Sharing the

Responsibility of

Power Reliability and

Power Quality

J. David Lankutis, P.E.

POWER Engineers IEEE Joint Technical Conference

Anaheim, CA

January 14, 2015

Power Interruption Cost

Even if we find a way to accurately estimate

cost impact of power interruptions on

customers, how do we use these costs in

our business case for reliability projects?

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Basic Assumption

In a majority of cases, the most cost effective solution to a given power quality or reliability issue involves investment of time and money on both sides of the electric meter.

Perceptions and practices regarding sharing of cost between utility and customer varies considerably.

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Customer takes appropriate amount of responsibility

• For reliability

• For interruption information

• For energy efficency

Utility offers education

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Being Neighborly

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Being Neighborly

“Don’t dim my lights when you start your

motor”

“Don’t dump your hazardous harmonics on

the power system and pollute it for others”

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Being Neighborly

“Don’t raise my rates to satisfy special

needs customer.”

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Utility Cost of Outages

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Table 2

Total Lost Revenue Restoration

Cost per Customer Minute: $0.15 $0.009 $0.142

Cost per Hour of Interruption: $859.82 $49.969 $809.855

Cost per Customer/Interruption: $11.10 $0.645 $10.455

Utility Cost of Outages (5 years)

9 ICE Calculator = $24,740,710/yr

Cost of Outages including Customer Satisfaction

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Table 2

Total Customer

Satisfy

Lost Revenue Restoration

Cost per Customer Minute: $0.55 $0.40 $0.009 $0.142

Cost per Hour of Interruption: $3147 $2287 $49.969 $809.855

Cost per Cust/Interruption $40.62 $29.52 $0.645 $10.455

Consumer Perspective

Common Types of Consumers

• Residential

• Commercial

• Agricultural

• Industrial

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Evaluating Impact on Consumer

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Notification Factor??

ASAI Tier I : 99.67% Tier II : 99.75%

Tier III : 99.98%

Tier IV : 99.99%

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Uptime Institute Reliability Tiers

Data Center Reliability

“Tier III and IV engine-generator plants are considered the primary power source for the data center. The local power utility is an economic alternative. Disruptions to the utility power are not considered a failure, but rather an expected operational condition for which the site must be prepared.”

- Uptime Institute 14

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Tier I ASAI = 99.67% SAIDI = 1,734 min

Courtesy of Uptime Institute

Basic

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Tier II ASAI = 99.75% SAIDI = 1,314 min

Courtesy of Uptime Institute

Redundant Capacity Components

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Tier III ASAI = 99.98% SAIDI = 105 min

Courtesy of Uptime Institute Courtesy of Uptime Institute

Concurrently Maintainable

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Tier IV ASAI = 99.99% SAIDI = 53 min

Courtesy of Uptime Institute

Fault Tolerant

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2013 IEEE Benchmark

ASAI SAIDI SAIDI ALL SAIDI IEEE

TIER I 0.9967 1,734 Q4 >Q4

TIER II 0.9975 1,314 Q4 >Q4

TIER III 0.9998 105 Q1 Q2

TIER IV 0.9999 53 Q1 Q1

Maximum 1854 435

Q3 285 158

Q1 122 85

Operational Sustainability

“The majority of reported data center outages are

directly attributable to human error”

Uptime Institute

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Other Standards

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Other Standards

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Possible Next Steps

• Review existing standards for applicability and

completeness

• Survey existing practices and policies

• Dialog with IEEE I&CPS, PCIC

• Discussion of reliability based rates

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Example IEEE 519 Responsibility

Customer meets current standard

Utility meets voltage standard

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Intact System Criteria (ANSI-A)

Steady State Voltage Levels Allowed

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Contingency Criteria (ANSI-B)

Steady State Voltage Levels Allowed

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Power Quality

IEEE 141 (GE Flicker Curve)

Subjective measurement of human perception and tolerance 28

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