì
ñëèçàì
óáåæäàâàì â
äîâîëåí ñúì îò
íàïîìíÿì
3 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
34 ×àñò 3
to wear both hats
“... Is your job here a bit like a curator, or are you more interested in the
commercial side of it? Well, we are fortunately able to wear both hats”, to
play two roles, do two jobs at once, have two titles.
to guess
“... And that’s why it’s called Music Row. It’s self-termed I guess, and then
it’s just been carried on for many years”, to suppose.
What’s in it for ...
“... What’s in it for the public? Oh, comfort, ease of movement, and it’s in a
good part of the city”, of what benefit is it?
not at all
“... Do you somehow regret a little that the Opry has moved from here? No,
not at all”, certainly not.
out of the goodness of one’s heart
“... There is no need for anyone to do it except out of the goodness of their
heart. Most people can’t live on that”, for no personal gain.
to make it big
“... how often do you get a boy with a pocket full of songs stepping off a
bus and making it big overnight?”, to be successful.
just great
“... Fatman, Thommy Riggs, is your host, and the music is just great”, won-
derful.
to make the most of ...
“... There are many other places of interest in and around Nashville, so
make the most of your visit”, to enjoy to the full.
to hit
“... Before you hit Interstate 41 South on your way to Chattanooga and At-
lanta, Georgia”, to join, to reach (a road).
35Chapter 3
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. Virginia is named ... the Virgin Queen, Queen Elizabeth I of En-
gland.
2. I’m afraid we don’t have a booking for you. Your reservation
must have been ... .
3. The Chase Manhattan Bank has ... all over the world.
4. Cathy Parolini works for the museum. She ... the sales and mar-
keting.
5. Everyone in Nashville depends ... the Nashville Electricity Ser-
vice for electricity.
6. Before you can enter the Hall of Fame Museum, you must pay
an ... ... .
7. There are not many people who can ... to work for nothing, just
out of the goodness of their heart.
8. See everything you can while you are in the States. Make the ...
of your visit.
9. This is one of the biggest projects that has ever been ... by the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
10. Nashville’s Parthenon was built to ... the first one hundred years
of American independence.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Where was the first England settlement established in 1607?
2. Why were dams built on the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers?
36 ×àñò 3
3. What was the main crop grown in Tennessee in the last century?
4. What industry has made Nashville famous all over the world?
5. What is the Grand Ole Opry?
6. What did Elvis Presley give to the Country Music Hall of Fame
and Museum shortly before he died?
7. What is Music Row?
8. In what way has country music changed in the past few years?
9. What building can you find in Centennial Park?
10. Who lived in the Hermitage?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
when hell freezes over
never: He’ll give up smoking when hell freezes over.
off base
wrong: You’re off base, if you think the moon is really made of green
cheese.
nip and tuck
evenly matched: The game was nip and tuck until the last minute.
neck of the woods
neighborhood, area: Sure we’ll visit you when we’re in your neck of the
woods.
kickback
bribe: After his team had lost every game of the season, the fullback was
arrested for taking kickbacks.
37Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4
This chapter takes us to the State of Georgia, so named in honor of
King George II of England in 1732. After a brief introduction to the
history of the state, we learn that Georgia’s economy was, and still
is, based mainly on agriculture.
To find out more about this
subject, we call on Lanny Wil-
liams, Director of International
Trade for the Georgia Depart-
ment of Agriculture. He tells
us that his department is the
oldest State Department of Ag-
riculture in the United States,
and that Georgia had one of
the first experimental farms in
the country: “When the colo-
nists came to Georgia and set
foot on Savannah, General Oglethorpe, who was the leader of the colonists in
Georgia, established an experimental garden. And they tried everything from
silkworms to peaches, tobacco and all of those things. They tried rice, that
didn’t work too well with us, and we have a long history of agriculture and
being leaders in agriculture ...”
Nowadays the main products of Georgia are poultry, forest products,
pecans and soybeans. In smaller amounts, Georgia is famous for its large
watermelons, weighing up to 30 kilos each. The state also ships a number
of exotic products out to faraway destinations, for example honeybees to
Germany and one-day-old chicks to Tokyo. Another major aspect of
Georgian agriculture is peanuts: “We produce about 50% of the peanuts in
the United States. We send massive volumes of them to Europe, for instance.
They’re used there, as you well know, for snack foods, for peanut butter. And
not only are they good but they’re good for you because they’re a high, high
source of protein ... and no cholesterol ...
38 ×àñò 4
The nutritionists say: you give a child a peanut butter sandwich, an orange
and a glass of milk, and you’ve fed that child very well.”
Cotton too, we learn, is still of considerable importance. Now it is making
a comeback as people get tired of synthetic fabrics. And, a little known
fact, all U.S. paper currency is made from 100% American cotton! Wood
products provide employment for 34,000 people, another 16,000 are
employed in allied businesses, and a further 30,000 work in the pulp and
paper industry. Georgia’s forest products are of worldwide importance.
Our next stop is Marietta, the home of one of America’s foremost manu-
facturers of airplanes, The Lockheed Corporation. Here, a public relations
official of the company, Joe Dabney, takes us on a factory tour. The B1
building is so large that the tour was conducted in an electric golf cart. It
is, in fact, the world’s largest aircraft building under one roof, with a
floorspace of 76 acres. Here the C-5 A was built between 1965 and 1968,
and today its successor, the C-5 B, a military transport aircraft, is in the
process of being built: “It is really the world’s largest operation airplane. It’s
a flying tunnel with wings. We have a visor nose that opens up and we have a
complete opening rear end. And we kneel the airplane and you can drive six
Greyhound buses in side by side ..., and on top of that you still have room for
a hundred men.”
The C-5 range of transport aircraft are to be discontinued, due to lack of
orders, but other military aircraft, such as the C-130, are still being built at
the rate of five a month. Civil aircraft, however are no longer made by
Lockheed.
Continuing on the theme of aviation, we move on to the next interview.
Here we meet Glen Grey, Director on Flying Operations at Lockheed, in
other words, Lockheed’s chief test pilot. Glen had been flying for thirty
years, and he tells us something of his experiences flying the famous
Hercules: “Well, I think the main thing about the Hercules is the fact that it’s
grown over the years. We’ve continued to improve the airplane, the engines
have changed, the engines has been increased in power over the years. The
avionic systems have been updated and all the systems in the airplane
virtually have changed completely. The airplane has thicker skins on it, almost
anything you name has improved since the early days ...”
39Chapter 4
He goes on to tell us more about the C-5 B from the pilot’s point of view
and about how the pilots and flying engineers participated in the design of
the aircraft. He is, however, reluctant to talk about the danger of his job.
Nevertheless, at the interviewer’s insistence, he does relate one ticklish
experience with a vertical take-off jet called the “Humming Bird”:
“Well, it had some unique characteristics, and we had to learn the hard way.
Like, you took off in the vertical mode, with both engines operating in thrusting
downward to lift you, and then as you accelerated about 75 knots, you raised
the nose, picked up partial wing lift and shifted one engine from vertical thrust
to horizontal thrust. And we got through the transition phase, we did it in
several phases, till we got to overlap, both directions, so we could do a
successful transition. But we had a little anomaly in the system ... and we were
aware we has what we call a pitch-up mode if you reached a certain angle of
attack and speed, if we wanted to do a very quick loop, very close to the
ground. And I nearly did one of those once. But I got out of it, so it was okay.
Managed to recover from it. That was probably as close as I came to prangin’
up an airplane.”
From Marietta, on the outskirts of Atlanta, we drive the few miles to Atlanta
International Airport. Our next stop, “The Sunshine State”, Florida.
VOCABULARY
in earnest
tracts of land
output
produce
poultry
pecan
commodities
silkworm
livestock
blueberries
ñåðèîçíî
ìåñòíîñòè
ïðîäóêöèÿ
ñåëñêîñòîïàíñêà ïðîäóêöèÿ
äîìàøíè ïòèöè
âèä àìåðèêàíñêè îðåõ
ñòîêè
êîïðèíåíà áóáà
äîáèòúê
áîðîâèíêè
40 ×àñò 4
êúïèíè
êîíêóðèðàì
âèä (ìàëúê) ïúïåø
ðàçíîîáðàçÿâàì àñîðòèìåíòà
çàâëàäÿâàì
áúðçà çàêóñêà
äèåòîëîã
ðåêîëòà
ñìåñ
äðåõà
íîìèíàë
äîëàð, “ãóùåð”
ñïåöèàëèòåò
áàíêíîòà
îôèöèàëíè ïëàòåæíè ñðåäñòâà
(ïàðè)
äúðâî (äúðâåñèíà)
ñðîäåí
õàðòèåíà ïðîìèøëåíîñò
ðàáîòåùè â äàäåí îòðàñúë
âîäåù
êîëè÷êà çà ãîëô
îáîáùàâàì
ïîêðèòà ïëîù
àêúð
êðúñòîâèùå
ñúáèðàì, ñãëîáÿâàì
êîðïóñ (íà ñàìîëåò)
êàðàì ïî ñàìîëåòíàòà ïèñòà
blackberries
compete
cantaloupe
to diversify
to conquer
snack
nutritionist
crop
blend
garment
denomination
buck/greenback (slang)
fancy meal
bill
legal tender
lumber
allied
pulp and paper industry
workforce
foremost
golf cart
recapitulate
floorspace
acre
intersection
to assemble
fuselage
roll-out
41Chapter 4
empennage
portion
landing gear
bogie
to prove oneself
analogy
to kneel
relief crew
lavatory
snout
to fabricate
to attache
payload
cruising speed
roughly
to discontinue
gap
contractor
gooneybird (slang)
commercial
keenly
corporate headquarters
essentials
designation
to recall
avionics
to update
virtually
to accommodate
îïàøíè ïëîùè íà ñàìîëåò
÷àñò
ìåõàíèçúì çà ïðèçåìÿâàíå
êîëåñíèê
îêàçâàì ñå ãîäåí, äîêàçâàì ñå
ñðàâíåíèå
êîëåíè÷à
ïîìîùåí ïåðñîíàë
òîàëåò
ìóöóíà, çóðëà
ïðîèçâåæäàì
çàêðåïâàì, ïðèêðåïÿì
ïîëåçåí òîâàð
îïòèìàëíà ñêîðîñò
ãðóáî
ïðåêðàòÿâàì
ïðàçíèíà, äóïêà
ïðåäïðèåìà÷
ïðîçâèùå íà “C-130”
òúðãîâñêè
îñòðî
öåíòðàëåí îôèñ íà ôèðìà
íàé-ñúùåñòâåíîòî
îçíà÷åíèå
ñïîìíÿì ñè
àâèàöèÿ
îñúâðåìåíÿâàì
äåéñòâèòåëíî, íà ïðàêòèêà
ïðèñïîñîáÿâàì ñå êúì íåùî
42 ×àñò 4
qualms
flight deck
to consult
outgrowth
modest
frightening
ticklish (slang)
unique
to mount
device
horizontal
vertical
anomaly
pitch-up
schedule
concourse
FALSE FRIENDS
nature
to ship
plant
tank
demo(nstration)
mode
ñúìíåíèå, êîëåáàíèå
ïèëîòñêà êàáèíà
ñúâåòâàì ñå
íàïðåäúê
ñêðîìåí
îáåçïîêîèòåëåí, òðåâîæåí
òðóäåí, ùåêîòëèâ
óíèêàëåí
ìîíòèðàì
ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå, ñðåäñòâî
õîðèçîíòàëíî
âåðòèêàëíî
íåðåäíîñò, ñèñòåìíà ãðåøêà
îñòúð íàêëîí
ïðîãðàìà, ðàçïèñàíèå, ïëàí
ïîêðèòà ãàëåðèÿ
íå ñàìî ïðèðîäà, à è íà÷èí
íå ñàìî èçïðàùàì ñ êîðàá, à è
åêñïåäèðàì, èçïðàùàì èçîáùî
íå ñàìî ðàñòåíèå, à è çàâîä
íå ñàìî öèñòåðíà, òàíê,
à è áðîíÿ
íå ñàìî äåìîíñòðàöèÿ,
à è ïðåäñòàâëåíèå
íå ñàìî ìîäà, à è íà÷èí
43Chapter 4
PREPOSITIONS
compared to
to get around
by plane, ship, train
demand for
made from
made by
in view of
except for
equivalent to
side by side
the best in the world
assigned to
to work on
to conclude with
proud of
to agree with
relative to
amazed at
to participate in
aware of
to turn out
to recover from
â ñðàâíåíèå ñ
çàîáèêàëÿì
ñúñ ñàìîëåò, êîðàá, âëàê
òúðñåíå íà íåùî
íàïðàâåíî îò (ìàòåðèàë)
ïðîèçâåäåíî îò
ïðåäâèä íà
ñ èçêëþ÷åíèå íà
ðàâíîñòîåí ñ
åäèí äî äðóã
íàé-äîáðîòî â ñâåòà
ðàçïðåäåëåí çà
ðàáîòÿ íàä
ïðèêëþ÷âàì ñ
ãîðä ñ
ñúãëàñÿâàì ñå ñ
ïî îòíîøåíèå íà
ñëèñàí, óäèâåí îò
âçåìàì ó÷àñòèå â
îñúçíàâàì
îêàçâàì ñå
ñúâçåìàì ñå îò
44 ×àñò 4
IDIOMS
to set foot on ...
“... When the colonists came to Georgia and set foot on Savannah ... Gen-
eral Oglethorpe established an experimental garden”, to enter for the first
time.
to get into trouble
“... You’re going to get me into deep, deep trouble with some of the pro-
ducers, listing one over the other”, to cause someone problems.
on the large side
“... I believe your Georgia watermelons are somewhat on the large side?
Would that be right?”, quite big.
to get down to ground level
“... Well, that’s a little bit on the exotic side. Getting back down to ground
level brings us obviously to ground nuts or to peanuts, as they’re called in
many other places”, to talk about basic facts.
in the process of ...
“... We’re now building the C-5 B ... we’re in the process of completing the
contract”, doing something at the moment.
to top something off
“... The snout of the C-5 B lifts right up, up in the air, and the tail section is
a big square hole in the tail, and the flap comes down and then to top that
off what you can get is, actually get the plane down practically on its
knees”, to give the finishing touch to.
on top of that
“... That really is a wonderful picture to give people an acoustic picture of
just how large this airplane is. And then on top of that you still have room
for a hundred men”, in addition to that.
45Chapter 4
to put all your eggs in one basket
“... well, that’s a bit sad from an individual point of view, but were you not,
maybe, putting all your eggs in one basket by being dependent on one,
one only, contractor?”, to make yourself dependent on one thing/person.
to cut losses
“... The company was losing money and out in Burbank, which was the
company headquarters at the time; they felt that they had to cut the
losses”, to reduce unprofitable business.
white collar
“... You’re not just a man who has graduated to a white collar!”, office job.
to make your way up through the ranks
“... Well, I’ve made my way up through the ranks and done all the jobs
along the way, so I’ve been involved in all the flying over the years”, to work
your way up from the bottom to the top.
to be around
“... How long do you assume it might still be around?”, to exist.
clean into:
“... So, your ergonomic experience would have flowed clean into the de-
sign”, directly into.
to wipe out
“... That was probably as close as I came to prangin’ up an airplane”, to
crash, destroy.
in retrospect
“... In retrospect it probably sounds like quite an entertaining anecdote but
at the time when you think of it and a million things and then some, it can
be a bit ticklish”, looking back.
46 ×àñò 4
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. Industrial ... in Georgia has grown by around a thousand per-
cent since the end of World War II.
2. Compared ... European watermelons, those from Georgia are
somewhat on ... ... ... .
3. Peanuts have really ... the world in a number of ways, including
peanut butter.
4. United States paper currency is made ... 100% U.S. cotton.
5. All American currency in circulation since the War of Indepen-
dence from England is still ... ... .
6. In this building, the fuselage of the world’s largest aircraft, the C-
5 B is ... .
7. At the moment we are in the ... of building the C-5 B, the succes-
sor to the C-5 A.
8. There are about 10,000 people working ... the C-5 B.
9. Here in Atlanta we are very proud ... the L 1011 Tristar because
we designed the wing here.
10. At the time it didn’t seem dangerous, but in ... I suppose it was
as close as I got to prangin’ up a plane.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Who was Georgia named after?
2. What do nutritionists think of peanut butter?
47Chapter 4
3. Why is cotton making a comeback today?
4. What is Georgia’s economic base today?
5. Name another important Georgian industry, apart from agricul-
ture.
6. What is remarkable about Georgia’s watermelons?
7. What is a “greenback”?
8. Who are America’s foremost manufacturers of airplanes?
9. What type of aircraft is the C-5 B?
10. Why did Lockheed discontinue production of civil aircraft?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
all systems go
everything is ready to start. After they had completed the planning stage,
it was all system go for production.
arm and a leg (to pay)
to pay a very high price. You have to pay an arm and a leg to buy a de-
cent house in the downtown area.
at loggerheads
in a quarrel. The head of department and his assistant are still at logger-
heads. They have been shouting at each other all morning.
to be into something
to be very interested in. George has joined the Green Party - he’s very into
ecology right now.
big wheel
influential, important person. Fred is a big wheel in City Hall. Maybe he
can put you in touch with the right people.
48 ×àñò 5
CHAPTER 5
This chapter takes us to Florida, “The Sunshine State”. Florida
statehood began when it joined the Union in 1821 after more than 300
years as a Spanish territory. The Spanish past and its influence are
still evident today. The narrator takes us on a trip to Key West, the
outermost island of the Florida Keys that can be reached by road.
We are here to pay a visit to the home of one of America’s most famous
writers, Ernest Hemingway.
Our guide here is the lady who
looks after the house today,
Viola Bagoy. Ms. Bagoy, an
Afro-American, has been close
to the Hemingway family for
decades. She begins by tell-
ing us how Ernest Hemingway
came to acquire the house,
and of his life here in Key West:
Viola Bagoy describes the de-
sign and structure of the house.
Later the conversation turns to cats: “Ernest Hemingway was a great lover
of cats. At the time of his death he had about seventy, and many of their
descendants live a happy and comfortable life in the grounds surrounding the
house. The cats are all well cared for ... There are 42 adult cats we do have
maybe 9 younger kittens.”
Viola tells us that when Hemingway bought the house, it was actually
carriage house with a hay-loft. This hay-loft was later converted into
Hemingway’s studio, where a great many of his works were written, works
which have, in the meantime, been translated into a vast number of
languages.
“He would get up at six o’clock if it was going well, he would write the whole
day. But if words wasn’t comin’, then he would leave; he’d go fishin’ or to the
bar. Usually the guys at that time in Key West went ... the ladies just didn’t go
49Chapter 5
to bars, so the guys were hanging out at the bars. And so he got his stories from
common people that he heard about”.
And his house is now visited by people from all over the world. From
Hemingway’s house we go to the nearby Key West Coast Guard station.
There we meet Lieutenant Christopher Otto. Chris Otto is O.I.C. (Officer in
Charge), and he explains why Key West has become an important center
for one crucial aspect of Coast Guard operations - law enforcement:
“We are in a strategic point here for drugs that leave from South and Central
America, come up to waterways into the south-eastern United States. The
much less glamorous but very important work of keeping our aids to navigation
that mark the waterways, meaning the lights on the reefs, the day markers and
the buoys that mark all the channels operating ...”
Of course, one of the most dramatic duties the Coast Guard perform is drug
interdiction. Coast Guard officers are proud of their record of drug seizure,
and illustrate this, for example, by painting little marihuana leaves or
cocaine flakes with an “X” through them to indicate major “busts”. The drug
of choice from 1977 to 1982 was, we are told, marihuana:
“But the big change has been in the public demand for cocaine. Until a few
years ago cocaine was a drug of the elite. Now it’s become a drug of the
masses and the big demand for it has caused it to be smuggled into the United
States in ever larger amounts.” A large amount of Lieutenant Otto’s work as
a Coast Guard Officer involves planning for law enforcement patrols, law
enforcement training and responding to law enforcement intelligences. In
other words, fighting drug smugglers. We find out how the Coast Guard
operates when a suspicious looking vessel is spotted, what the procedure
is, and what the results are. Asked if he sometimes feels as though he were
fighting against windmills, Chris Otto replies:
“It is frustrating, and we realize that we have a long way to go to become as
effective as we would like to be. But just because something is difficult doesn’t
mean you give up doing it. The fact that to legalize the drugs, some people have
suggested that, we’re really wasting our time; but I think that if we did that, we
might find some consequences that have probably not been considered, and
at this point I think it’s wise for us to do the very best job we can and hope that
some day we will be able to make it even more difficult than we are already.”
4 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
50 ×àñò 5
Finally, Lieutenant Otto suggests several ways of improving the efficiency
of the Coast Guard service. The improvements he would like to see are:
more money from Congress, closer co-operation with the U.S. Customs
Service, and better radar equipment.
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
to regard
peninsula
the Caribbean
to claim
evident
visible
aural
favorite
to comprise
spread
clockwise
arc
playwright
to link
concrete
surface
shaky
pylon
resident
divorce
honeymoon
ñ÷èòàì
ïîëóîñòðîâ
Êàðèáèòå
ïðåòåíäèðàì çà íåùî
î÷åâèäåí, ÿâåí
âèäèì
äîëîâèì çà ñëóõà
ëþáèì
ñúñòîÿ ñå îò
ïðîñòèðàì ñå
ïî ÷àñîâíèêîâà ñòðåëêà
äúãà
äðàìàòóðã
ñâúðçâàì
áåòîí
ïîâúðõíîñò
íåñèãóðåí, êîëåáëèâ
ïîäïîðà, ñòúëá
æèòåë
ðàçâîä
ìåäåí ìåñåö
51Chapter 5
lavish
ancient
to hey
basement
coquina
sea-level
descendant
bidder
to cover
to toll
carriage
hay-loft
prolific
tale
to invent
predestinated
scallywag
common
nasty
rifle
to admire
adult
testimony
besides
to scamper
kittens
to chart
vet
to respond
ïëîäîíîñåí
äðåâåí
ñåêà, äÿëàì
ìàçå
âèä êîðàëîâà ñêàëà
ìîðñêà ðàâíèùå
ïîòîìúê
ëèöå, êîåòî ïðîâåæäà òúðã
äîêëàäâàì çà
çâúíÿ, áèÿ êàìáàíàòà
êàðóöà
ïëåâíÿ
ïðîäóêòèâåí
ðàçêàç
èçìèñëÿì
ïðåäîïðåäåëåí
ïàëàâíèê
îáù
íåïðèÿòíî
ïóøêà
âúçõèùàâàì ñå îò
âúçðàñòåí
ïîêàçàíèÿ, ñâèäåòåëñòâî
îñâåí òîâà
ïîäñêà÷àì
êîòåíöà
îïèñâàì ðîäîñëîâíîòî äúðâî
âåòåðèíàðåí ëåêàð
ðåàãèðàì
52 ×àñò 5
pussycat
skin-diving
Coast Guard
to occupy
to maintain
law-enforcement
day-to-day
waterways
glamorous
buoy
thrill
seizure
contraband
to off-load
bust (slang)
flake
to signify
interdiction
vessel
substantial
suspicious
contiguous zone
to conduct
consent
no objection
appropriate
to encounter
ïèñåíöå
ãìóðêàíå
êðàéáðåæíà îõðàíà
çàåìàì
ïîääúðæàì
ïðèëàãàíå íà çàêîí
âñåêè äåí, åæåäíåâíî
âîäíè ïúòèùà
âúëíóâàù
øàìàíäóðà
òðåïåò, âúëíåíèå
àêöèÿ çà êîíôèñêàöèÿ
êîíòðàáàíäà
ðàçòîâàðâàì
óäàð, óñïåøíà àêöèÿ
îïàêîâêà
îçíà÷àâà
çàáðàíà
ïëàâàòåëåí ñúä
ñîëèäåí, ñúùåñòâåí
ïîäîçðèòåëåí
ãðàíè÷íà çîíà
ïðîâåæäàì
ñúãëàñèå
áåç âúçðàæåíèå
ñúîòâåòñòâàù
ñðåùàì (ñå ñ)
53Chapter 5
bow
to disable
effort
street value
hemisphere
framework
to utilize
perimeter
to loiter
liaison
available
FALSE FRIENDS
map
station
to wander
actually
to wonder
records
aids
base
service
intelligence
íîñ íà êîðàá
ïîâðåæäàì
óñèëèå
ïàçàðíà ñòîéíîñò
ïîëóêúëáî
îñíîâà
èçïîëçâàì
ïåðèôåðèÿ
áàâÿ ñå, ðàçòàêàâàì ñå
ñâðúçêà, âçàèìîäåéñòâèå
íàëè÷åí, íà ðàçïîëîæåíèå
íå ïàïêà, à ãåîãðàôñêà êàðòà
íå ñàìî ñòàíöèÿ, ãàðà,
à è îïîðåí ïóíêò
íå ïúòåøåñòâàì,
à ñêèòàì áåçöåëíî
íå àêòóàëíî, à äåéñòâèòåëíî
íå ÷óäÿ ñå, à ïèòàì ñå
íå ñàìî çàïèñè,
à è äîêóìåíòè, äîñèåòà
íå ñàìî ÑÏÈÍ, à è ïîìîùè
íå ñàìî îñíîâà, à è îïîðåí ïóíêò
íå ñàìî ñëóæáà, óñëóãà,
à è îáñëóæâàíå
íå ñàìî èíòåëèãåíòíîñò,
à è ðàçóçíàâàíå
54 ×àñò 5
authority
fraction
room
agency
PREPOSITIONS
to look at
visitor to
to listen to
to cater to
by road
to replace with
to look after
to hear about/of
at the time
to care for
to take care of
to make into
to convert into
to get up
to be familiar with
to identify with
to cram into
to the full
íå ñàìî àâòîðèòåò,
à è âëàñò
íå ôðàêöèÿ, à ÷àñòèöà, ìàëêà ÷àñò
íå ñàìî ïîìåùåíèå, ñòàÿ,
à è ìÿñòî
íå ñàìî àãåíöèÿ, à è âúçäåéñòâèå
ïîãëåæäàì êúì
ïîñåòèòåë ïðè
ñëóøàì
ñíàáäÿâàì ñ
ïî ïúò
çàìåíÿì ñ
ãðèæà ñå çà, îòãëåæäàì
÷óâàì çà
ïî âðåìå íà
ãðèæà ñå çà, ãðèæà ìå å çà
ïîëàãàì ãðèæè çà
ïðàâÿ íà, ïðåâðúùàì â
ïðåâðúùàì â íåùî
ñòàâàì
çàïîçíàò ñúì ñ
èäåíòèôèöèðàì ñå ñ
íàòúïêâàì ñå â
ñ ïúëíà ïàðà
55Chapter 5
IDIOMS
a couple of ...
“... And they had to wait her a couple of days, because her uncle had a car
delivered here”, a few.
just across the way
“... Is the bar just across the way on Ducal street?”, opposite.
the very end
“... Actually this is the very end of America if you like, isn’t it?”, the farthest
point.
to put up for auction
“... She was the highest bidder when the house was put up for auction four
months after the great writer’s death”, to offer for sale by auction.
main thing
“... of course his main thing was writing”, first/main interest.
to look for
to pay for
to belong to
by name
in charge of
for the purpose of
as opposed to
demand for
to respond to
off Florida
to depend on
to some extent
to work on
òúðñÿ
ïëàùàì çà íåùî
ïðèíàäëåæà íà
ïî èìå
îòãîâîðåí çà
çà öåëèòå íà
ïðîòèâîñòîÿ íà
òúðñåíå íà
ðåàãèðàì íà
îòäàëå÷åí îò Ôëîðèäà
çàâèñÿ îò
äî èçâåñòíà ñòåïåí
ðàáîòÿ íàä
56 ×àñò 5
to hang out
“... Usually the guys at that time in Key West were just hanging out at the bars”,
waiting around, spending time.
it stands to reason
“... Well, actually it stands to reason because when we read some of these
stories, they do have the common touch”, it is logical, it makes sense.
to get to know
“... He was very kind if you really got to know him”, to know closely, intimately.
from all walks of life
“... People from all walks of life come here to see it ... from all over the world”,
from every level of society.
to make it
“... You get a real feeling of satisfaction knowing that those drugs are not going
to make it into the U.S. and into the hands of people who would be better off
not using them”, to reach, to succeed
to rack up
“... a ship or boat can take a marihuana leaf with an x on it on the side of their
boat and they arrange them in order to try to see how many of them they can
rack up”, to total, accumulate, tally.
of choice
“... Marihuana was pretty much the drug of choice from ’77 to ’82”, preferred,
chosen (by a lot of people).
to go about ...
“... How would you go about bringing this boat to a stop, or what happens
actually?”, arrange, manage, operate.
fair game
“... So, U.S. vessels are pretty much fair game for boarding”, defenseless,
open to attack.
57Chapter 5
to get word back
“... They contact the appropriate intelligence authorities and we get word back,
usually within an hour”, receive an answer.
period
“... We’ve encountered resistance to boats ... meaning the boats would not
stop for us - period”, full stop, end.
to fight against windmills
“... Do you sometimes feel as if you’re fighting against windmills?”, performing
a hopeless task with no chance of success.
to make great strides
“... well, we’re constantly attempting to work more closer with the other
agencies that are down here in this area to try to become more effective and
I think that some great strides have been made”, to make considerable
progress.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. Viola likes Hemingway’s books best. He is her ... author.
2. Shortly after his wedding, Hemingway came to Key West to
spend his ... there.
3. Marihuana leaves with a small x through them ... that the crew of
a Coast Guard vessel have a marihuana ... .
4. At the present time there is more cocaine ... on the market than
ever before.
5. Anyone who happens to be listening to the radio can chose
from a dozen Spanish language ... .
58 ×àñò 5
6. Hemingway converted the old carriage house ... a house to live
in with a studio.
7. The demand ... illegal drugs in America has grown enormously
over the past ten years.
8. Chris Otto is ... charge .. search and rescue operations ... the
coast of Florida.
9. People from all ... of ... come to visit the Hemingway House in Key
West.
10. The Coast Guard contacts the appropriate authorities and they
usually get ... very shortly.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Today Florida is known as “The ... State”.
2. When did the State of Florida join the Union?
3. Which is the last island in the Keys that can be reached by
road?
4. How old is Hemingway’s house?
5. How old was Hemingway when he died?
6. What are the Florida Coast Guard’s three main areas of duty?
7. How big are U.S. territorial waters?
8. Why are U.S. vessels “pretty much fair game for boarding”?
9. What is unique about Monroe Country?
10. What is the largest agricultural crop in the southern hemisphere?
59Chapter 5
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
when the chips are down
at the most important or dangerous time. When the chips were down, George
hit a home run in the last inning of the game.
you bet (your life)
most certainly, yes indeed. Do you like to play basketball? You bet (your life)
I do.
wide of the mark
far from the truth, incorrect. You were wide of the mark, when you said Ed
Koch would win the election - he didn’t even get nominated.
to turn in
to go to bed. We were so tired, we turned in at nine o’clock.
too big for one’s breeches
too sure of one’s own importance, overconfident. I know he’s very success-
ful, but he’s getting too big for his breeches. It’s time he became a bit more
modest.
60 ×àñò 6
CHAPTER 6
We start Chapter 6 driving out of New Orleans, over the Ponchartrain
Causeway and onto Interstate Highway 55 going north to Missis-
sippi. This state takes its name from the “Big River” which forms its
western boundary. The commentator tells us something of the
state’s history:
“Parts of this area were colo-
nized back in 1699 by the first
French settlers, who were driven
off by the English in 1763. Just
sixteen years later the English
were driven off by the Spanish,
who held the area until 1798.
After that the area was known
as the Mississippi Territory, un-
der the rule of Washington. The
Native American population was
largely forced across the Mis-
sissippi River towards the West. Then, in 1817, the territory joined the Union
and became a State. Agriculture dominated the landscape and cotton be-
came king. Slave labor made the plantation owners wealthy. The city of
Natchez boasted more millionaires than any other place in America.”
And Natchez is where we stop next - to meet the mayor, Tony Byrne, who,
as we arrive, is addressing a gathering of 250 citizens on the subject of the
Natchez Trace parkway. The Trace is many thousands of years old and
was originally a migratory animal track and later an Indian trail; the mayor
would like to see it completed as a tourist attraction. In a documentary on
the Trace, the role of the Native American in its history is represented by
Marilou Awiakta, a member of the Cherokee tribe. She is a writer of prose
and poetry, and we next meet her in person, signing copies of her new
book. “Rising Fawn and the Fire Mystery” and again later at breakfast,
talking to the interviewer: “I’m originally from the Smoky Mountains in Oak
61Chapter 6
Ridge, Tennessee, and that is part of Appalachian. So, I’m Cherokee Appala-
chian and I’m a poet and work a lot to bring Native American traditions to
contemporary issues.”
From Marilou we learn more about the history of the Trace and the
Appalachian people: “We are an oral people - whether there are of European
descent, African, American or Native American, we still maintain the oral
tradition. So, I very naturally came out of that. Very often Appalachian is
looked at as a backwater of the United States, because people think there in
a very holistic kind of way and they cling to the oral tradition. But now the oral
tradition is coming back, so in effect we’ve never lost it. So,
I didn’t have to search it out, I just grew up with it.”
Her recent work has been dedicated to the environment. Here is her
poem:
“Dying Back”
“On the mountain the standing people
Are dying back.
Hemlock, spruce and pine turn brown
In the head.
The hard wood shrivels in new leaf.
Unnatural death from acid greed
That takes the form of fog and rain and cloud.
In a valley the walking people
Are blank eyed.
Elders mouth vacant thought.
Youth grows spindly, wan, from sap
Too drugged to rise.
Pushers drain it off. Sap is gold to them.”
62 ×àñò 6
Next we touch on a shameful chapter of American history - the Trail of
Tears: “It was the time in 1838 when Federal troops removed all Native
Americans from the South-Eastern area to Oklahoma, west of the Mississippi,
but the Cherokee specifically. The Trail started in 1838, and 17,000 walked
that Trail, and 4,000 died along the way. So, a fourth of the nation died on the
walk West.”
Marilou Awiakta talks of her tribe today and of the contributions its
philosophic thought can make to the world, especially with matters of
environment. The role of Native American women is outlined and the
holistic nature of Native American life, thought and philosophy. For the
future, Marilou says that she will be lecturing at Tufts University, in Boston,
and that she is assigned to develop new models of American Studies. Her
Native American component, as she sees it, is to show how everything
has to be kept in a harmonic whole, showing the kinship of all things and
keeping nature in balance.
“... Marilou is a founding member of an organization known as the Native
American Intertribal Association in Memphis. The aim is to give native people
a focal point where they can maintain aspects of their culture, their ceremo-
nies and to maintain their traditions ...” She also works in prisons to help
Native American women there to find a new center for their lives. In this
way the Native American communities are growing in strength, “be-
cause”, as she explains, “they are united”. With the new dignity that
Native America communities are finding, how are they reviving their
languages? Marilou tells us: “The language was suppressed for two hun-
dred years, and so in my section of Tennessee there were no native speakers
and there are only a few in North Carolina, and a few in Oklahoma. The
language is making a comeback ... Cherokee is more like Sanskrit or
Japanese in the sense that a word carries a full concept. For example, the
word for ship, train and car is all the same word.”
63Chapter 6
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
dead straight
road fee, toll
causeway
boundary
mighty
native
to dominate
slave labor
plantation
to boast
to impress
fertile
armadillo
nocturnal
gathering
bluff
originally
viewpoint
to advocate
catalyst
consultant
mayor
to hire
to attend
film-screening
fawn
ïðàâ êàòî ñâåù
ïúòíà òàêñà
ïúò ïðåç ìî÷óðåñòà ìåñòíîñò
ãðàíèöà
ñèëåí, ìîùåí
êîðåíåí æèòåë
ãîñïîäñòâàì
ðîáñêè òðóä
ïëàíòàöèÿ
õâàëÿ ñå, ãîðäåÿ ñå
ïðàâÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå
ïëîäîðîäåí
áðîíåíîñåö
íîùåí
ñúáèðàíå
ñòðúìíà ñêàëà, íîñ
ïúðâîíà÷àëíî
ãëåäèùå
ïîäêðåïÿì, çàñòúïâàì ñå çà
êàòàëèçàòîð
ñúâåòíèê
êìåò
íàåìàì
ãðèæà ñå, ìèñëÿ
ïðîæåêòèðàíå íà ôèëì
åëåí÷å
64 ×àñò 6
çàñåëâàì ñå
ñïàñÿâàì
íàïóñêàì
ìÿñòî çà ñïèðàíå
ìÿñòî
ïèêàíòåí
ñúäúðæàì
êàëìàð
ñêàðèäà
óñúâúðøåíñòâàì
ïðåïîðú÷âàì
ïðèÿòíî
îïðåäåëåíà ñðåùà
ñúâðåìåíåí
ôèëì
äîêóìåíòàëåí ôèëì
ïúòåêà, ïúò çà ïåøåõîäöè
ïúò çà åçäà÷è
îïèò
îòñòðàíÿâàì, îòäàëå÷àâàì
äîñòà, òâúðäå
òðåòèðàì, îòíàñÿì ñå
îñòàòúê, îñòàíêà
óñòåí
ïðîèçõîä
ïîääúðæàì, ïîäêðåïÿì
íàçàäíè÷àâ, èçîñòàíàë
öÿëîñòåí
ïóáëèêóâàì, èçäàâàì
to set
to rescue
to desert
landing
site
spicy
to contain
catfish
shrimp
to perfect
to recommend
pleasant
appointment
contemporary
motion picture
documentary film
footpath
horsepath
experience
to remove
rather
to treat
remnant
oral
descent
to maintain
backwater
holistic
to publish
65Chapter 6
abiding
heritage
research
to involve
trail
tears
environment
to entitle
sacred
hemlock
spruce
pine
acid
greed
fog
vacant
spindly
wan
sap
to drug
pusher
blemish
tribe
elders
dominant
to reunite
forever
core
drum
ïîñòîÿííî
íàñëåäñòâî
èçñëåäâàíå, ïðîó÷âàíå
âúâëè÷àì
ïúò, ïúòåêà
ñúëçè
îêîëíà ñðåäà
îçàãëàâÿâàì
ñâåùåí
áó÷èíèø
ñìúð÷
åëà
êèñåëèíà
àë÷íîñò, ëàêîìèÿ
ìúãëà
ïðàçåí
ñóõ êàòî ÷èðîç
áëåä
æèçíåí ñîê
óïîÿâàì
ïëàñüîð
íåäîñòàòúê, ïåòíî
ïëåìå, ðîä
íàé-âúçðàñòíèòå
ãîñïîäñòâàù
ïîâòîðíî îáåäèíÿâàíå
çà âèíàãè, âå÷íî
ñúðöåâèíà, ñúùèíà
òúïàí, áàðàáàí
5 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
66 ×àñò 6
to dispel
to undertake
to unify
web
somewhat
to increase
scholar
hoop
to project
ceremonial
primal
mind
entity
rough
not necessarily
empowerment
to instruct
to entertain
deer
jewelry
reverence
kinship
whole
immigrant
council
to construct
destruction
to found
member
ðàçïðúñêâàì
ïðåäïðèåìàì
îáåäèíÿâàì, óåäíàêâÿâàì
ïàÿæèíà, ìðåæà
íÿêàê ñè
óâåëè÷àâàì ñå, ïîêà÷âàì ñå
ó÷åí
îáðú÷, ïðèìêà
ïðîåêòèðàì
ïðàçíè÷íî
ïúðâè÷åí
óì, ìíåíèå
åäèíñòâî
ãðóá
íå çàäúëæèòåëíî
óïúëíîìîùàâàíå
îáó÷àâàì, äàâàì óêàçàíèå
çàáàâëÿâàì
åëåí
óêðàøåíèå
ïî÷èò, áëàãîãîâåíèå
ïîçíàíñòâî, âðúçêà
öÿë, öÿëî
ïðåñåëíèê, èìèãðàíò
ñúâåò
êîíñòðóèðàì
ðàçðóøåíèå
îñíîâàâàì
÷ëåí
67Chapter 6
association
focal point
level
pow-wow
discrimination
to lessen
pressure group
network
to lecture
community
awareness
to suppress
re-emergence
farewell
FALSE FRIENDS
form
bear
rule
like
address
promote
terminus
copy
local
ñúþç
öåíòúð, ñðåäèùå
íèâî, ðàâíèùå
èíäèàíñêè ñúâåò
äèñêðèìèíàöèÿ
íàìàëÿâàì
ëîáè
ìðåæà
èçíàñÿì ëåêöèÿ
îáùèíà
ñúçíàíèå, ÷óâñòâî
ïîäòèñêàì
ïðåðàæäàíå
ñáîãîì
íå ñàìî ôîðìà, à è îáðàçóâàì
íå ñàìî ìå÷êà, à è ðàæäàì
íå ñàìî ïðàâèëî,
à è ãîñïîäñòâî
íå ñàìî õàðåñâàì, à è êàòî
íå ñàìî àäðåñ,
à è îáðúùàì ñå êúì, àäðåñèðàì
íå äàâàì äîêòîðñêà òèòëà,
à ïîäïîìàãàì, ñïîìàãàì çà
íå òåðìèí, à êðàéíà ñïèðêà
íå ñàìî êîïèå, à è åêçåìïëÿð
íå ëîêàë (çàâåäåíèå), à ìåñòåí
68 ×àñò 6
recipe
spend
major
still
tour
blank
concern
overall
balance
affect
realize
PREPOSITIONS
to drive off/out
to run over
to come up with
to join in with
along with
emphasis on
to spy on
to look forward to
to round off
late into the night
íå ïîëó÷àâàíå, ïîñðåùàíå,
à (ãîòâàðñêà) ðåöåïòà
íå ïîäàðÿâàì, äàâàì,
à õàð÷à ïàðè, ïðåêàðâàì âðåìå
íå ñàìî ìàéîð,
à è ãëàâåí, âàæåí
íå ñàìî òèõ, à è âñå îùå
íå òóð, îáèêîëêà, à òóðíå
íå ñàìî áëàíêà, à è ïðàçåí
íå ñàìî êîíöåðí, à è ìîëáà
íå íàâñÿêúäå, à îáùî
íå ñàìî áàëàíñ,
à è ðàâíîâåñèå, âåçíè
íå àôåêò, à âúçäåéñòâàì
íå ñàìî ðåàëèçèðàì,
à è ðàçáèðàì, ñúçíàâàì
ïðîãîíâàì
ïðåãëåæäàì íàáúðçî, ïðåãàçâàì
íàñòèãàì, äîãîíâàì
ïðèñúåäèíÿâàì ñå
(çàåäíî) ñ
óäàðåíèå âúðõó
øïèîíèðàì íÿêîãî
ðàäâàì ñå íà, î÷àêâàì ñ íåòúð-
ïåíèå
çàêðúãëÿì, çàâúðøâàì
äî êúñíî ïðåç íîùòà
69Chapter 6
contribute to
to get to
to take up
to cling to
to search out
to be at something
to deal with
to grow up
to dedicate to
to drain off
to refer to
to scatter out
to present to
to point out
to separate from
to assign to
to add to
to go on
to differ from
to fit into
to devote to
a film on
to be the equivalent of
äîïðèíàñÿì çà
äîñòèãàì äî
õâàùàì, çàëàâÿì ñå ñ
âêîï÷âàì ñå çà
èçäèðâàì
ïðèñúñòâàì íà íåùî
òúðãóâàì ñ; çàíèìàâàì ñå ñ
ïîðàñòâàì ãîëÿì, îñòàðÿâàì
ïîñâåùàâàì íà
èçòî÷âàì, íàòî÷âàì
îòíàñÿì ñå çà
ðàçïðúñêâàì, ðàçãîíâàì
ïðåäñòàâÿì íà
ïîñî÷âàì, èçòúêâàì
ðàçäåëÿì îò
äàâàì, âúçëàãàì íà
ïðèáàâÿì êúì
ïðîäúëæàâàì
ðàçëè÷àâàì ñå îò
ïðèëÿãàì äîáðå íà
ïîñâåùàâàì íà
ôèëì çà
ñúîòâåòñòâàì íà
70 ×àñò 6
IDIOMS
on may way
“... I was on my way to Natchez. Driving up from New Orleans ...”, going in
the direction of.
any number of ...
“... Any number of useful brochures are available - all free of charge of
course”, a lot of.
free of charge
(see above) free, costing nothing.
and so on
“... There are dozens of churches with names like First Pentecostal Church
of Jesus Christ, Primitive Baptist Church, Mount Zion Baptist, and so on”,
etcetera.
on a full time basis
“... To have a catalyst that can help us on a full-time basis to promote the
finishing of the Trace ...”, as a normal job, i.e., approx. 40 hours a week.
to tread water
“... I can tell you that I think without completing the Trace around Jackson
that we’re just kind of treading water”, going nowhere, wasting time.
to go ahead
“... We’re going to need a little bit of time to make sure that we can put ev-
erything in place and that we can go ahead and make sure that everything
is in place except the terminus”, start and/or continue.
to take an interest in ...
“... The group of citizens who are taking an interest in getting the Natchez
Trace Parkway completed, had also produced a documentary film on the
history of the Trace”, to show active interest in.
71Chapter 6
to play a role
“... The Native Americans have played a substantial role throughout the
ages”, to have a part in.
to catch words
“... Marilou was signing copies of her new book after the film, so I took my
microphone to catch the words”, to hear what someone says.
to have fun
“... You’re going to have fun reading this”, to enjoy
for miles around
“... The ‘Hill’, also known as ‘The Bluff’, is the highest point by the river for
miles around”, within a large area.
to keep at bay
“... It is the site of the old ’Fort Rosalie’ that the earliest settlers built to keep the
Spanish colonists at bay”, to keep someone away/at a distance.
a variety of ...
“... It contains chicken, catfish, shrimp, rice and a variety of vegetables”,
many different.
a little while back
“... I just want to take up the point you made a little while back”, a short
time ago.
in effect
“... Now the oral tradition is coming back, so in effect we’ve never lost it”,
actually, in reality.
close to one’s heart
“... Recently she has been dedicating her prose to problems of the chang-
ing environment, a topic that is especially close to her heart”, of great per-
sonal importance to.
to come to pass
“... And this has come to pass”, to happen.
72 ×àñò 6
to do justice to ...
“... So how can we complete a study that will do justice to Native American
thoughts on things when the records aren’t really there?”, to treat fairly.
scheme of things
“... You mean like holistically? In its overall scheme of things?”, total struc-
ture.
to spring something on someone
“... But I’m going to spring a final little request on you”, to ask someone to
do something without warning.
to catch someone unguarded
“... I hope it doesn’t catch you unguarded”, to find someone unprepared.
to make a comeback
“... The language is making a comeback”, to be successful again.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. Tony Byrne, the ... of Natchez, is holding a speech on the Trace.
2. Gumbo has lots of interesting ingredients and is altogether a
rather ... dish.
3. There is very little written history of the Cherokee people, but
they have a strong ... tradition.
4. Marilou’s poems are often about nature and reflect her interest
in the ... .
5. In the past it was very difficult for Native Americans to improve
their situation as they did not constitute a ... ... .
73Chapter 6
6. Nowadays most Native Americans lead the ... life of the typical
white American.
7. The citizens of Natchez themselves have contributed a great
deal ... the success of the Trace Project.
8. Marilou has dedicated her life ... raising the consciousness of
Native Americans.
9. The Bluff is the highest point by the river for ... ... .
10. Towards the end of this chapter, Marilou’s interviewer ... an unusual
request on her -he asks her to say something in Cherokee.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. What does Mississippi mean and in what language is it?
2. What made plantation owners wealthy in the 19th Century?
3. Which city boasted more millionaires than anywhere else in the
U.S.?
4. What tribe does Marilou belong to?
5. What is “gumbo”?
6. What was the “Trail of Tears”?
7. What do the Cherokee call “standing people”?
8. What is the aim of the Intertribal Association?
9. What language does Cherokee sound like?
10. Why is it difficult to translate Cherokee directly into English?
74 ×àñò 6
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
according to Hoyle
correct, by the rules. He didn’t act according to Hoyle when he accepted
the bribe.
along for the ride
in a group for fun, without contributing anything. He doesn’t really believe
in the principles of the party - he’s just along for the ride.
to bad-mouth
to say uncomplimentary things about someone. You’ve been bad-mouth-
ing your boss for days now. What did he do wrong?
behind the eight ball
in trouble, in difficulties. Not having a car really puts me behind the eight
ball - I have to take the subway every day.
to blow one’s cool
to lose one’s composure. When his boss ordered him to work overtime for
the third time, Fred finally lost his cool and quit.
75Chapter 7
CHAPTER 7
We start Chapter 7 in Natchez, the oldest city on the Mississippi
River with a population of around twenty-one thousand, and here we
meet our host, Tony Byrne, the mayor of the city. Tony is hospitable
and has the easy charm that most Southerners have. He tells us
something of the changes that have come to the South in the past
twenty-five years.
“I think one of the most signifi-
cant changes that I’ve seen in
the twenty-two years I’ve been
in city government has been the
change in race relations here in
Natchez and in the South and
the involving of our black citi-
zens in all of our economic de-
velopment, our social work and
social development ...”
Tourism, we learn, is becom-
ing of increasing importance
to the area, and is the third biggest industry at present after oil and wood.
In the past, cotton was a very significant part of Mississippi’s industry, and
it is still grown in the Mississippi delta, along with another important crop,
soybeans. The latest crop to prove successful has, however, been catfish:
“The catfish that are grown here are pondraised, and they are not the
scavengers out of the river, and they are fed pellets just like fish food; they’re
fed on top of the water, and it takes about 18 months to harvest them. And
when they get to a certain size they are harvested, and most of them are
filleted and all the bones taken out of them, and it’s becoming a fish that is
becoming well-known all over the world ...”
And these fish can be prepared in a variety of ways: they can be fried,
baked, “blackened”, or grilled and then seasoned.
Next talk turns to the Natchez Trace Parkway, already mentioned in the
76 ×àñò 7
previous chapter, and we are given some information on its history. Tony
Byrne drives us down to the banks of the might Mississippi river - to a
place known as Natchez under the Hill - and here we say goodbye to this
charming city’s hospitable mayor. We board the “Mississippi Queen”, a
magnificent paddle steamer that carries passengers from New Orleans to
Natchez and back. There we meet Robert Pou - the second officer on
board. His job is to assist the pilots and a navigation. He tells us how
difficult it is to maneuver the boat, which is 70 feet tall and weighs 3,365
gross tons, and he describes the countryside as we pass through it, and
life on the river in days gone by:
“Stories about back in the Jim Bowie days, with Mike Finn and ... this area was
a stopover point where the men would bring their goods from up North; they
would be carrying them down on flat boats, and this was a large stopover
area, and really notorious for rowdy men ...”
Life on the riverboats used to be dangerous for other reasons too.
Visibility on the river was often poor and accidents came on. Nowadays,
however, modern navigation aids make work much safer for the riverboat
pilots. Robert Pou then tells about his home town, New Orleans, a town of
mixed styles, exciting food and ... music.
“Music on every street corner. There’s musicians playing outside on the
street, and they’ll have a hat out there people drop dollars or quarters in it, and
inside they have the night-club shows ... Yes, sir. It’s real nice. Most of the
streets are blocked off; you can walk in the streets and there’s vendors and
jugglers and music all the time, any time of day or night, even if the nightclubs
aren’t open, say in the middle of the day, you still have musicians that’ll be out
on the street playing music. It’s good safe fun and you can be yourself and
everyone has a good time.”
“New Orleans was founded in 1718 by the French navigator and explorer,
Sieur de Bienville, who named the city in honor of the Duke of Orleans. Today
the city’s French Quarter is unique to any American city and attracts thou-
sands of visitors annually.” Information for the tourist can be obtained from
a little magazine entitled “This week in New Orleans”. Here the visitor can
find maps, details information, and details of conventions and festivals. In
short, anything you need to know about this unique part of America.
77Chapter 7
íàñåëåíèå
âñå ïàê, íàïðîòèâ
ïðåäè âîéíàòà
âåëèêîäóøåí
ïðèâèëåãèÿ
îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íèòå
ðàñè
öåëîãîäèøåí
ïîêëîíåíèå
ãîëÿìà êúùà, ðåçèäåíöèÿ
âèíàðíà
îêîëíîñòè
ìíåíèå
ôèëìîâ ðåêâèçèò
çàãàòâàì, íàìåêâàì
â ãðàäà
íà ãëàâà îò íàñåëåíèåòî
áîãàòñòâî
ñúçäàâàì, ïðîèçâåæäàì
äåëòà
àäìèíèñòðàòèâíà åäèíèöà (îêðúã)
ïðåäèìíî
îòãëåæäàì
æèâîòíî, êîåòî ñå õðàíè ñ ìúðøà
õðàíÿ æèâîòíè
æúíà
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
population
yet
antebellum
generous
privilege
race relations
year-round
pilgrimage
mansion
winery
surroundings
viewpoint
film set
to imply
downtown
per capita (lat.)
wealth
to generate
delta
county
primarily
to raise
scavenger
to feed
to harvest
78 ×àñò 7
to filet
to fry
breadcrumbs
to blacken
charcoal
cuisine
bite
bland
pet
decade
interior
raft
pole
current
mail route
fort(ress)
edge
to locate
site
feasible
conceivable
to note
historian
schedule
paddle steamer
cruise
to outfit
convenience
èçâàæäàì, èçïðàçâàì
ïúðæà
òðîõè õëÿá
îïóøâàì
äúðâåíè âúãëèùà
êóõíÿ
õàïêà
ìåê, ëàñêàâ
äîìàøåí ëþáèìåö
äåñåòèëåòèå
âúòðåøíîñò íà ñòðàíà
ñàë
ñòúëá, ïðúò
òå÷åíèå (íà ðåêà)
ïîùåíñêè ïúò, ìàðøðóò
êðåïîñò
êðàé, ðúá
ðàçïîëàãàì ñå, çàñåëâàì ñå
ìÿñòî
îñúùåñòâèì, èçïúëíèì
ðàçáèðàåì
îòáåëÿçâàì ñè
èñòîðèê
ïðîãðàìà, ïëàí çà äåíÿ
ïàðàõîä ñ ëîïàòíè êîëåëà
ðàçõîäêà ïî ìîðå
ñíàáäÿâàì
óäîáñòâî
79Chapter 7
including
impressive
wheelhouse
to navigate
to practice
to hum
operating role
to assist
to moor
visibility
vessel
to repeat
degree
mate
to tighten
to slack
gross
to level
sandbar
fist fight
tough (man)
pride
tale
stopover point
rowdy
guy
to challenge
turkey
âêëþ÷èòåëíî
âïå÷àòëÿâàù
êàáèíà íà ùóðâàëà
óïðàâëÿâàì
óïðàæíÿâàì ñå, ïðàêòèêóâàì
áðúì÷à
ôóíêöèÿ
ïîìàãàì
ïóñêàì êîòâà, àêîñòèðàì
âèäèìîñò
êîðàá
ïîâòàðÿì
ãðàäóñ
ïîìîùíèê êàïèòàí
ñòÿãàì, îïúâàì
oõëàáâàì, îòïóñêàì
áðóòî
èçðàâíÿâàì
ïÿñú÷íà êîñà
þìðó÷åí áîé
òâúðä/ñóðîâ (÷îâåê)
ãîðäîñò
ðàçêàç
ìÿñòî çà ïðåíîùóâàíå
ñóðîâ, áðóòàëåí
÷îâåê, ìîì÷å
ïðåäèçâèêâàì
ïóéêà
80 ×àñò 7
strictly
screen
foggy
occasionally
pea souper (British)
adequately
mysterious
spooky
swamp
shack
section
unique
vendor
juggler
explorer
publication
convention
festival
wildlife
ñòðîãî
åêðàí
ìúãëèâ
ïîíÿêîãà, îò âðåìå íà âðåìå
ìíîãî ãúñòà ìúãëà
ñúîáðàçåí, ïîäõîäÿù
òàéíñòâåíî
ñòðàøíî, ïðèçðà÷íî
áëàòî
êîëèáà
÷àñò
óíèêàëåí
ïðîäàâà÷
æîíãëüîð
èçñëåäîâàòåë
ïóáëèêàöèÿ, èçäàíèå
êîíôåðåíöèÿ, êîíãðåñ
ïðàçíåíñòâî, ôåñòèâàë
äèâà ïðèðîäà
81Chapter 7
FALSE FRIENDS
race
depressed
control
affected
column
front
farming
season
current
instrumental
stage
established
pretty
awfully
hospitality
left
since
pilot
íå ñàìî íàäáÿãâàíå,
à è ðàñà, ïëåìå
íå ñàìî äåïðåñèðàí, ïîòèñíàò,
à è áåäñòâàù, èçîñòàâàù
íå êîíòðîëèðàì,
à âëàäåÿ, óïðàâëÿâàì
íå ñàìî àôåêòèðàí,
à è çàñåãíàò, íàêúðíåí
íå ñàìî êîëîíà, ãðàôà,
à è ñòúëá
íå ñàìî ôðîíò, à è àëåÿ
íå ñàìî çåìåäåëèå,
à è îòãëåæäàíå, ðàçâúæäàíå
íå ñàìî ñåçîí, à è ïîäïðàâêà
íå ñàìî òåêóù,
à è òå÷åíèå
íå ñàìî èíñòðóìåíòàëåí,
à è ñïîñîáñòâàù
íå ñàìî ñöåíà, à è ôàçà, åòàï
íå ñàìî óñòàíîâåí,
à è ñúçäàäåí
íå ñàìî õóáàâ, ïðèÿòåí,
à è äîñòà
íå ñàìî óæàñíî, à è ìíîãî
íå ïðåñòîé â áîëíèöà,
à ãîñòîïðèåìñòâî
íå ñàìî ëÿâî, à è îñòàíàë
íå ñàìî îò, à è îòòîãàâà
íå ñàìî ïèëîò, à è ëîöìàí
6 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
82 ×àñò 7
íå ñàìî ïðèçåìÿâàíå,
à è ìÿñòî çà ñïèðàíå
íå äîê, à êåé
íå ãðåáëî, ëîïàòà, à ïåðî íà ðóë
íå ñàìî ìúðòúâ, à è ñúâñåì
íå ñàìî ðúêà, à è ïîäàâàì
ïðèíàäëåæà íà/êúì
âúçïîëçâàì ñå îò
âàæåí çà
â äîïúëíåíèå êúì
äîáàâÿì êúì
èçâåñòíî ìè å çà
ïîñî÷âàì, èçòúêâàì íåùî
ïðåäè
íàïîìíÿì çà
ïîåìàì, íàãúðáâàì ñå
áëèçúê ñ, çàïîçíàò ñ
ðàçêúñâàì
ðàçìèøëÿâàì íàä
âäèãàì, õâàùàì
èçñëåäâàíå íàä
òàì ãîðå
ïîìàãàì â íåùî
óïðàâëÿâàì ñ
áëîêèðàì, èçîëèðàì
íåïîâòîðèì çà
landing
dock
rudder
dead
hand
PREPOSITIONS
to belong to
take advantage of
important to
in addition to
to add to
to be aware of
to point out
prior to
to remind of
to take over
familiar with
to tear up
to think beyond
to pick up
research on
up top
to assist in
to steer by
to block off
unique to
83Chapter 7
IDIOMS
by any standard
“... With its population of around twenty-one thousand it is fairly small by
any standard”, whatever you compare it with.
bed and breakfast
“... And now with the bed and breakfast operations and other things”, a
room for the night and breakfast.
as far as we’re concerned
“... Tourism is becoming probably our third largest industry and could be
number one as far as we’re concerned in the near future”, for us.
in the near future
(see above), soon.
tucked away
“... Sounds kind of strange that a small city tucked away in the corner of
southwest Mississippi would be affected by something that’s done in Saudi
Arabia”, in a remote location.
to come on strong
“... Wood would be number two, but the tourism industry is coming on very
strong for us”, to develop positively.
glory days
“... And particularly just prior to the war between the states when Natchez
was in its glory days and had more millionaires per capita than any other
city in the United States”, successful years.
84 ×àñò 7
to reach fruition
“... Well, you’re very instrumental in making sure that this project, which is
relatively old, is going to reach fruition before too long”, to be completed.
before too long
(see above), soon.
at first hand
“... Tony Byrne, it’s been awfully nice being here in your town and experi-
encing at first hand your hospitality”, personally, in person.
to make one’s way
“... I made my way up to the wheelhouse”, to go, proceed.
Good heavens
“... Good heavens, that’s big ship”, expression of surprise.
in pretty good shape
“... She’s in pretty good shape here, the antebellum homes were spared for
the most part during the Civil War”, in quite good condition.
used to
“... And on this sandbar may classic fistfights used to take place”, in the
past.
a pretty rough bunch
“... They sound like a pretty rough bunch. Were they?”, an unruly group of
people.
yesteryear
“... it doesn’t look much like the ships of yesteryear”, years gone by.
to get going
“... Gets the adrenaline going a bit”, to start something moving.
on the agenda
“... In the afternoon a Cajun tour is on the agenda”, planned.
85Chapter 7
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. With a ... of around twenty-one thousand, Natchez is a fairly
small city.
2. Natchez, the oldest city on the Mississippi River, is set in rural ...
and has a great deal of charm.
3. One of the latest branches of agriculture to come on strong in
Mississippi is the ... of catfish.
4. The South is famous for its highly seasoned ... .
5. Strong ... make navigating the Mississippi a difficult task for
riverboat pilots.
6. Apart from its food, the South is renowned for its ... ; visitors are
always given a warm welcome.
7. New Orleans’ French Quarter is ... ... any American city.
8. St. Mary’s Cathedral in Natchez reminds one ... a European ca-
thedral.
9. As far as we’re ... tourism will probably become our third largest
industry.
10. At these stopover points many fistfights between tough boatmen
... ... take place.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Which is the oldest city on the Mississippi?
2. What has been the most important change in the South in the
last 20 years?
3. When was Natchez founded?
86 ×àñò 7
4. What is the latest crop to prove successful in the Mississippi
delta?
5. Which nation founded the original Fort Rosalie?
6. What is the “Mississippi Queen”?
7. What happened to Vicksburg in the Civil War?
8. What is a “cock-o’-the-walk”?
9. What makes New Orleans different from any other city in the
U.S.?
10. Who was New Orleans named in honor of?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
to knuckle down
to give full attention to. After listening to pop music all evening, at 8
o’clock Peter finally knuckled down to his homework.
to do the trick
to have the required result. He tried everything he knew to get the car
started. Finally he changed the sparkplugs, and that did the trick.
to draw a blank
to get a negative result. She looked all through the telephone directory for
the right number, but still she drew a blank.
to stop/drop by
to make a short, unplanned visit. Why don’t you drop by when you’re in
town next?
a fair shake
honest, correct treatment. You may not like the boss, but I must say he
has always given me a fair shake.
87Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8
In this chapter we find ourselves in Louisiana, the southern state
named after the French king by Rene Robert Cavalier. We learn that
the French first came to the New World in the early 1500s. They
came in search of the high quality furs so popular in Europe.
The French first settled in the
Acadian Peninsula, today’s
Nova Scotia. A series of cruel
battles followed as the English
made many attempts to dis-
lodge them from North Ame-
rica. They finally succeeded
and the French-Canadians,
the Acadian settlers, were
forced to leave their homes
and the territory. Many of them
found a home in the already
existing French colony in Louisiana. We arrive in the heart of Cajun
country, in the city of Lafayette. There we are introduced to a very
charming young woman called Flo Meadows. Flo is a deputy vice presi-
dent at a branch of Louisiana’s largest bank. The first question: what is
the origin of the word Cajun?
“Its is derived from the term Acadian, which refers to the people that migrated
to the south-western portion of Louisiana from Nova Scotia in the 1700s. They
were expelled from Nova Scotia for political reasons and dispersed to locate
to various parts of the country. A large majority of them settling along the
bayous in our area. The first settlement was 15 miles east of here in the little
community called Breaux Bridge.”
Nowadays the French culture, both language and music, is actively
cultivated. The Council on the Development for French in Louisiana,
CODEFIL, is active in promoting this culture, and they arrange a variety of
regular functions. These include exchanges with other francophone coun-
88 ×àñò 8
tries and regions. The countryside, too, is very different from other places
in the U.S., with many waterways, and the Achaffalaya River Basin. The
people are easy-going, and the local cuisine is renowned for its spicy
food. Oil, or “black gold” as it is called, played a very important role in the
economy of the area:
“For two hundred years Louisiana was noted for its farming and fishing. In the
1920s oil was discovered and the economy of the area quickly became
dominated by the “black gold”. For 50 years Louisiana benefited from oil.
Then, in the late 1970s and early 80s, the price of oil dropped worldwide. This
has created serious problems for many local people who began suffering
high unemployment as a result. But things are now beginning to improve.
Unemployed people who, had moved away from the area to find work, are
returning ...”
Many of these fun-loving Cajun people are now returning to their home
state as the economy improves. Self-confidence is returning to the area
as their language, culture, music, food and unique way of life is revived:
“Each little community is known in this area for some festival that they
sponsor, so that just about every weekend in our area there a festival of some
sorts, which entails the food and the music and the dancing in the streets that
you hear about, and other forms of enjoyment.” With a touch of sadness we
leave Louisiana.
Our next stop is Texas, the Lone Star State, which was the largest
state in the Union until Alaska joined in 1959. Texas covers an area
of 700,000 square kilometers. Its history goes back to 1528, when
the Spaniards came north of the Rio Grande from Mexico to claim
the area for the Spanish crown. Texas was declared a Spanish
dominion in 1691. Settlement by whites of European origin began in
earnest during the early 1800s, and after a series of hostilities, the
new settlers succeeded in expelling the Mexicans. The final deci-
sive battle was fought at San Jacinto (Hacinto) on April 21, 1836.
The settlers voted their commander, Sam Houston, into the office of
President of the Republic of Texas, but just nine years later, Texas
became one of the United States of America.
89Chapter 8
In a small and dusty bar, at a country backroad intersection, about thirty
miles south of Dallas, we meet a man called Jim Cobb:
“Jim Cobb was from Texas, and he was a man with three problems. His first
problem: he couldn’t really talk to anybody. His second problem: his past ten
years. And his third problem: his future. After a couple of beers, we walked out
into the clear Texas night. Jim had been out of America for the past ten years
and had real problems adjusting to the lifestyle back in Texas.” Jim had
spent 5 years in Korea updating the equipment of the Korean Telephone
Authority, and he talks about the culture shock he and his compatriots
experienced there. He looks up at the stars for a long while, and then
ruefully remembers:
“It was such a shock to go into a country where the sights, the smells, the
value systems, everything was completely foreign to what I had been taught
and the way I live to expect ...”
From South East Asia Jim was sent by his company to Cairo, where it took
him almost a year to adjust to the new way of life in a Muslim society. The
culture shock was thus all the greater on his return to the States. And now,
back home in Texas, Jim feels a new kind of anxiety - reverse culture
shock. How does Jim cope with it. “I will stay home and I will not try to take
part, like I don’t vote now, I don’t want to be included and it’s painful for me ...
It is so shallow and plastic to what you feel about life ...”
Although many of his fellow-citizens today might find his attitude anti-
American, Jim Cobb strongly criticizes the provincialism and immaturity
of many of his countrymen: “America is going to have to grow up. I don’t
know any other way to put it ... They say ignorance is bliss, but America is so
different than the rest of the world in the sense that they don’t know, and that
they don’t care - and I’m not saying that all Americans don’t care,- I’m sure
they do care, but just mainly is that they are ignorant of what’s going on.” It
stands to reason that Jim is equally dissatisfied with American newspa-
pers and their version of the news, which he says is “tunneled down” to
what the Americans want to hear. He goes on to give a series of ex-
amples. Jim has a real urge to talk, and the night gets very long. In the
early hours of the morning we put the microphone away and say goodbye.
90 ×àñò 8
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
to fail to
fur
desire
to convert
peninsula
fabulous
copper
to flow
link
freebooter
attempt
to dislodge
lucrative
exploration
to undertake
series
hardship
grandiose
gesture
to claim
entire area
raid/invasion
deputy
vice president
poise
grace
ïðîïóñêàì
êîæà
æåëàíèå
ïðåâðúùàì
ïîëóîñòðîâ
áàñíîñëîâåí
ìåä (ìåòàë)
òåêà, ëåÿ ñå
ñâúðçâàùî çâåíî
ïèðàò, ðàçáîéíèê
îïèò
ïðîãîíâàì
íîñåù ïå÷àëáà
èçñëåäâàíå
ïðåäïðèåìàì
ñåðèÿ
òðóäíîñò; èçïèòàíèå
âíóøèòåëåí
æåñò
îáÿâÿâàì
íåäîêîñíàò, íåîïåòíåí
íàïàäåíèå, íàøåñòâèå
çàåìàù èçáîðíà äëúæíîñò
ïîäïðåäñåäàòåë, çàìåñòíèê
ñïîêîéñòâèå, óâåðåíîñò
ãðàöèÿ
91Chapter 8
term
to migrate
to expel
to disperse
majority
extraction
trace
eminent
accordion
main
to encourage
to exchange
contribution
to host
latter
culinary
to approximate
response
waterway
relaxation
basin
to drain
contiguous
cypress
reputation
to deserve
basically
spice, spicy
mixture
ïîíÿòèå
ïðåñåëâàì ñå
èçãîíâàì
ðàçïðúñêâàì
ìíîçèíñòâî
ïðîèçõîä; ïîòåêëî
ñëåäà
èçâåñòåí
àêîðäåîí
ãëàâåí
îêóðàæàâàì, íàñúð÷àâàì
îáìåíÿì
ïðèíîñ
äîìàêèíñòâàì
ïîñëåäíèÿò
êóëèíàðèÿ
ïðèáëèæàâàì ñå
îòçâóê, ðåàêöèÿ
âîäåí ïúò
îòïóñêàíå, ïî÷èâêà
âîäåí áàñåéí
ïðåñóøàâàì
ãðàíè÷åù, îêîëåí
êèïàðèñ
ðåïóòàöèÿ
çàñëóæàâàì
îñíîâíî
ïîäïðàâêà, ïèêàíòåí
ñìåñ
92 ×àñò 8
flour
seafood
item
parish
to dominate
to drop
to suffer
unemployment
to improve
extensive(ly)
deceased
furtherance
to strive
to promote
presently
fun-loving
downturn
transient
to assume
leisure time
male
female
to hunt
to sponsor
to entail
summing-up
to reflect
to conquer
to declare
áðàøíî
ìîðñêè äåëèêàòåñè
íåùî; íîìåð â ñïèñúê
åíîðèÿ
âëàäåÿ, ïðåîáëàäàâàì
ñïàäàì, ïîíèæàâàì
ñòðàäàì
áåçðàáîòèöà
ïîäîáðÿâàì
äîñòà
ïîêîåí, óìðÿë
ðàçâèòèå
ñòðåìÿ ñå
ïîäïîìàãàì, íàñúð÷àâàì
ïîíàñòîÿùåì
æèçíåðàäîñòåí
óïàäúê, çàïàäàíå
êðàòêîòðàåí, ïðåõîäåí
ïðåäïîëàãàì
ñâîáîäíî âðåìå
ìúæêè
æåíñêè
ëîâóâàì
ñïîíñîðèðàì
âêëþ÷âàì
çàêëþ÷åíèå
îòðàçÿâàì
çàâëàäÿâàì
îáÿâÿâàì çà
93Chapter 8
dominion
independence
commander
throughout America
laundromat
washing
dusty
throat
to update
equipment
to enjoy
sights
value
wash out period (sl.)
crucial, decisive
initially
to miss
root
kimchi
reverse
room-mate
to struggle
sweetheart
prayer
Muslim
to acquire
terrible
brassiere
pleasant
âëàäåíèå
íåçàâèñèìîñò
êîìàíäâàù
öÿëà Àìåðèêà
îáùåñòâåíà ïåðàëíÿ
ïðàíå
ïðàøíî
ãúðëî
îñúâðåìåíÿâàì
îáîðóäâàíå
íàñëàæäàâàì ñå
çàáåëåæèòåëíîñò, ãëåäêà
ñòîéíîñò
ïðîáåí ïåðèîä
ðåøèòåëåí
îòíà÷àëî, íàé-íàïðåä
ëèïñâà ìè
êîðåí, ïðîèçõîä
êîðåéñêî ÿñòèå (ëþòî)
îáðàòåí
ñúêâàðòèðàíò
áîðÿ ñå
ëþáèì(à)
ìîëèòâà
ìþñþëìàíèí
óñâîÿâàì; ïðèäîáèâàì
óæàñåí
ñóòèåí
ïðèÿòíî
94 ×àñò 8
áîëåçíåíî
îòêàçâàì ñå
ïîâúðõíîñòåí
íåïðèÿòíî
òåñåí, òåñíîãðúä
áèÿ ñå
äåñåòèëåòèå
ñðàâíåíèå
äðóãàäå
ùàñòëèâ, êúñìåòëèÿ
âúçìîæíîñò; óäîáåí ñëó÷àé
íàâèê, îáè÷àé
îòíîøåíèå
àíòèïàòèÿ
íåäîâîëåí
âèæäàíå, ïðåäñòàâà
äèêòàòóðà
áúëáóêàù, áúëâàù
íå ñàìî ùàñòèå,
à è áîãàòñòâî, ñúñòîÿíèå
íå ãðàïàâ, à ñóðîâ, ñòðîã
íå ñàìî îòáåëÿçàí,
à è èçâåñòåí
íå ñàìî ïàðòèÿ; ïàðòè (çàáàâà),
à è òðóïà, êîìïàíèÿ
íå ñàìî óñòà, à è óñòèå
íå ñàìî ïîðöèÿ, à è ÷àñò
painful
to refuse
shallow
nasty
narrow
to combat
decade
comparison
elsewhere
to be fortunate
opportunity
habit
attitude
dislike
dissatisfied
vision
dictatorship
bubbly
FALSE FRIENDS
fortune
harsh
noted
party
mouth
portion
95Chapter 8
dish
number
count
design
fashion
bewildered
office
customs
stuff
break
business
present
plastic
address
abroad
PREPOSITIONS
visitor to
to convert to
for the first time
by water
except for
íå ñàìî ÷èíèÿ, à è ÿñòèå
íå ñàìî íîìåð, à è êîëè÷åñòâî
íå ñàìî áðîÿ, à è ãðàô (òèòëà)
íå ñàìî äåñåí (íà ïëàò),
à è ïðîåêò
íå ñàìî ìîäà, à è íà÷èí
íå ïîäèâÿë, à îáúðêàí
íå ñàìî îôèñ, à è ñëóæáà
íå ñàìî ìèòíèöà, à è îáè÷àè
íå ñàìî âåùåñòâî,
à è ïëàò; áîêëóê
íå ñàìî ïóêíàòèíà, à è ïî÷èâêà
íå ñàìî ðàáîòà, ñäåëêà,
à è äåëî, ñëó÷àé
íå ñàìî ïîäàðúê,
à è ïðåäñòàâÿì
íå ñàìî ïëàñòìàñà,
à è èçêóñòâåí, ôàëøèâ
íå ñàìî àäðåñ,
à è îáðúùàì ñå êúì íÿêîé
íå ñàìî â ÷óæáèíà,
à è øèðîêî ðàçïðîñòðàíåí
ïîñåòèòåë
ïðåâðúùàì ñå â íåùî; ïðèåìàì
äðóãî ñõâàùàíå
çà ïúðâè ïúò
ïî âîäà
îñâåí
96 ×àñò 8
in his honor
to come from
to derive from
for ... reasons
east of
as a result of
different to
to differ from
based on
to benefit from
to move away from
on weekends
at a place
to be keen on
designs on
to vote into office
to adjust to
to look for
to be addicted to
to settle down
to stand for
to cope with
at the bar
to sum up
to grow up
to put into practise
ignorant of
to open up
â íåãîâà ÷åñò
ïðîèçõîæäàì; ïðîèçëèçàì
èçâëè÷àì, äîáèâàì îò
ïî ... ïðè÷èíè
èçòî÷íî îò
â ðåçóëòàò íà
ðàçëè÷åí îò
ðàçëè÷àâàì ñå îò
îñíîâàâàù ñå íà
èçâëè÷àì ïîëçà îò
èçíàñÿì ñå îò
ïðåç óèêåíäèòå
íà ìåñòî
êîïíåÿ çà
ïëàíîâå çà
ãëàñóâàíå â ñëóæáàòà
ïðèñïîñîáÿâàì ñå êúì
òúðñÿ
ïðèñòðàñòÿâàì ñå êúì
óëÿãàì; óñòàíîâÿâàì ñå
çàìåñòâàì; ïðåäñòàâÿì
ñïðàâÿì ñå ñ
íà áàðà
ñóìèðàì; ðåçþìèðàì
ïîðàñòâàì
âúâåæäàì íà ïðàêòèêà
â íåâåäåíèå çà
îòâàðÿì ñå êúì
97Chapter 8
IDIOMS
at the heart of the matter
“... This was the beginning of many attempts to dislodge the French from
North America. The lucrative fur trade was at the heart of the matter”, the
basic reason.
to come to someone’s mind
“... Three words came to my mind when I met Flo Meadows; poise, grace,
and charm”, to think of something.
at least
“... My family meets at least once a week for one meal”, at a minimum.
let alone
“... All districts throughout the United States are divided into counties, al-
though, of course, there are no counts - let alone a monarchy - in
America”, quite apart from.
a bunch of ...
“... So we can actually say that you’re a bunch of fun-loving people down
here in the South of the United States”, a lot of.
in earnest
“... Settlement by whites began in earnest in the early 1800s”, seriously, in
large numbers.
to pass the time
“... To pass the time I walked across the street to a beer bar to cool my
throat”, to fill in spare time.
I guess
“... I spent, I guess, the biggest part of 5 years in the Middle East”,
I suppose.
to strike someone
“... How did the way of life in Egypt strike you?”, to seem to someone.
7 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
98 ×àñò 8
dos and don’ts
“... They give you some dos and don’ts on living in Cairo, and that’s help-
ful”, rules on what to do and what not to do.
for the better part of ...
“... and the three of us struggled with this adjusting business for the better
part of seven or eight months before we finally settled down a little bit”, al-
most the whole period.
to split, grit your teeth
“... Dan decided to go back to Korea and marry his sweetheart from Korea,
and Big Fred just split his teeth and said he was going to tough it out”, pre-
pare for the worst with determination to succeed.
to tough it out
see above, to persevere, to see something through to the end.
to do very well for yourself
“... He left about a year before I did, but he did very well for himself”, to be
successful financially.
to care to do something
“... It’s a mistake a lot of people make, and a lot of people don’t care to
want to know the difference”, to take the trouble to do something.
heartfelt
“... This was a heartfelt thing, too, because I loved and do love America”,
genuine, emotionally sincere.
to sneak up on ...
“... But I had a set of value changes that I didn’t know I was acquiring while
I was overseas. It sneaks up on you”, it takes you by surprise, comes un-
expectedly.
scantily clad
“... I came home and I go into a Tom Thumb Supermarket in Dallas and I
see a woman that’s scantily clad”, wearing very little.
99Chapter 8
to sneak out
“... It’s like the first time you sneak out of Sunday School”, to leave without
permission, secretly.
pangs of guilty conscience
“... You actually get pangs of guilty conscience”, a feeling of having done
something wrong.
to put it that way
“... You’re saying you refuse to be part of America values that are no longer
your own. Would you put it that way?”, express in these words.
to hit home
“... It didn’t really hit home until you came back and looked at the value sys-
tems around you and it’s so shallow and plastic”, become clear, have a
real effect.
good old boys
“... If a bunch of good old boys at the bar we’ve just left, Jim, were to hear
us talking the way we are, there’s every chance they might call you anti-
American”, provincials, conservatives.
tunnel-vision
“... It’s not the narrow tunnel vision that we see in the America that
I know today. It’s not what I saw growing up”, limited view of things.
ignorance is bliss
“... They say ignorance is bliss, but America is so different than the rest of
the world in the sense that they don’t know, and they don’t care”, it is bet-
ter to know nothing.
a real eye-opener
“... For Jim Cobb, his ten years abroad were a real eye-opener”, educa-
tion, revelation.
in big time
“... I’ve listened to propaganda in big time in Egypt”, on a large scale.
100 ×àñò 8
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. CODEFIL is an organization which aims at ... the French lan-
guage.
2. All American states with the exception of Louisiana are divided
into ... .
3. When he arrived in Cairo, he first of all went on a tour to see all
the ... of the city.
4. A few of the Cajun ... are based on a mixture of flour and oil,
known as roux.
5. Many people find it difficult to cope ... drastic changes in cul-
tural environment.
6. The word Cajun ... from the word “Acadian”.
7. Has it ever ... you how different America is from the rest of the
world?
8. To ... the time he wandered over the street to a dusty old bar.
9. The highest ... in the land is that of President of the United
States.
10. Due to the ... in the economy of Louisiana, many people left the
state in search of work.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. What brought the French to the New World in the early 1500s?
2. What is the historical link between Nova Scotia and Louisiana?
101Chapter 8
3. Who was Louisiana named after?
4. What happened in the late seventies and early eighties which
had such a negative effect on the economy of Louisiana?
5. What was important about San Jacinto for the history of Texas?
6. Who was Sam Houston?
7. What is now the largest state of the United States?
8. What is a “good old boy”?
9. Why does Jim Cobb feel unhappy in America as it is today?
10. What is Jim Cobb’s problem?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
half-baked
not thought out, unrealistic. He’s always coming up with half-baked ideas
that take time and lead to nothing.
to hit it off
to enjoy each other’s company. George and Mary really hit it off from the
very beginning.
to hit the road
to leave, especially by car. It’s getting late so we’d better hit the road.
to hit the spot
to be just the right thing at the right time. That glass of water I drank after
the long desert ride really hit the spot.
to hold one’s horses
to stop, wait, be patient. I wanted to call the police at once, but Steve told
me to hold my horses.
102 ×àñò 9
CHAPTER 9
This chapter deals with two very American sports, baseball and
American football. It opens with a drive through southern Arizona
desert from Phoenix to Tucson. We learn a little about credit cards
and car rentals before we arrive at the Tucson television station,
KVOA, for an appointment with a TV sportscaster. His name: Dan
Hicks.
The first thing that anyone
wants to know about baseball
are the rudiments of the game:
The rudiments of baseball? “It’s
unique to America because
baseball originated in America.
This is truly our pastime, it’s what
America is all about. You talk
about sports, there’s a lot of
sports, but baseball is it. ... The
rudiments of baseball is to score
a run, that’s the bottom line ...”
Dan Hicks explains the basic detail. In a big league, or professional,
game can take from two to five hours. It provides a pretty full evening’s
entertainment. It is, basically a spectator’s sport. It is also played in Japan
and Puerto Rico. The “World Series”, of games is played in the U.S. every
year. Dan Hicks gives his opinion: “This is the best baseball played in the
world, and it’s played right here in the United States.”
Arizona is sometimes called “The Grand Canyon State”. This state, the
sixth largest, contains some spectacular landscapes, such as, for ex-
ample, the Painted Desert, the Petrified Forest National Park - a large
landscape containing a unique array of fossilized vegetation - and, most
famous and breathtaking of all, the Grand Canyon.
“Leave it as it is. You cannot improve it. The ages have been at work on it,
and man can only mar it.” (President Roosevelt on a visit in 1903)
103Chapter 9
Arizona is definitely a state to visit - with a camera. Returning to KVOA,
and Dan Hicks, we turn to another very American sport, this time football,
or gridiron as it’s sometimes called. This is a very violent sport, picked up
from Australia and originating in rugby and Gaelic football. The United
States refined the game and developed a style of their own, with the
players now well protected by pads and helmets. Once again, Dan Hicks
explains:
“The aim of the game in football is to score, to make a touchdown, and a
touchdown is six points; there is a hundred-yard football field, eleven players
on each side, and the aim of the game, in the shortest way I can put it, is to
score across the goal line ...”
We learn about tackling, blocking and passing. We find out what quarter-
backs and halfbacks are, and what they do. Thanks to advanced training
techniques, the players today are huge physical specimens, often com-
manding equally huge salaries apart from sponsorships, advertising and
promotion. American football is a form of entertainment and an important
part of this is, of course, all the razzmatazz that occurs on the sidelines
with the coaches become national figures in their own right, the cheer-
leaders, and the mascots. And television has moved in on this, and other
sports, in a big way, too, opening them up to enormous audiences.
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
detour
delightful
blooming
interior
radiant
non-cash deals
rental car
îòêëîíåíèå; çàîáèêàëÿíå
âúçõèòèòåëåí
ðàçöúôíàë
âúòðåøíîñò
ñèÿåù
áåçêàñîâè ñäåëêè
êîëà ïîä íàåì
104 ×àñò 9
waiver
mileage
gasoline
automatic car
manual gear-shift car
appointment
sportscaster
knowledgeable
basics
rudiments
truly
pastime
configuration
diamond
outfield
batter
fielder
stranded
team mate
perimeter
fence
summarize
to pitch
assuming/supposing
constitute
inning
average
çàñòðàõîâêà
êèëîìåòðàæ
áåíçèí
êîëà ñ àâòîìàòè÷íè ñêîðîñòè
êîëà ñ ðú÷íè ñêîðîñòè
äåëîâà ñðåùà, ÷àñ
ñïîðòåí êîìåíòàð
äîáðå îñâåäîìåí
îñíîâíè ïðàâèëà
ïðàâèëà
âÿðíî, èñòèíñêè
ðàçâëå÷åíèå
î÷åðòàíèå
âúòðåøíî ïîëå
âúíøíî ïîëå
èãðà÷, êîéòî óäðÿ ñ áóõàëêàòà â
áåéçáîëà
èãðà÷, êîéòî ñòîè âúâ âúòðåø-
íîñòòà íà ïîëåòî
çàñåäíàë
ñúîòáîðíèê
ïåðèìåòúð
îãðàäà
ðåçþìèðàì
õâúðëÿì
äîïóñêàéêè, ÷å
îçíà÷àâà
1/9 ÷àñò îò áåéçáîëíàòà èãðà
ñðåäíî
105Chapter 9
decent
spectator
triple-A-team
provocative
entire
superlative
spectacular
landscape
to paint
colorful
petrified/fossilized
array
marble
tree trunk
mute
evidence
rim
wonder
breathtaking
to carve
to punctuate
to mar
desirable
to attract
employment
opportunity
mining
gridiron
alien
ïðèëè÷åí, ñâåñòåí
çðèòåë
îòáîð îò ïúðâà ëèãà
ïðåäèçâèêàòåëåí
öÿë
ñóïåðëàòèâ
ãðàíäèîçåí, çðåëèùåí
ïåéçàæ
ðèñóâàì
ïúñòúð
âêàìåíåí
ïîäðåäáà
ìðàìîð
ñòâîë, ñòúáëî
íÿì
äîêàçàòåëñòâî
ðúá
÷óäî
çàøåìåòÿâàù
äúëáàÿ
(ïðåí.) ïðèäðóæàâàì; äîïúëâàì
ðàçâàëÿì, îáåçîáðàçÿâàì
æåëàòåëåí
ïðèâëè÷àì
ðàáîòà, ñëóæáà
óäîáåí ñëó÷àé, âúçìîæíîñò
ìèííî äåëî
àìåðèêàíñêè ôóòáîë
èçâúíçåìåí
106 ×àñò 9
flying saucer
violent
originator
pad
aim
member
to score
touchdown
to pass
to kick
worth
to tackle
to occur
forth
to huddle
offence
skilled
durable
well-balanced
to embody
fee
salary
college
huge
specimen
to weigh
razzmatazz/hoopla
coach
ëåòÿùà ÷èíèÿ
íàñèëñòâåí
èçîáðåòàòåë, èíèöèàòîð
íàêîëåííèê
öåë
÷ëåí
îòáåëÿçâàì (ãîë, òî÷êà)
ãîë (â àìåðèêàíñêèÿ ôóòáîë)
ïîäàâàì
ðèòàì
ñòîéíîñò
áîðÿ ñå; îïèòâàì ñå äà îòíåìà
òîïêàòà
ñëó÷âàì ñå
÷åòâúðò
ñâèâàì ñå íà êúëáî; ñòðóïâàì ñå
íàïàäåíèå, àòàêà
ñðú÷íî, óìåëî
èçäðúæëèâ
óðàâíîâåñåí
âêëþ÷âàì (ñúäúðæàì)
âúçíàãðàæäåíèå, õîíîðàð
çàïëàòà
óíèâåðñèòåò, êîëåæ
îãðîìåí
ìîäåë, òèï
òåãëÿ; òåæà
âðÿâà
òðåíüîð
107Chapter 9
competitive
to earn
sponsorship
advertising
promotion
to witness
to demand
horseracing
track and field fixtures
mascot
sidelines
FALSE FRIENDS
rent
desert
major
rate
tricky
likely
draw
funny
recruit
personnel
personal
ñúñòåçàòåëåí
ïå÷åëÿ
ïîïå÷èòåëñòâî
ðåêëàìà
ïîääðúæêà
ñòàâàì ñâèäåòåë íà
èçèñêâàì
êîííè íàäáÿãâàíèÿ
ëåêîàòëåòè÷åñêè ñúñòåçàíèÿ
òàëèñìàí
òðèáóíè
íå ïåíñèÿ, à íàåì, íàåìàì
íå ñàìî äåçåðòèðàì,
à è ïóñòèíÿ
íå ñàìî ñòàðøè, à è âàæåí
íå ÷àñò îò äúëã, à ñòåïåí
íå ïúëåí ñ òðèêîâå, à òðóäåí
íå ñ óäîâîëñòâèå, à âåðîÿòíî
íå ñàìî ðèñóâàì, ÷åðòàÿ,
à è òåãëÿ, ïðèâëè÷àì
íå ñàìî çàáàâåí, ñìåøåí,
à è ñòðàíåí, ÷óäåí
íå ñàìî íîâîáðàíåö,
à è ïîäêðåïÿì
íå ëè÷åí,
à ïåðñîíàë, ëè÷åí ñúñòàâ
íå ïåðñîíàë, à ëè÷åí
108 ×àñò 9
object
respect
manner
command
figure
famous
PREPOSITIONS
to hand over
full of
to drive off
to originate in
to consist of
to start off
to rely on
due to
to depend on
to participate in
to sum up
to argue with
to turn to
to evolve into
on a visit to
to be at work on
in progress
to pick up
íå ñàìî îáåêò, à è öåë
íå ñàìî ðåñïåêò, à è îòíîøåíèå
íå ñàìî ìàíèåð, à è íà÷èí
íå ñàìî êîìàíäâàì,
à è èçèñêâàì
íå ñàìî ôèãóðà, à è ëè÷íîñò
íå ôàìîçåí, âåëèêîëåïåí,
à ïðî÷óò
ïðåäàâàì íà
ïúëåí ñ
îòïúòóâàì
ïðîèçõîæäàì îò
ñúñòîÿ ñå îò
çàïî÷âàì ñ
îñëàíÿì ñå íà
òðÿáâà äà, äúëæà ñå íà
çàâèñè îò
âçåìàì ó÷àñòèå â
ñóìèðàì, ðåçþìèðàì
ñïîðÿ ñ
ïðåâðúùàì â
ïðåðàñòâàì â
ïî âðåìå íà ïîñåùåíèåòî â
ðàáîòÿ ïðåç
â õîä, â ïðîöåñ íà ðàçâèòèå
âçåìàì; îáèðàì îò
109Chapter 9
with the help of
on a team
on the side
apart from
to attach to
to be true of
ñ ïîìîùòà íà
â åäèí îòáîð, êîëåêòèâ
íà ñòðàíàòà íà
íåçàâèñèìî îò
ïðèêðåïÿì, ïðèñúåäèíÿâàì êúì
âàæè, îòíàñÿ ñå çà
IDIOMS
as ... go/goes
“... as airports go, Phoenix Airport is as attractive as any that I’ve ever seen”,
compared with other ...
that way
“... When the car is handed over it is usually full of gasoline, and it must be
returned that way”, in that condition.
the bottom line
“... The rudiments of baseball is to score a run, that’s the bottom line”, the
basis, the most important factor.
... plus
“... baseball games have been known to go on as long as five hours plus”,
or longer.
in essence
“... In essence it is the United States, but there are three teams that play out
of Canada”, basically.
from time immemorial
“... From time immemorial the Colorado River has carved its way through
the north-west of what today is the state of Arizona”, forever, from the be-
ginning of time.
110 ×àñò 9
grass roots
“... Rugby was really much the grass roots of football”, origin, starting point.
to take care of ...
“... Okay, that takes care of some of the background, but what is the aim of
the game?”, to complete, to finish.
for some reason or other
“... There is some hitting that is involved, but for some reason or other, the
defense takes it out on the ball carriers”, for an unknown reason.
to take it out on someone
see above, to act aggressively towards.
pretty much
“... There are now cheerleaders for pretty much every professional National
Football League Team in the United States now”, nearly every.
where ... is concerned
“... During the past thirty, forty years television has played a great role
where sports in the United States is concerned”, regarding, concerning.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in gaps in the following sentences.
1. I decided not to go straight to California, but to make a ... to
Tucson.
2. In America you should have a credit card to cover all ... deals.
3. Rental cars in the United States are nearly all ... , which is diffi-
cult if you are used to a manual gear-shift.
4. Normally, the ... big league baseball game takes about two and
one half hours to play.
111Chapter 9
5. There are three teams from Canada that participate ... the pro-
fessional league here in the United States.
6. Arizona’s Grand Canyon must surely be one of the world’s
greatest ... .
7. From time ... the Colorado river has carved its way through
north-west Arizona.
8. ... opportunities have also attracted high-tech personnel to min-
ing and also to modern industries.
9. The aim of football is to ... , to make a touchdown.
10. Today, football players are not only huge physical specimens,
but they command huge ... .
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Where do you go to rent a car at airports in America?
2. What is Dan Hicks’ job?
3. Why is baseball the “American sport”
4. What is a home run?
5. What is an inning?
6. Why is the “World Series” so called?
7. What is the Petrified Forest?
8. What is “gridiron”?
9. Where did American football originate?
10. What is the aim of the American football?
112 ×àñò 9
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
once in a blue moon
very rarely. Collecting stamps is fun, but you only find a valuable one once
in a blue moon.
rest room (bathroom)
toilet with washbasins, mirrors, etc. ... Susan had just gone to the rest
room to powder her nose.
to throw the book at ...
to give the most severe penalty possible. He was caught driving under the
influence of alcohol for the third time, and the judge threw the book at him.
rip-off
an act of stealing, dishonesty. The price of souvenirs in many tourist ar-
eas is a complete rip-off.
wide of the mark
completely inaccurate, untrue. Everyone was wide of the mark when they
said the Berlin Wall would stay forever.
113Chapter 10
CHAPTER 10
Chapter 10 takes us to California, “The Golden State”, so named
because of the goldrush, which started after the first discovery of
gold there in 1848. Today, it’s wealth is generated by a variety of
highly advanced manufacturing industries, and by agriculture.
Our first interview in this chap-
ter is with Captain Bernard Wil-
son, a police officer at LAX,
Los Angeles International Air-
port. The airport police con-
centrate mainly on airport se-
curity. It is an enormous task.
Around 125,000 passengers
and between 50,000 to 65,000
cars pass through the airport
each day. The airport has a
workforce of approximately
40,000 in all areas of airport operations. The police consists of a force of
around 250 people. Asked about his day-to-day work, Captain Wilson
says: “It’s difficult to describe because it can be, at times, so very boring.
They would be responsible for making foot patrols of terminal buildings,
answering a lot of questions, especially from people who are unfamiliar with
the transportation system, unfamiliar with the language, can’t read the signs
and so on. Very boring, very routine work for the most part with the knowledge
deep inside that the boring part could change literally in an instant.”
Of course, Captain Wilson and his men are trained to deal with more
dramatic incidents, such as hijackings and other terrorist activities. At the
airport all those crimes are committed that also occur in the average
American city, from petty theft to violent crimes like murder.
Thefts from cars and pickpocketing are fairly common, given by the large
number of vehicles constantly parked in the airport parking lots. Spec-
tacular crimes are less frequent, but they do happen. In dealing with
8 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
114 ×àñò 10
problems of a serious nature, however, the airport police are not alone.
They are backed up by other government agencies, for example, the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, the FBI, and the Federal Aviation Admin-
istration. Captain Wilson describes two serious incidents. The first:
“Someone got on board an aircraft with a knife and he was mentally unstable;
he threatened the flight attendant with the knife right before the aircraft was
getting ready to depart. There was an off-duty Los Angeles sheriff’s officer on
board the airplane as a passenger. And he was called to the front of the
aircraft to help the captain with resolving the problem. He ended up convinc-
ing the hijacker that it was so hot on board of the aircraft that they should open
up a door to let the air in. And when the door was open, the hijacker was
pushed out the door and landed on the ground below. It was an L 1011, so it
was a large drop from the aircraft ...”
In this case the incident happened so quickly that no other agencies were
involved. The second example concerns illegal drugs and the related
problem of streetgangs in California. How do the Los Angeles police deal
with the problem of youthgangs and drug-taking?
“Essentially they’re going out in force and making their presence known with
the gang community ... and trying to do some redirection of the activity.”
As elsewhere, the problems often stem from broken homes, neglected
childhoods, an alien culture and a hostile environment. The methods
required to deal adequately with such problems are complex. We leave
Captain Wilson and his squad of airport police officers and fly north, to
San Francisco. Waiting there is Dr. Scott Sanders, a research and
development director for several important Californian commodities, such
as raisins, walnuts and honey. The Nappa Valley, running all through
California, we are told, is the center for growing vegetables, fruits, nuts
and wheat. The number one industry is, at the moment, the grape
industry. Related to this are, of course, the wine and raisins industries.
Amongst dried fruits, raisins are by far the most important export:
“California supplies approximately one third of the world’s raisins. In terms of
the United States supply, we supply over 98 per cent of the domestic raisins
... the average yield is about 260,000 metric tones of raisins per year.”
The raisin, which is really simply a grape with the water removed, is, we
115Chapter 10
learn, of extremely high nutritional value: “A raisin consists of around seven
per cent fibre, and much more besides: for example, vitamin B1, B2 and
niacin, as well as minerals such as magnesium, iron and potassium. These
make raisins a very valuable supplement to any diet ...”
Dr. Scott Sanders is also an expert on nuts, and he has lots of useful
thinks to say about the Californian Walnut. They are also dried, this time
not in the sun, but in low heat tunnel dryers. Harvest season is around
September. Then reach their market fresh around Christmas, which is the
season when most walnuts are consumed throughout the world.
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
proudly
originally
to discover
to include
business associate
security
rank
pleasure
exclusively
primarily
aviation
terminal area
to support
workforce
control tower
cargo
ñ ãîðäîñò
ïúðâîíà÷àëíî
îòêðèâàì
âêëþ÷âàì
áèçíåñ-ïàðòíüîð
ñèãóðíîñò
ðàíã
óäîâîëñòâèå
èçêëþ÷èòåëíî
ïðåäèìíî
àâèàöèÿ
ðàéîíà íà ëåòèùåòî
ïîääúðæàì
ïåðñîíàë
êîíòðîëíà êóëà
òîâàð
116 ×àñò 10
to acquire
expanse
sworn police officer
to empower
to arrest
boring
foot patrols
sign
event
location
update
device
hijacking
murder
theft
luggage
parking space
unfortunately
incident
no matter
to defuse
federal
agreement
to resolve
issue
to staff
command post
to provide
manpower
ïðèäîáèâàì, îâëàäÿâàì
ïðîñòîð
ïîëèöàé, ïîëîæèë êëåòâà
óïúëíîìîùàâàì
àðåñòóâàì, çàäúðæàì
ñêó÷åí
ïîëèöåéñêè îáõîäåí ïàòðóë
çíàê, ôèðìà, íàäïèñ
ñúáèòèå
ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèå
íàé-íîâà èíôîðìàöèÿ
àïàðàò, óñòðîéñòâî
ïîõèùåíèå
óáèéñòâî
êðàæáà
áàãàæ
ìÿñòî çà ïàðêèðàíå
çà æàëîñò
ñëó÷êà, ïðîèçøåñòâèå
âñå åäíî
ðàçðåøàâàì (ïðîáëåì)
ñúþçåí
ñïîðàçóìåíèå
ðàçðåøàâàì (ïðîáëåì)
èçõîä; ðåçóëòàò
ïîäñèãóðÿâàì
êîìàíäíà äëúæíîñò
ñíàáäÿâàì, ãðèæà ñå
ïåðñîíàë
117Chapter 10
back-up
to recall
mentally unstable
to threaten
flight attendant
off-duty
sheriff’s officer
to convince
similar
to recover
hurt
essentially
negotiation
to escape
ultimate
to harm
innocent
bystander
to meet
notoriety
huge
to consume
evidently
related
streetgang
immigrant
to emerge
hostile
bold
ïîääðúæêà
ñïîìíÿì ñè
óìñòâåíî íåñòàáèëåí
çàïëàøâàì
ñòþàðä(åñà)
èçâúíñëóæåáåí
ïîëèöåéñêè ñëóæèòåë
óáåæäàâàì
ïîäîáåí
ïî÷èâàì ñè
íàðàíåí
ñúùåñòâåíî
ïðåãîâàðÿíå
èçáÿãâàì, îòúðâàâàì ñå
êðàåí, îñíîâåí
óâðåæäàì
íåâèíåí
î÷åâèäåö
äîñòèãàì; ñðåùàì
ëîøà ñëàâà
îãðîìåí
óïîòðåáÿâàì
ÿâíî
ñðîäåí, ñâúðçàí ñ
óëè÷íà áàíäà
çàñåëíèê
âúçíèêâàì, èçëèçàì íàÿâå
íåïðèÿòåëñêè, âðàæäåáåí
äúðçúê
118 ×àñò 10
presence
redirection
counter-culture
by-product
to neglect
to achieve
to sound
choice
to scrutinize
joint unit
momentous
aspiration
to spread
fitting
statehood
magic word
to rank
gross national product
money-maker
to jump
research
development
commodity
raisin
walnut
breadbasket
fertile
wheat
ïðèñúñòâèå
ïðåíàñî÷âàíå
êîíòðà-êóëòóðà
âòîðè÷åí ïðîäóêò
ïðåíåáðåãâàì
ïîñòèãàì
çâó÷à
èçáîð
âãëåæäàì ñå, ðàçãëåæäàì ïîä-
ðîáíî
ãðóïà çà ñúâìåñòíà ðàáîòà
îò ãîëÿìî çíà÷åíèå
ñòðåìåæ, àìáèöèÿ
ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâàì, ðàçñòèëàì ñå
ïîäõîäÿù
àâòîíîìèÿ íà ùàò
ìàãè÷åñêà äóìà
çàåìàì èçâåñòíî ìÿñòî
áðóòåí íàöèîíàëåí ïðîäóêò
èçòî÷íèê íà ôèíàíñè
ñêà÷àì
èçñëåäâàíå
ðàçâèòèå
ñòîêà
ñòàôèäà
îðåõ
æèòíèöà
ïëîäîðîäåí
ïøåíèöà
119Chapter 10
cherry
apricot
range
grape
canning industry
to process
proposition
airfreight
preservation
ongoing
domestic
yield
cereal
candy
chocolate-coated
ingredients
benefit
fibre
iron
potassium
moldy
acid
artificial
moisture
rancid
competition
comparison
to conduct
flavor
÷åðåøà
êàéñèÿ
àñîðòèìåíò
ãðîçäå
êîíñåðâåíà ïðîìèøëåíîñò
ïðåðàáîòâàì
ðàáîòà, çàíàÿò
âúçäóøåí òîâàð
êîíñåðâèðàíå
òåêóù
äîìàøåí, âúòðåøåí
äîáèâ
çúðíåíè êóëòóðè
çàõàðíè èçäåëèÿ
ïîêðèò ñ øîêîëàä
ñúñòàâêè
ïîëçà
âëàêíî, íèøêà; öåëóëîçà
æåëÿçî
êàëèé
ìóõëÿñàë
êèñåëèíà
èçêóñòâåí
âëàãà, âëàæíîñò
ãðàíÿñàë
êîíêóðåíöèÿ
ñðàâíåíèå
ïðàâÿ
âêóñ
120 ×àñò 10
versus
facilities
proper
to refrigerate
to maintain
to insulate
in-shell
fall
wrinkled
sultana
to withstand
vigorous
grit
to disintegrate
dairy produce
to incorporate
cottage cheese
seedless
ïðîòèâ
ïðîèçâîäñòâåíè ìîùíîñòè
êîíêðåòåí
çàìðàçÿâàì
ïîääúðæàì
èçîëèðàì
â ÷åðóïêà
åñåí
íàáðú÷êàí, ñâèò
âèä åäðè ñòàôèäè
ïðîòèâîïîñòàâÿì ñå, èçäúðæàì
åíåðãè÷åí, ñèëåí
ïÿñúê, ïåñú÷èíêè
ðàçïàäàì ñå
ìëå÷íè ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ
ïðèáàâÿì
ïðÿñíî ñèðåíå
áåç ñåìêè
121Chapter 10
FALSE FRIENDS
face
to wonder
officer
to handle
roughly
literally
operation
agency
process
to manage
realize
objective
poor
corn
diet
to ship
fall
íå ñàìî ëèöå,
à è îáúðíàò ñúì ñ ëèöå êúì
íå ÷óäÿ ñå, à ïèòàì ñå
íå ñàìî îôèöåð,
à è ñëóæèòåë; ïîëèöàé
íå òúðãóâàì, à ñïðàâÿì ñå
íå ñàìî ãðóáî,
à è ïðèáëèçèòåëíî
íå ëèòåðàòóðåí, à áóêâàëåí
íå ñàìî îïåðàöèÿ,
à è ïðåäïðèÿòèå, íà÷èíàíèå
íå ñàìî àãåíöèÿ,
à è îôèöèàëíî ìÿñòî
íå ïðîöåñ, äåëî, à ïðåðàáîòêà
íå ñàìî ðúêîâîäÿ, à è óñïÿâàì
íå ñàìî ðåàëèçèðàì,
à è îñúçíàâàì íåùî
íå îáåêòèâ, à îáåêò; öåë
íå ñàìî áåäåí,
à è ëîø, íåçíà÷èòåëåí
íå çúðíî, à öàðåâèöà
íå ñàìî äèåòà,
à è íàâèöè íà õðàíåíå
íå ñàìî êà÷âàì ñå íà êîðàá,
à è òîâàðÿ, åêñïåäèðàì
íå ñàìî ïàäàíå, à è åñåí
122 ×àñò 10
PREPOSITIONS
to concentrate on
emphasis on
peculiar to
to take a look at
in the world
to learn from
to consist of
responsible for
familiar with
to result in
to respond to
to set up
to end up
in command of
to give up
to apportion out
to shoot up
demand for
to participate in
to engage in
in charge of
to replace with
composed of
at heart
to start into
an expert on
fight off
êîíöåíòðèðàì ñå íàä
íàáëÿãàì íà/âúðõó
õàðàêòåðåí
ïîãëåæäàì êúì
ïî ñâåòà
óçíàâàì, íàó÷àâàì îò
ñúñòîÿ ñå îò
îòãîâîðåí çà
çàïîçíàò ñ
âîäÿ êúì
îòãîâàðÿì, ðåàãèðàì íà
íàçíà÷àâàì
ïðèêëþ÷âàì ñ
êîìàíäâàì, âëàäåÿ
îòêàçâàì ñå, ïðåäàâàì ñå
ðàçïðåäåëÿì (ïðîïîðöèîíàëíî)
èçðàñòâàì áúðçî, èçáóÿâàì
òúðñåíå íà
âçåìàì ó÷àñòèå â
çàíèìàâàì ñå ñ
îòãîâîðåí çà
çàìåñòâàì ñ
ñúñòàâåí îò
ïî äóøà
çàïî÷âàì ñ
åêñïåðò, ñïåöèàëèñò ïî
ïðîòèâîïîñòàâÿì ñå
123Chapter 10
IDIOMS
a bit of ...
“... You’re a bit of a specialist as far as police work is concerned”, quite a.
to get down to basics
“... We’ll get down to basics in a minute, but let’s just take a look at your
area of work”, to talk about the important fact.
in a minute
(see above) shortly
double that again
“... In the greater Los Angeles area it’d probably be double that again”,
twice as much.
day-to-day
“... To get an idea of the day-to-day operation of the airport police, I asked
Captain Wilson to give me a rundown of a typical day’s work for one of his
officers”, routine.
to give someone a rundown
(see above) to give someone a chronological list.
and so on
“... They answer a lot of questions from people who are unfamiliar with the
transportation system, unfamiliar with the language, can’t read the signs,
and so on”, etcetera.
for the most part
“... It’s very boring routine work for the most part”, mainly.
to fall apart
to incorporate in
stem from
ðàçïàäàì ñå
îáåäèíÿâàì ñå â
ïðîèçëèçà îò
124 ×àñò 10
in force
“... Essentially they’re going out there in force and making their presence
known with the gang community”, in large numbers.
it’s up to ...
“... It’s up to these various police departments to make sure that their pres-
ence is known with these gangs”, it’s their responsibility.
for the better
“... The activities that they’re engaging in are definitely not for the better”, to
someone’s advantage.
from someone’s point of view
“... It doesn’t seem too optimistic then, from your point of view”, in someone’s
opinion.
to throw money at ...
“... It’s not a problem that’s going to go away with throwing money at it”, to
invest, spend on something.
How are you fixed for ...
“... How are you people fixed for, say airplanes coming from South America,
do you give them special treatment?”, what is the situation with regard to.
to spread like wildfire
“... News of the discovery spread like wildfire, and people from all corners
suddenly arrived here in thousands”, to spread very rapidly.
from all corners
(see above) from everywhere.
to be tied in ...
“... I think we’re tied in there with vegetables and the whole groups of fruit
and vegetables”, to be involved.
a turn-on
“... it’s a turn-on to the consumer to know that there are no additives”, ex-
citing, a positive aspect.
125Chapter 10
to get going
“... We’re just getting a program going in Taiwan”, to start something up,
to commence.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
1. The airport police concentrate mainly ... ground security.
2. The ... of greater Los Angeles is between eight and nine million.
3. In the morning the officers are given a ... before they start their
real work.
4. The types of crime are not violent here for the ... ... .
5. The two federal agencies are ... for resolving security problems.
6. It took him a long time to ... from this accident.
7. It is the job of the police to see that no ... bystanders are
harmed.
8. During the goldrush people came to California from all ... .
9. The walnut ... takes place around September.
10. Most people’s ... today do not contain enough fibre.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Why is California known as “The Golden State”?
2. What is the population of Los Angeles?
3. What do the letters FBI stand for?
4. What problems do streetgangs present for the Los Angeles Po-
lice Department?
126 ×àñò 10
5. Why was 1848 such a momentous year for California?
6. What is remarkable about the Nappa Valley?
7. What is the number one industry in California?
8. Why are raisins so healthy?
9. How are walnuts and raisins preserved?
10. What is California’s most important industry apart from agricul-
ture?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
to get the sack
to lose your job. After working for the company for twenty years, he got the
sack for incompetence.
to get to the bottom of ...
to find out the real cause. After investigating the murder for months, the
police finally got to the bottom of it.
hand-me-down
second-hand (clothing). She had so little money that she forced to wear
hand-me-downs all the time.
hit the hay/sack
to go to bed. It’s past midnight. It’s time we hit the sack.
honeymoon is over
the easy period has finished. A few months after a new President is
elected, the honeymoon is over and open criticism begins.
127Chapter 11
CHAPTER 11
From California we travel to the extreme north-west of the United
State, to the state of Washington, “The Evergreen State”. Washing-
ton borders on Oregon to the south, Idaho to the east, and Canada’s
province of British Columbia to the north. The state capital is
Olympia, a small city with a population of just twenty-seven thou-
sand inhabitants.
Washington’s largest city is
Seattle, situated on Puget
Sound. It is the state’s most
important industrial and com-
mercial center and home to
one of the world’s largest
manufacturing companies in
the field of aviation, Boeing.
Here we have an appointment
to talk with Mr. Peter Suttcliff,
a senior engineer with Boeing.
His job?
“My job is chief engineer of advanced technology in design.
I work in the advance programs office of the Boeing Commercial Airplanes
and my job is to provide the integration and coordination of the research
program that’s continued in the commercial airplanes for our future prod-
ucts.”
Peter Suttcliff talks about his career prior to, and since joining the Boeing
Company. He also tells us about new developments in aircraft design
such as digital avionics and fly-by-wire. He gives us a rundown of the
range of models produced by Boeing and a review of the company’s
history. The company started in 1916 and went into large passenger-
carrying airplanes in the 1930s. One of the company’s most famous
planes was the Strato-Cruiser, a large four-engine transatlantic plane. It
took from nine to eleven hours to cross the Ocean. And then there
128 ×àñò 11
followed the next generation of airplanes - intercontinental jets, of which
the biggest commercial aircraft today is the Boeing 747, the Jumbo Jet.
Some of the statistics are impressive: the company employs about ninety
thousand in Puget Sound area, and it has delivered around five thousand
five hundred planes to date, to the domestic and international markets.
Boeing, however, does not build all the components for the aircraft
themselves. One very important component supplied by outside compa-
nies is the jet engine. A young lady, Sandra Ahearn, is a public relations
person for Pratt & Whitney, a major supplier of jet engines to the aircraft
industry. She tells us about her role:
“My role as a public relations person is to work very closely with my
counterparts at companies like the Boeing Company and Mc. Donnell Dou-
glas and Airbus Industry, to jointly coordinate our publicity programs and in
turn reach our airline customers.”
Pratt & Whitney began sixty-three years ago with the manufacture of
piston-powered reciprocating engines. The company has been working
on jet engines since the early 1950s. We learn how, in principle, a jet
engine works:
“The air comes in the front, it’s compressed through a series of rotating
devices ..., there is an ignition, and the air is pushed out the back at a very
rapid rate.”
In theory it’s that simple. In practice it’s much more complicated. Sandra’s
work obviously demands close cooperation between her company, Pratt
& Whitney, and aircraft manufacturers. The airline customers, naturally,
often have very specific wishes, such as quieter or more fuel-efficient
engines, or lower noise levels. And for all engines there are strict safety
requirements:
“The testing program is quite comprehensive, and just to give you an idea of
the requirements, the Federal Aviation Administration, before it will certify a
new engine, requires seventy-five separate tests that involve only the engine.
And you have to successfully complete those and document them very
carefully.”
Statistics prove it: airplanes still represent the safest way to travel. Safety,
says Sandra, is their prime concern: “Both the FAA requirements, and the
overseas authorities requirements, and our own requirements are such that
129Chapter 11
when it goes into service, it’s the safest machine available.”
Returning to Peter Suttcliff, of Boeing, we find out more about new aircraft
design. A large part of his job today involves administrative work:
“It’s not administrative in that sense, but it is making sure that we are applying
technologies that are available, and that we are identifying the needs for these
technologies. So, make sure that, if the need arises, we have a technology
that can be applied at the right time ...”
The Boeing Company also manufactures helicopters and missiles, satel-
lites and space vehicles as well as hydrofoils for the U.S. Navy and the
U.S. Coast Guard Service. We conclude with lunch in the Emerald Suite at
the Space Needle, overlooking the well-governed city of Seattle from a
height of five hundred feet.
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
soil
evergreen
inhabitant
access
to service
rainy
decade
title
designation
to continue
to graduate
including
re-entry vehicles
missile
ïî÷âà, çåìÿ
âå÷íîçåëåí
æèòåë
äîñòúï
îáñëóæâàì
äúæäîâåí
äåñåòèëåòèå
çàãëàâèå; òèòëà
îçíà÷åíèå, íàèìåíîâàíèå
ïðîäúëæàâàì
çàâúðøâàì ó÷åáíî çàâåäåíèå
âêëþ÷èòåëíî
êîñìè÷åñêè ëåòàòåëíè àïàðàòè
çà ìíîãîêðàòíà óïîòðåáà
ðàêåòà
9 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
130 ×àñò 11
space
to join
to circle
constantly
avionics
to transfer
engine
range
outline
currently
to stretch
leap
blunt
glamorous
age
to surpass
to exceed
efficient
fuel consumption
to certify
derivative
to mention
scope
to employ
division
to power
public relations
counterpart
âñåëåíà, êîñìîñ
ïðèñúåäèíÿâàì ñå
âúðòÿ ñå, îáèêàëÿì
íåïðåêúñíàòî
àâèàöèÿ
ïðåíàñÿì
ìîòîð, ìàøèíà
îáõâàò; êëàñ
ñõåìàòè÷íî èçëîæåíèå
â ìîìåíòà
ðàçøèðÿâàì, ðàçòÿãàì
ñêîê
òúï (çà ôîðìà)
îáàÿòåëåí, ÷àðîâåí
âðåìå, åðà
ïðåâúçõîæäàì, íàäâèøàâàì
íàäõâúðëÿì, íàäìèíàâàì
åôèêàñåí, êà÷åñòâåí
ðàçõîä íà ãîðèâî
óäîñòîâåðÿâàì; äîïóñêàì
ïðîèçâîäåí
ñïîìåíàâàì
îáñåã, ñôåðà (íà äåéñòâèå)
íàçíà÷àâàì íà ðàáîòà
îòäåë
çàõðàíâàì
îáùåñòâåíè âðúçêè
ïàðòíüîð
131Chapter 11
piston-powered reciprocating
engine
pre-war
suck
compression
propeller-blade
ignition
kerosene
requirement
restrictive
strict
to conduct
comprehensive
to document
to withstand
ingestion
hail
slab
to form
wing
altitude
frankly
both ... and ...
to outline
involvement
to visualize
composite
indeed
áóòàëåí äâèãàòåë ñ âúçâðàòíî-
ïîñòúïàòåëíî äâèæåíèå
ïðåäè âîéíàòà
çàñìóêâàíå
ñãúñòÿâàíå
ïåðêà
çàïàëâàíå
êåðîñèí
èçèñêâàíå, íåîáõîäèìîñò
îãðàíè÷èòåëåí
òî÷åí, ñòðîã
ïðîâåæäàì
îáñòîåí
äîêóìåíòèðàì
èçäúðæàì, óñòîÿâàì íà
ïîïàäàíå
ãðàäóøêà
îòëîìúê
îáðàçóâàì
êðèëî
âèñî÷èíà
îòêðîâåíî (êàçàíî)
è ... è ...
îïèñâàì êðàòêî
îáâúðçàíîñò
ïðåäñòàâÿì íàãëåäíî
ñìåñåí, ñúñòàâåí
íàèñòèíà
132 ×àñò 11
layer
reinforced
carbon
airframe
surface
to ponder
rarely
mature
to invent
to apply
largely
tool
to conclude
start-up
hydrofoil
navy
landmark
delicious
FALSE FRIENDS
job
take
division
operate
underlying
ñëîé
óñèëåí, àðìèðàí
âúãëåðîä
ñêåëåò íà ñàìîëåò
ïîâúðõíîñò
ðàçìèøëÿâàì, îáìèñëÿì
ðÿäêî
çðÿë
îòêðèâàì
ïðèëàãàì
äî ãîëÿìà ñòåïåí
îðúäèå, èíñòðóìåíò; ïîìîùåí
ïðàâÿ çàêëþ÷åíèå
íà÷àëî
êîðàá íà ïîäâîäíè êðèëà
âîåíåí ôëîò
çàáåëåæèòåëíîñò
âêóñåí
íå ðàáîòà (çà ñâúðøâàíå),
à ðàáîòíî ìÿñòî
íå ñàìî âçåìàì,
à è ïðîäúëæàâà, òðàå
íå ñàìî äèâèçèÿ,
à è îòäåë; ïîäåëåíèå
íå ñàìî äåéñòâàì,
à è îêàçâàì âúçäåéñòâèå
íå ïîäëåæà, à ïîëàãàì îñíîâè
133Chapter 11
concern
lift
room
to demonstrate
PREPOSITIONS
rich in
for this reason
to border on
to the north
to get to
point in time
to work for
at a company
to warm up
to go off
to chop up
at a level
to jump into
in spite of
to look into
at a price
instead of
to put out
at night
by the fire
to be at (something)
íå êîíöåðí, ïðåäïðèÿòèå,
à çàãðèæåíîñò
íå ñàìî àñàíñüîð, à è ïîäåì
íå ñàìî ñòàÿ, à è ìÿñòî
íå ñàìî äåìîíñòðèðàì,
à è ïîêàçâàì, ïðåäñòàâÿì
áîãàò íà
ïî òàçè ïðè÷èíà
ãðàíè÷à ñ
íà ñåâåð
äîñòèãàì äî
ìîìåíò âúâ âðåìåòî
ðàáîòÿ çà îïðåäåëåíà ôèðìà
âúâ ôèðìà
ñòîïëÿì, ïîäãîòâÿì çà
òðúãâàì
ðàçñè÷àì, íàñè÷àì íà
íà îïðåäåëåíî íèâî
ñêà÷àì â
âúïðåêè ÷å
èçñëåäâàì
íà îïðåäåëåíà öåíà
âìåñòî
ïðîèçâåæäàì, ïóñêàì
ïðåç íîùòà
êðàé êàìèíàòà
çàíèìàâàì ñå ñ
134 ×àñò 11
in that sense
apart from
to come away
at a height
in the foreground
at my feet
in the distance
â òîçè ñìèñúë
íåçàâèñèìî îò
îòìèíàâàì
íà îïðåäåëåíà âèñî÷èíà
íà ïðåäåí ïëàí
â êðàêàòà ìè
â äàëå÷èíàòà
IDIOMS
state of the art
“... The avionics equipment had slowly been transferred over to digital
equipment where the central processors were all digital processors, latest
state of the art”, the latest development.
to bring someone up-to-date
“... That brings us up-to-date on the latest development of Boeing”, to give
the latest information.
of the order of ...
“... I think it was of the order of nine to eleven hours, depending which way
you were flying”, approximately.
to go into service
“... The first of the four jet transports went into service in 1958/59”, to be
used in practice.
facts and figures
“... I know it’s a little difficult to come out with facts and figures, but I’d just
like to ask you for two figures”, statistics.
an awful lot
“... That’s an awful lot of passenger jets that are cruising around the world”,
a large number of.
135Chapter 11
in turn
“... My role as a public relations person is to work very closely with my
counterparts at aircraft companies and in turn reach our airline customers”,
following on this.
big push
“... But the big push came after the Second World War”, a boost in devel-
opment.
kind of ...
“... Now I believe you get cold air sucked in the front and you warm it up
and it’s kind of pushed out the back”, in some way.
it stands to reason
“... Therefore it stands to reason that there must be a certain amount of co-
operation between the jet engine supplier and the airplane manufacturer”, it
is logical.
I’d rather not
“... I’d rather not get into that”, I’d prefer not to.
to get into ...
see above, to talk about.
to face something
“... Let’s face it, the airline industry has a very good safety record when
we’re talking in terms of miles per passenger”, to look at the facts.
checks and balances
“If an engine wasn’t safe, we’d never get into service. Quite frankly, there
are too many checks and balances”, restrictions, rules.
one way or another
“Most of the things have been thought of one way or another”, somehow.
if the need arises
“... So, to make sure that if the need arises, we have a technology that can
be applied at the right time”, if necessary.
136 ×àñò 11
to bring to bear
“... It’s my job to make sure that those technologies are being brought to
bear and are being demonstrated”, to apply, make use of.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in gaps in the following sentences.
1. The north-west of the United States is rich ... forests and fertile
soil.
2. Peter Suttcliff ... from the University of London in England.
3. The 707 went into ... in 1958 or 1959.
4. Fuel ... on these planes is extremely low.
5. United, Delta and American are all ... airlines.
6. Testing programs are ... constantly to increase safety and effi-
ciency.
7. I’d ... not talk about this subject if you don’t mind.
8. Overseas ... have very strict safety requirements.
9. Instead ... the pilot moving a cable, he now signals a computer.
10. Apart ... airliners, the Boeing Company also manufactures heli-
copters and missiles.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Why is the State of Washington known as “the Evergreen
State”?
2. Which Canadian province does Washington border on?
137Chapter 11
3. Which is Washington’s largest city?
4. Where is Seattle situated?
5. What is fly-by-wire?
6. When was the Boeing Company established?
7. What is the biggest commercial airplane?
8. What does “Pratt & Whitney” manufacture?
9. How do jet engines work?
10. Why is flying the safest way of transport?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
to cough up
to give money (unwillingly). He didn’t want to pay back what he owed me,
but he finally coughed up.
to figure out
to solve, to understand. I just cant’ figure out what’s wrong with this radio.
to get the show on the road
to get work started. It was several hours before we actually got the show
on the road, because planning took so long.
to hitch one’s wagon to a star
to aim high. Carol wants to be a ballet dancer at the Metropolitan Opera.
She's really hitched her wagon to a star.
to hit the nail on the head
to get something exactly right. The President’s speech on the economy
really hit the nail on the head.
138 ×àñò 12
CHAPTER 12
Our final chapter tales us back to our starting point, New York State.
The state was named after the Duke of York, who had financed a
small army to drive the early Dutch settlers out of the region.
In 1609, Henry Hudson had
sailed up what was later to be
known as the Hudson River,
and claimed the area for the
Dutch Crown, calling it New
Netherlands and their main
settlement - New Amsterdam.
After Independence, Ameri-
ca’s first President, George
Washington, swore his oath
of office in New York. One of
America’s most famous and
spectacular natural wonders, the Niagara Falls, is situated in the west of
this state, and it is there that an expert takes us on a conducted tour. Paul
Colangelo is an official of the New York State Office of Parks, and he tells
us something about “the most beautiful waterfall in the world”:
“We’re actually in the oldest state park in America ... It’s hundred years old
and it’s the most visited natural attraction in the United States today ...
Annually we attract between four and five million visitors to Niagara Falls, and
that’s American side only.”
Niagara Falls, Paul tells us, form part of the longest unguarded border in
the world, that between the United States and Canada. There are two
major falls at Niagara; the Horseshoe Falls and the American Falls. They
are separated by an isle known as Goat Island. Goat Island itself contains
a number of smaller falls known as the Bridal Veil Falls. 220,000 cubic feet
of water per second flow over the American Falls. They are fifty-eight
meters high and the Horseshoe Falls, the second part of the Falls, are
fifty-six meters high:
139Chapter 12
“This staggering volume over the Niagara Falls would be even grater at a
substantial amount of water were not diverted further upstream. The reason:
hydro-electric power generation - electricity for seventeen million New York-
ers, from the largest hydro-electric plant in the western world”. In the future it
is planned to illuminate the White Water back from the brink of the Niagara
Falls, whilst at the same time retaining them in their natural state. For the
tourists there are 15-minute helicopter rides providing spectacular views
of the gorge and the Canadian side. Four major great lakes enter into the
Niagara River, so we are at the crossroads of the Great Lakes system, the
world’s largest freshwater lakes.
From Niagara Falls we fly back to New York City. Waiting there in his town-
house, just three blocks from the United Nations Building, is one of
America’s foremost contemporary writers, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Vonnegut is
a warm and compassionate personality who, as he says: “I was educated
at “an extraordinary public school”.” He realized early in life that story-
telling and writing came naturally to him:
“We all have gifts - some people run very well, and some people sing very well
and they come into the world that way - and it was always very easy for me to
read and write. I couldn’t understand why anybody else had any trouble with
that.”
And Kurt Vonnegut’s success came correspondingly early. Whilst work-
ing as a public relations man for General Electric, he began to write short
stories for weekly magazines on the side. Although born and bred as a
fourth-generation American, Kurt Vonnegut considers himself a Euro-
pean, purebred German. His first major success came with the publica-
tion of “Slaughterhouse Five”. His characters, one can say, are “lovable
screwballs”. Where does he find them?
“Well, I think that I use a larger cast and a more varied cast than many writers
do, simply because my own background would be so uninteresting to a
reader. As nobody really cares much about what my family life might have
been-middle-class, in the United States Middle-West, the product of a public
school. And so I have written more generally about my society than most
writers have, because my own family, while interesting to me, wouldn’t be very
interesting to anybody else.”
140 ×àñò 12
Vonnegut’s characters are collected from his own experiences as soldier
during World War II. He tells us that he enjoyed his time as a soldier, a fact
which is at first difficult to reconcile with his present radical pacifism.
“I mean, the world can use all the cranks it can get and so I say I’m an
absolute pacifist just to be interesting. And you get people arguing about this
because somebody has to hold that position in order to get it discussed, to
get it considered.”
Being a pacifist, he is, of course, at odds with a great large part of what is
called ‘middle America’ with its widespread acceptance and use of
firearms. Kurt Vonnegut has also spent some time teaching at some of
America’s most famous universities, but he gave that up as he felt himself
“getting sick of the sound of his own voice”. At present he is busy with his
latest novel, a work on the Free Thinkers:
“They were mostly German immigrants who were educated, per often self-
educated, who, when they read Darwin, decided that they could no longer be
Catholics or Lutherans. And, really, went past that - they denounced all
organized religion.”
They were a predominantly German group, well respected and prosper-
ous members of their community. They would debate on moral and other
issues of the time. But they died out, as Vonnegut tells us, “about the time
of the First World War, partly at least as a result of anti-German feeling”.
Kurt Vonnegut enjoys living in New York City, mainly because of the
number of writer-colleagues living there, who, he says, together with the
excitement of the city itself, keep him from sleeping the rest of his life
away. This informative interview concludes our series.
It’s time to leave the land of stars and stripes. And as we take off, in our
transatlantic Lufthansa jet bound for Europe, we see the American hori-
zon receding in the distance. And we think back of the people we’ve met,
the land and the rivers, the sights and the lights - and we come away
convinced that it was all very much worthwhile coming to visit this
America.
141Chapter 12
VOCABULARY
WORD/WORD TRANSLATIONS
to spread
exceptional
hospitable
mountain range
to defeat
empire
oath
opportunity
a guided tour
to celebrate
centennial
annually
unguarded
border
treaty
pollution
distance
circumference
bridal veil
catwalk
cave
friction
gorge
to imagine
amazing
staggering
to divert
upstream
ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâàì
íåîáè÷àéíî
ãîñòîïðèåìåí
ïëàíèíñêà âåðèãà
ïîáåæäàâàì, ðàçáèâàì
èìïåðèÿ
êëåòâà
âúçìîæíîñò, óäîáåí ñëó÷àé
îáèêîëêà ñ åêñêóðçîâîä
ïðàçíóâàì
ñòîãîäèøíèíà
åæåãîäíî
íåîõðàíÿåì
ãðàíèöà
äîãîâîð (ïîëèòè÷åñêè)
çàìúðñÿâàíå
ðàçñòîÿíèå
îáèêîëêà, ïåðèôåðèÿ
áóëî, âîàë (íà áóëêà)
òÿñíà ïúòåêà
ïåùåðà
òðèåíå, òúðêàíå
òåñíèíà; ïðîïàñò, äåôèëå
ïðåäñòàâÿì ñè
óäèâÿâàù, ñìàéâàù
èçíåíàäâàùî (ãîëÿì)
îòêëîíÿâàì, îòáèâàì
ñðåùó òå÷åíèåòî
142 ×àñò 12
to remove
grassy
knoll
to emplace
to illuminate
brink/edge
beyond
to speculate
to retain
inviting
similar
stature
aerial
duration
view
observation tower
up-front
to empty
display
gorgeous
to choreograph
goat
rocky
vista
general public
loose
to astound
to lecture
pleasure
foremost
îòñòðàíÿâàì
òðåâèñò
ìàëúê õúëì
èçëàãàì
îñâåòÿâàì
ðúá, êðàé
îòâúä, ñëåä
ïðåäïîëàãàì
çàäúðæàì
ïðèêàíâàù
ïîäîáåí
ðîä
âúâ âúçäóõà
ïðîäúëæèòåëíîñò
ãëåäêà, ïåéçàæ
íàáëþäàòåëíà êóëà
ïðåäåí, ëèöåâ
èçïðàçâàì
ïîêàç, ãëåäêà
áëåñòÿù, âåëèêîëåïåí
ïîñòàâÿì íà ñöåíà
êîçà
ñêàëèñò
èçãëåä, ïåðñïåêòèâà
øèðîêàòà îáùåñòâåíîñò
õëàáàâ, ñâîáîäåí
ïîðàçÿâàì, ó÷óäâàì
èçíàñÿì ëåêöèÿ
óäîâîëñòâèå
ïðúâ, âàæåí, èçâåñòåí
143Chapter 12
extraordinary
peer
lousy
to quit
infant
ravenous
mailbox
associate
neat
exasperation
to deny
to annoy
great-grandfather
ethnic
incredible
slaughterhouse
lovable
screwball/oddball
cast
varied
to collect
infantry
random
marvelous
patronize
starvation
other-wordly
to abhor
violence
self-deprecating
èçêëþ÷èòåëåí
ðàâíîñòîåí
ìíîãî ëîøî
íàïóñêàì, ïðèêëþ÷âàì, ñëàãàì êðàé
íåâðúñòåí
íåíàñèòåí; ëàêîì
ïîùåíñêà êóòèÿ
ïàðòíüîð, ñúòðóäíèê
÷èñò, ñïðåòíàò; óäîáåí
îçëîáëåíèå, îò÷àÿíèå
îòðè÷àì
äðàçíÿ ñå
ïðàäÿäî
åòíè÷åñêè
íåâåðîÿòåí
êëàíèöà
îáè÷ëèâ
ñìàõíàò
ïîäáîð íà õàðàêòåðè è ãåðîè
ðàçíîîáðàçåí
êîëåêöèîíèðàì, ïîäáèðàì
ïåõîòà
ñëó÷àåí
÷óäåñåí
ïîêðîâèòåëñòâàì
ãëàäíà ñìúðò
íà îíÿ ñâÿò
ìðàçÿ, íåíàâèæäàì
íàñèëèå
ñàìîïîäöåíÿâàù ñå
144 ×àñò 12
sense of humor
medal
crank
high
truck
passionate
to dare
to generalize
diverse
public opinion poll
loony
cop
influential
dead-eye
to despair
inability
firearms
to protect
magnifying glass
sub-machine gun
shotgun
constitution
well-regulated
militia
sleepy
to repeat yourself
baloney
to denounce
numerous
respected
÷óâñòâî çà õóìîð
îðäåí, ìåäàë
åêñöåíòðèê
ïîâèøåíèå, íàãðàäà
êàìèîí
ñòðàñòåí
ñìåÿ, äðúçâàì
îáîáùàâàì
ðàçíîîáðàçåí
àíêåòà
ëóä
÷åíãå
âëèÿòåëåí
òî÷åí, óâåðåí â öåëòà
îò÷àéâàì ñå
íåñïîñîáíîñò
îãíåñòðåëíè îðúæèÿ
çàùèòàâàì, çàêðèëÿì
ëóïà
ïîëóàâòîìàòè÷íî îðúæèå
îãíåñòðåëíî îðúæèå
êîíñòèòóöèÿ
äîáðå êîíòðîëèðàí
âîåííà ïîëèöèÿ
ñúíëèâ
ïîâòàðÿì ñå
áåçñìèñëèöà, ãëóïîñò
îñúæäàì, îòðè÷àì
ãîëÿì áðîé
óâàæàâàí
145Chapter 12
to cease
supposedly
hyphenated
to anticipate
skyscraper
excitement
tape-recorder
challenge
FALSE FRIENDS
to owe
to drive
an official
effective
rapids
to be lucky
privilege
paper
accidental
manpower
capacity
PREPOSITIONS
to owe to
within ... of
adjacent to
ïðåñòàâàì, ñïèðàì
ïðåäïîëàãàåìî
ñúåäèíåí ñ òèðå
î÷àêâàì, ïðåäâèæäàì
íåáîñòúðãà÷
âúëíåíèå, âúçáóäà
êàñåòîôîí
ïðåäèçâèêàòåëñòâî
íå ñàìî äëúæåí ñúì íÿêîìó,
à è äúëæà áëàãîäàðíîñò çà íåùî
íå ñàìî êàðàì,
à è ïîäòèêâàì, ïðèíóæäàâàì
íå îôèöèàëåí, à ïðåäñòàâèòåë
íå ñàìî åôåêòèâåí,
à è äåéñòâàù, âàæåù
íå áúðçèíà, à áúðçåé
íå ùàñòëèâ ñúì, à èìàì êúñìåò
íå ïðèâèëåãèÿ, à ÷åñò
íå õàðòèÿ, à âåñòíèê
íå ïðè çëîïîëóêà, à ñëó÷àéíî
íå ìúæêà ñèëà, à ðàáîòíà ðúêà
íå ñàìî êàïàöèòåò,
à è ñïîñîáíîñò
äúëæà íà
íà ... (îïðåäåëåíî ðàçñòîÿíèå) îò
ãðàíè÷åù ñ
10 Àìåðèêàíñêè Àíãëèéñêè
146 ×àñò 12
close to
to listen to
in the background
to enter into
in front of
to jut out
to blow away
on my way
on your part
in the employ of
interesting to
to care about
to die of
famous for
dedicated to
to argue about
to elect to office
to get on
to make money out of
to show up
at the beginning
to burn out
on a subject
comments on
in the heart of
wedged between
to the extent of
at ten thousand meters
â áëèçîñò äî
ñëóøàì íÿêîãî
íà çàäåí ïëàí
âëèçàì â
ïðåä
ñòúð÷à îò
ðàçäóõâàì, ðàçõâúðëÿì
íà ïúòÿ ìè
îò Âàøà ñòðàíà
ðàáîòåù ïðè
èíòåðåñåí çà
èíòåðåñóâàì ñå îò
óìèðàì îò
èçâåñòåí ñ
ïîñâåòåí íà
ñïîðÿ çà
èçáèðàì íà ïîñò
ïîãàæäàì ñå ñ
ïðàâÿ ïàðè îò íåùî
ïîÿâÿâàì ñå
â íà÷àëîòî
èçãàðÿì; èçòîùàâàì ñå
íà îïðåäåëåíà òåìà
êîìåíòàð çà, íà
â ñúðöåòî íà
çàòâîðåí ìåæäó
â ðàçìåð íà
íà 10 000 ì âèñî÷èíà
147Chapter 12
IDIOMS
in numbers
“... During settlers began arriving in numbers”, in large numbers.
to bring down to ...
“... Talking about the most visited, that brings us down to statistics”, to
lead to the subject of.
as opposed to ...
“... Now you say the American Falls as opposed to what?”, compared to.
to do one’s homework
“... Well, I’ve done a little bit of homework, because I know that the Ameri-
can Falls are fifty-eight meters high”, to prepare for something.
just for the record
“... There’s a little difference there and, just for the record, we’re talking about
a volume of water which is very, very difficult to imagine”, by the way.
to go for a stroll
“... Paul, we’re out here, going for a stroll across to the Falls themselves”,
to take an easy walk.
within arm’s length
“... We’re within arm’s length of one of the most natural attractions you’re
ever going to find”, extremely close to.
across the way
“... And across the way is Goat Island that you mentioned back in your of-
fice?”, opposite.
never ever
“... Every day you could come here and you’ll never ever get used to it”,
absolutely never.
to put a question
“... I was busy aboard the plane thinking about some of the questions I
would put to him next morning”, to ask a question.
148 ×àñò 12
to rest one’s case
“... I rest my case”, to let one’s argument speak for itself.
by golly
“... I had a wife and two children and - by golly - I was able to quit and sup-
port them very nicely writing short stories”, polite form of “by God”.
on the side
“... Well I was writing on the side at first, just on weekends and nights”, in
one’s spare time, not full-time.
to amount to much
“... Well, television was an infant industry then and didn’t amount to much”, to
be of importance.
to bring up a point
“... The reason I’m bringing up this point is, you have some really credible
oddballs as some of your characters”, to mention a subject.
to be about to ...
“... I’m not about to patronize them, but they were various”, to intend to.
to scrape the bottom of the barrel
“... He should not have been in the army at all as we were scraping the bot-
tom of the manpower barrel at that time and putting absolutely anybody in
the infantry”, to use what is left after the best been taken.
to leave a lasting impression
“... All the violence he saw during his service in the Second World War
must have left a lasting impression on him”, to be unforgettable.
to take seriously
“... Nowadays he appears not to take much very seriously”, to treat as a
serious subject.
to hold a position
“... And you get people arguing about this because somebody has to hold
that position to get it discussed”, to have a standpoint, opinion.
149Chapter 12
right to bear arms
“... Making a lot of money out of that part of the Constitution which says
that it’s our right to bear arms”, to carry weapons.
far out
“... It sounds a little far out, doesn’t it”, unrealistic.
to be sick of ...
“... Well, I found myself sick of the sound of my own voice”, to be fed up
with, to have too much of.
in the pipeline
“... Kurt, what do you have in the pipeline at the moment?”, in progress,
planned.
all-comers
“... They would debate all-comers on such subjects as, you know: has the
world become a more moral place since Christ has been here?”, everyone
who turns up.
to frown upon
“... Everything that was German was frowned upon”, to disapprove of.
who the hell
“... I have a problem with things that are on my mind - who the hell gives a
damn?”, who on earth.
to give a damn
(see above) to care, to be interested.
shop-talk
“... I think everyone likes to engage in shop-talk, talk to people of their own
profession”, talk about one’s job.
to come to conclusion
“... And I came to the conclusion that the whole experience had been a
challenge, an adventure, and a pleasure I’d be glad to share with anyone
throughout the world”, to decide, to come to a realization.
150 ×àñò 12
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
Please fill in gaps in the following sentences.
1. New York ... its name to the English Duke of York.
2. At Niagara Falls I was given a ... tour by an expert on the area.
3. We just went for a ... across to the Falls themselves.
4. We are proud to ... that the Niagara Falls will be illuminated later
this year.
5. These helicopter rides provide spectacular ... of the gorge and
the Canadian side.
6. This section was re-opened to the general ... last month.
7. Kurt Vonnegut has taught and ... at several major American colleges.
8. At the beginning of his career, Vonnegut did most of his writing
... ... ... .
9. They were really ... the bottom of the ... when they recruited him.
10. I came to the ... that my trip had generally been a huge success.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Who first settled in the area of what is now New York?
2. Where are the Niagara Falls situated?
3. Where is the longest unguarded border in the world?
4. How much water flows over the American Falls every second?
5. What is remarkable about the Great Lakes system?
6. Where did Kurt Vonnegut go to school?
7. Who did Kurt Vonnegut first work for?
151Chapter 12
8. What is Vonnegut’s most famous book?
9. What did Vonnegut do in the Second World War?
10. What does Vonnegut have in the pipeline at the time of the
interview?
SOME FURTHER AMERICANISMS
not worth a cent
worth nothing. His car was so old that it wasn’t worth a cent when he tried
to sell it.
What’s cooking?
what’s happening? What’s cooking? Why is everyone looking so shocked?
under wraps
hidden, secret. Nobody knows anything about the anti-missile missile. It’s
been under wraps for months.
to toe the line
to follow the rules exactly. They really made Joe toe the line when he
joined the army.
to chicken out
to lose one’s nerve, to act in a cowardly way. He told me he was going to
take flying lessons but at the last moment he chickened out.
from A to Z
Americans pronounce it: from A to Zee. Whilst the British pronounce the
letter “Z” as zed, Americans say zee. This can lead to confusion especially
when spelling something through the telephone.
152152
APPENDIX
TRANSATLANTIC PROBLEMS
US
aisle
apartment
back of
baggage
band-aid
bath robe
beautician
bill
billfold
cab
can
charge account
checking account
collect all
cookie
davenport
doorman
drapes
duplex house
fall
faucet
fender
first floor
flashlight
freeway
french fries
garbage
garbage can
gasoline/gas
highway
hood
GB
gangway
flat
behind
luggage
plaster
dressing gown
hairdresser
note
wallet
taxi
tin
credit account
current account
reverse charge call
biscuit
sofa
porter
curtains
semi-detached house
autumn
tap
wing (car)
ground floor
torch
motorway
chips
rubbish
dustbin
petrol
main road
bonnet
153
kerosene
legal holiday
license plate
line
mad
to mail
movie
pacifier
pants
parking lot
pavement
period
potato chips
purse
rare
rest room
rooming house
sidewalk
stenographer
store
straight
streetcar
subway
suspenders
thumbtack
trash can
trunk
undershirt
upper case
vacation
vending machine
vest
washroom
windshield
zip code
zipper
paraffin
bank holiday
number-plate
queue
angry
to post
film
baby’s dummy
trousers
car park
roadway
full stop
crisps
handbag
underdone
toilet
boarding house
pavement
shorthand-typist
shop
neat (whisky etc.)
tram
underground
braces
drawing pin
dustbin
boot
vest
capital letters
holiday
slot machine
waistcoat
lavatory
windscreen
post code
zip
154
KEY
CHAPTER 1
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. Fred called me last night and talked
to me for three hours.
2. After we had cleared customs, we
went to the bank to change some
currency.
3. Inflation has had a serious effect on
the employment situation.
4. I looked for him for two hours and
eventually I found him.
5. Mr. Hift is the Head of the largest de-
partment. He is in charge of market-
ing.
6. You had better be careful and watch
your step when you are walking along
here.
7. Fred gets a lot of information about
current developments in the film in-
dustry by reading the trade papers.
8. I wouldn’t take a cab if I were you. I’d
use public transportation.
9. Thank you very much for the invita-
tion, but I’m afraid I can’t come as I’ll
be away on a business trip at that
time.
10.He’s not always in such a good
mood. Every once in a while he gets
very bad-tempered.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. A valid passport with a visa stamped
on it.
2. From the Baggage Claim Area.
3. At the International Arrivals Building.
4. The simplest way is to wait for a hotel
pick-up-bus.
5. A free phone service for obtaining
transport to your hotel.
6. She is a guide at the United Nations
Building.
7. For example, some of the United Na-
tions exhibits.
8. To increase public awareness of the
dangers of nuclear war.
9. Albany.
10.He is a journalist and broadcaster.
CHAPTER 2
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. The market seems to be saturated.
2. According to a survey undertaken by
the Allensbach Institute, 9 out of 10
Germans prefer coffee to tea.
3. David now has a much better job. He
was given promotion last month.
4. Of course you can get there by bus,
train and taxi, but it’s much more
convenient to take your own car.
5. Fred makes several interesting com-
ments on the past and future of the
motion picture industry, an area he is
very familiar with.
6. The Head of Distribution is respon-
sible for seeing that all films are
shown in all major theaters through-
out the country.
7. Many record companies now also
specialize the production of video
clips to promote record sales.
8. Although it’s always cheaper to eat
in, a lot of people prefer the sense of
occasion that goes with eating in a
restaurant.
155Key
9. We really learnt a lot on our last rip to
the States. It was certainly well worth it.
10.Well, this chapter is gradually draw-
ing to a close and we must get ready
to move on to the next.
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Because they still like the idea of go-
ing out somewhere.
2. They are not generally accepted.
3. The fifty states in the Federation to-
day and original thirteen states.
4. District of Columbia.
5. Pennsylvania.
6. The U.S. Information Agencies.
7. A worldwide satellite television ser-
vice.
8. The Capitol.
9. The National Air and Space Museum.
10.“Museum Washington”.
CHAPTER 3
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. Virginia is named after the Virgin
Queen, Queen Elizabeth I of England.
2. Your reservation must have been
overlooked.
3. The Chase Manhattan Bank has
branches all over the world.
4. She runs the sales and marketing.
5. Everyone in Nashville depends on the
Nashville Electricity Service for elec-
tricity.
6. Before you can go into the Hall of
Fame Museum, you have to pay an
admission charge.
7. There are not many people who can
afford to work for nothing, just out of
the goodness of their heart.
8. See everything you can while you are
in the States. Make the most of your
visit.
9. This is one of biggest projects that
has every been undertaken by the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
10.Nashville’s Parthenon was built to
celebrate the first one hundred years
of American independence.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. At Jamestown, Virginia.
2. To control the flow of these rivers and
to provide large amounts of hydro-
electric power.
3. Cotton.
4. The Country Music industry.
5. An auditorium for country and west-
ern music.
6. His solid gold Cadillac.
7. Two streets where the country music
office for publishers, performers and
record labels are located.
8. It has become much more business-
oriented.
9. An exact true-to-scale replica of the
Parthenon in Athens, Greece.
10.Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the
United States.
CHAPTER 4
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. Industrial output has grown by
around a thousand per cent since the
end of World War II.
2. Compared to European watermelons,
those from Georgia are somewhat on
the large side.
3. Peanuts have really conquered the
156
world in a number of way, including
peanut butter.
4. United States paper currency is
made from 100% U.S. cotton.
5. All American currency in circulation
since the War of Independence from
England is still legal tender.
6. In this building, the fuselage of the
world’s largest aircraft, the C-5 B is
built.
7. At the moment we are in the process
of building the C-5 B, the successor
to the C-5 A.
8. There are about 10,000 people work-
ing on the C-5 B.
9. Here in Atlanta we are proud of the
L1011 Tristar because we designed
the wing here.
10.At the time it didn’t seem dangerous,
but in retrospect I suppose it was as
close as I got to wiping out a plane.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. King George II of England.
2. They are ideal food for growing chil-
dren.
3. Because the American public is turn-
ing away from synthetics towards
natural fibres.
4. Agriculture.
5. Forest products.
6. Their size.
7. A one-dollar bill.
8. The Lockheed Corporation.
9. A jet transport aircraft.
10.The company was losing money on
them.
CHAPTER 5
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. He is her favorite author.
2. Shortly after his wedding,
Hemingway came to Key West to
spends his honeymoon there.
3. Marihuana leaves with a small x
through them symbolize that the crew
of the Coast Guard vessel have made
a marihuana “bust”.
4. At the present time there is more co-
caine available on the market than
ever before.
5. Anyone who happens to be listening
to the radio can choose from a dozen
Spanish language stations.
6. Hemingway converted the old carriage
house into a house to live in with a
studio.
7. The demand for illegal drugs in
America has grown enormously over
the past then years.
8. Chris Otto is in charge of search and
rescue operations off the coast of
Florida.
9. People from all walks of life come to
visit the Hemingway House in Key
West.
10.The Coast Guard contacts the appro-
priate authorities and they usually get
word back very shortly.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. The Sunshine State.
2. In 1821.
3. Key West.
4. 137 years.
5. 61.
6. Search and rescue, maintaining aids
to navigation and law enforcement.
157Key
7. Up to 3 miles off shore.
8. They can be boarded at my time and
anywhere in the world, except in for-
eign territorial waters.
9. It has the longest coastline of any
state in the U.S.
10.Cocaine.
CHAPTER 6
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. Tony Byrne, the mayor of Natchez, is
holding a speech on the Trace.
2. Gumbo has lots of interesting ingre-
dients and is altogether a rather
spicy dish.
3. There is very little written history of
the Cherokee people, but they have a
strong oral tradition.
4. Marilou’s poems are often about na-
ture and reflect her interest in the en-
vironment.
5. In the past it was very difficult for Na-
tive Americans to improve their situa-
tion as they did not constitute a pres-
sure group.
6. Nowadays most native Americans
lead the average life of the typical
white American.
7. The citizens of Natchez themselves
have contributed a great deal to the
success of the Trace project.
8. Marilou has dedicated her life to rais-
ing the consciousness of Native
Americans.
9. The Bluff is the highest point by the
river for miles around.
10.Towards the end of the chapter,
Marilou’s interviewer springs an un-
usual request on her - he asks her to
say something in Cherokee.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Mississippi means “big river” in
Algonquin Indian.
2. Cotton and slave labor.
3. Natchez.
4. The Cherokee tribe.
5. A kind of spicy soup.
6. The time when federal troops drove
all Native Americans from the south-
eastern area to Oklahoma.
7. Trees.
8. To give native people a focal pint to
maintain the whole of their culture.
9. Japanese.
10.Because each word carries a full
concept.
CHAPTER 7
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. With a population of around twenty-
one thousand, Natchez is a fairly
small city.
2. Natchez, the oldest city on the Mis-
sissippi River, is set in rural surround-
ings and has a deal of charm.
3. One of the latest branches of agricul-
ture to come on strong in Mississippi
is the raising of catfish.
4. The South is famous for its highly
seasoned cuisine.
5. Strong currents make navigating the
Mississippi a difficult task for
riverboat pilots.
6. Apart from its food, the South is re-
nowned for its hospitality; visitors are
always given a warm welcome.
7. New Orleans’ French Quarter is
unique to any American city.
158
8. St. Mary’s Cathedral in Natchez re-
minds one of a European cathedral.
9. As far as we’re concerned tourism
will probably become our third larg-
est industry.
10.At these stopover points many
fistfights between tough boatmen
used to take place.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Natchez.
2. The change in race relations.
3. In 1716.
4. Catfish.
5. The french.
6. A Mississippi paddle-steamer.
7. It was completely destroyed.
8. The biggest and strongest man at a
stopover point.
9. Its architecture and tis music.
10.The Duke of Orleans.
CHAPTER 8
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. CODEFIL is an organization which aims
at promoting the French language.
2. All American states with the exception
of Louisiana are divided into counties.
3. When he arrived in Cairo, he first
went on a tour to see all the sights of
the city.
4. A few of the Cajun dishes are based
on a mixture of flour and oil, known as
roux.
5. Many people find it difficult to cope
with drastic changes in culture envi-
ronment.
6. The word Cajun derives from the
word “Acadian”.
7. Has it ever struck you how different
America is from the rest of the world?
8. To pass the time he wandered over
the street to a dusty old bar.
9. The highest office in the land is that
of President of the United States.
10.Due to the downturn in the economy
of Louisiana, many people left the
state in search of work.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. The fur trade.
2. The French driven out of Nova Scotia
by the British settled in Louisiana.
3. King Louis of France.
4. Oil prices dropped dramatically.
5. It was the site of the decisive battle
won by Sam Houston against the Mexi-
cans.
6. Commander of the settlers’ forces
and first President of the Republic of
Texas.
7. Alaska.
8. A rather conservative beer-drinking
member of society.
9. He cannot adapt to the superficiality
of American life.
10.Culture shock.
CHAPTER 9
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. I decided not to go straight to Califor-
nia, but make a detour to Tucson.
2. In America you should have a credit
card to cover all non-cash deals.
3. Rental cars in the United States are
nearly all automatic, which is difficult
if you are used to a manual gear-
shift.
159Key
4. Normally, the average big league
baseball game takes about two and
one half hours to play.
5. There are three teams from Canada
that participate in the professional
league here in the United /States.
6. Arizona’s Grand Canyon must surely
be one of the world’s greatest won-
ders.
7. From time immemorial the Colorado
River has carved its way through
north west Arizona.
8. Employment opportunities have also
attracted high-tech personnel to min-
ing and also to modern industries.
9. The aim of football is to score, to
make a touchdown.
10.Today, football players are not only
huge physical specimens, they com-
mand huge salaries.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. To a car rental desk.
2. He is a TV sportscaster.
3. Because it originated in America.
4. A run round all tour bases.
5. Three “outs”.
6. Because the best baseball is played
in the United States.
7. A landscape of fossilized vegetation
in Arizona.
8. Another name for American football.
9. Australia.
10.To score by making a touchdown.
CHAPTER 10
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. The airport police concentrate mainly
on ground security.
2. The population of grater Los Angeles
is between eight and nine million.
3. In the morning the officers are given
a briefing before they start their work.
4. The types of crime are not violent her
for the most part.
5. The two federal agencies are respon-
sible for resolving security problems.
6. It took him a long time to recover
from his accident.
7. It is job of the police to see that no
innocent bystanders are harmed.
8. During the goldrush people came to
California from all corners.
9. The walnut harvest takes place
around September.
10.Most people’s diets today do not
contain enough fibre.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Because of the gold that was discov-
ered there and started the goldrush.
2. About four million.
3. The Federal Bureau of Investigation.
4. Problems relating to criminality and
drug-related violence.
5. Gold was discovered in this year.
6. It is one of the most fertile valleys in
the world.
7. The grape industry for the production
of wine.
8. It contains no artificial additives, but
has natural fibre, vitamins, magne-
sium, iron and potassium.
9. They are dried.
10.The high-tech industry.
160
CHAPTER 11
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. The north-west of the United States is
rich in forests and fertile soil.
2. Peter Sutcliff graduated from the Uni-
versity of London in England.
3. The 707 went into service in 1958/59.
4. Fuel consumption on these planes is
extremely low.
5. United, Delta, and American are all
domestic airlines.
6. Testing programs are conducted
constantly to increase safety and effi-
ciency.
7. I’d rather not talk about the subject if
you don’t mind.
8. Overseas authorities have very strict
safety requirements.
9. Instead of the pilot moving a cable,
he now signals a computer.
10.Apart from airlines, the Being Com-
pany also manufactures helicopters
and missiles.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. Because it is so rich in forests and
fertile soil.
2. British Columbia.
3. Seattle.
4. On Puget Sound.
5. An extremely advanced aircraft con-
trol system.
6. In 1916.
7. The Jumbo Jet.
8. Jet engines.
9. Cold air enters the front; it is warmed
and compressed, and pushed out the
back.
10.Because of the number of safety
checks.
CHAPTER 12
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
1. New York owes its name to the En-
glish Duke of York.
2. At Niagara Falls I was given a guided
tour by an expert on the area.
3. We just went for a stroll across to the
Falls themselves.
4. WE are proud to announce that the
Falls will be illuminated later this
year.
5. These helicopter rides provide spec-
tacular views of the gorge and the
Canadian side.
6. This section was re-opened to the
general public last month.
7. Kurt Vonnegut has taught and lec-
tured at several major American col-
leges.
8. At the beginning of his career,
Vonnegut did most of his writing on
the side.
9. They were really scraping the bottom
of the barrel when they recruited him.
10.I came to the conclusion that my trip
had generally been a huge success.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
1. The Dutch.
2. In the western corner of New York
State.
3. Between Canada and the United
States.
4. 220,000 cubic feet.
5. They are all freshwater lakes.
6. In Indianapolis.
7. General Electric.
8. Slaughterhouse Five.
9. He was a soldier in the infantry.
10.A book on the Free Thinkers.