reliable and predictable scale-up of unit operation in
TRANSCRIPT
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Bala Raghunath, Ph.D.
Asia Seminar Series
Dec, 2015
RELIABLE AND PREDICTABLE SCALE-UP OF UNIT OPERATION IN BIOLOGICS PROCESSING
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■ Background
■ Approach to successful scale-up
■ Practical scaling techniques
■ Case study
■ Avoiding pitfalls
Outline
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…an increase according to a fixed ratio..…Merriam Webster
What is Scale-Up?
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…an increase according to a fixed ratio..…Merriam Webster
What is Scale-Up?
“The successful startup and operation of a commercial size unit whose design and operating procedures are in part based upon
experimentation and demonstration at a smaller scale of operation”
…...A. Biseo- Reliable Process Operation at Desired Scale- Meet project deadlines and capacity requirements- Ensure regulatory compliance- Meet economic targets
- Process Development
• PD should begin w/
the scaling end in mind
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Make large quantities of materials having same
properties as those that were made on the small scale
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What is Scale-Up?
3 L 200 L 10,000 L
How do we duplicate our results* at the larger scale?
*product characteristics, quality, consistency
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■ Process – Chemistry, Physics or Thermodynamics
Binding Characteristics (Charge, equil constant, zeta potential)
Physical Characteristics (Size, membrane/resin pore)
Other effects (CIP, extractables)
■ Operation – Procedures, control strategy
Parameters (KLa, agitator tip speed, pressure, flow, flux, loading, HETP)
Mode (Auto vs Manual, Pressure vs Flow control, process control strategy)
Other effects (Facility constraints, Safety considerations, Aseptic practices)
■ System – Equipment, instrumentation, processing strategy
Manufacturing strategy (Single Use vs Stainless Steel, Use of existing equipment)
Equipment configuration (Module type, piping, tank, pump, instruments, agitator type)
Other effects (Matl. Of Construction: acrylic, SS columns, location)
Scale-up PurviewThe Heart of the Process
Accessorial Dimension Across Scales
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■ Examine and specify “similarity”, at critical levels, between the small and large scale systems
Geometric: shape (l, w, h)
Mechanical: pressure, velocity (flow), time
Thermal: temperature
Chemical: Concentration
Approach for Successful Scale-up
H1
D1
H2
D2
2
2
1
1
D
H
D
H
M
Vs
V-eL
L
Vt
A
n M
n Vs
n V-eL
L
n Vt
n A
protein mass
sample volume
elution volume
column length
bed volume
cross sect. area
Q
Q/A
n Q
Q/A (since n Q/n A)
volumetric flow rate
linear velocity
Maintain certain critical or key process parameters equivalent at
corresponding points between the small and large scale systems
‘The Similarity Principle’
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■ Express the “similarity” as a criteria:
Simple ratio of measurement, fluxes or forces – the ‘scaling rule’
► Scaling rule → ensures critical process parameters are maintained same
between small and large scale systems
Approach for Successful Scale-up
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Scaling Rules – Some Examples
Criteria Mathematical
Depth FiltrationSame separation (Protein-Particle),
Productivity
Maintain same Resistance, R
R = Resistance, DP = Pressure Drop, Q = Flux, V =
Throughput
Same Flux (Q),
Same Pressure Drop (DP)
Increasing Filter Area(Same fi l ter depth; Increase
length, breadth)
Tangential Flow FiltrationSame separation (Protein-Buffer),
Productivity
Maintain same Polarization
PI = Polarization Index, Cw, Cb = Wall and bulk Protein
Concentration, J = Perm Flux, k = f(Q) = M/T Coeff, Q =
Same Permate Flux (J),
Same Crossflow (Q)
Increasing Filter Area(Same Channel length,
height; Increase Channel
width)
Chromatography
Same separation (Protein-Protein,
Protein-Molecular Impurity),
Productivity
Maintain same No of Plates (N), Loading
N = No. of theoretical plates, L = Column Height , Q =
Flow Rate , H = HETP, v = velocity, A, C = constants, A’ =
Col CS Area, C’ = Concentration
Same Bed-Heght (L), Packing (A), Fluid (n)
Same Load (gms of Protein/Resin vol)Increasing Resin Volume
(Increase Bed diameter)
Unit Operation PracticeScaling Rule
Scale by
43
2
2
3
1 aVaVaVa Q
P R D
CQ L
A
1
H
L N
LA
CA
L
gLoad
'
''
media
protein v
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Linear
Predictive
Hybrid
Flow pathFlow path
X 12 X 10
Flow path
- Scale-down element
Need a valid (tested, verified) “scale-down model”
Practical Scaling Techniques (for ensuring similarity)
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Linear
Predictive
Hybrid
- Uses a well developed or tested model
Practical Scaling Techniques (for ensuring similarity)
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Linear
Predictive
Hybrid - Has elements of both Linear and Predictive
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Process Time, h
Co
ncen
trati
on
, g
/L PD Loading
= 50 L/m2
Manuf. Loading
= 200 L/m2
TFF
Same Flux
Same Cross-flow
Varying loading
during initial scale-up
(to be verified)
Practical Scaling Techniques (for ensuring similarity)
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Scaling:
■ Use scale-down testing with ‘predictive equation’ or linear scaling using linear scale-down element to screen filters/resins and estimate full-scale sizing requirements
■ Simulate the process at Pilot or lab scale using proposed process loading, flows, solution conditions etc
General “Best-Practices” Scale-Up Approach
Small Scale Testing
Scale Up To Manuf. Plant
On Paper(Optimization)
Simulate and/or Run In Pilot Plant or Small Scale(Verification)
Finalize Manufacturing
Scale Design
- ROBUSTNESS
- OPER. RANGES
“Predictive/linear” Linear
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Refers to
■ Equipment effects: Tank, pump, device holder/format, column type, dead-legs/hold-up, air-
liquid interface, line-size, location/height differences, matl. of construction, agitator type…
■ Processing strategy: Auto vs Manual, constant pressure vs flow, control strategy for feed, buffer
preparation, CIP chemical mixing and addition strategy…
■ Process constraints Facility fit, use of existing equipment, safety considerations,
aseptic/sanitization practices, CIP sequence, limits on process pressure, flowrate.
System & Other Processing Considerations
– Experience, ‘best practices’ guidelines are used to ensure that these differences do
not pose or lead to scaling issues
– However, these are the areas where scaling ‘snafus’ (mistakes) often occur
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─ Scaling Rule─ Case study
3.5 cm2 6,900 cm2
NORMAL FLOW FILTRATION (NFF)
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Ensure same separation*, same plugging or flow-throughput profiles across scales
NFF Scaling Rule
How do we ensure this?
* Particle/microorganism from protein
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NFF Scaling Rule
Geometric
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Approach
V = Vol throughput at time t = lit/m2
Qi = Initial Flow Rate = lit/m2-hVmax = Max Vol Throughput = lit/m2
t = time, h
Plugging profile for most biological fluids is represented by gradual pore
plugging model (Vmax method)
Throughput Profile:
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NFF Scaling Rule
Geometric
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Approach
V = Vol throughput at time t = lit/m2
Qi = Initial Flow Rate = lit/m2-hVmax = Max Vol Throughput = lit/m2
t = time, h
Plugging profile for most biological fluids is represented by gradual pore
plugging model (Vmax method)
V, L
/m2
T, h1 20
PD
0.25(15 min)
Assume (Predict) Filtration
will continue on this line
1.5
V*
Amin = VBatch/V*
Scale-upThroughput Profile:
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NFF Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls (Case Study)
Existing Process: Calf serum filtration
“Optimized” Process: Calf serum filtration
■ Sizing estimated using Vmax testing of Prefilter & Sterile filter at small scale
47 mm scale (13.8 cm2), DP = 1 bar, “Vmax test” for 10 min
20
5 m PVDF Prefilter
(0.2 m2)
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(2.76 m2)
Issue: FrequentPlugging of 0.22 mSterilizing grade filter.
Proposed Solution:“Re-optimize” Prefitler
2.76 m2 x 2 = 5.5 m2
2/1.2m
glass/cellulose
Prefilter
(1.39 m2)
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(0.69 m2)
Area decreased
> 2.5 times!
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NFF Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls (Case Study)
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V
Time
Prefilter47 mm Scale
DP = 1 bar
Sterile Filter47 mm Scale
DP = 1 bar
Target ‘Volume’100
Prefilter + Sterile FilterManufacturing Scale
DPTotal = 0.7 bar
Throughput
Not realized!
Premature
Plugging!
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Issue: ■ Manufacturing Scale pressure constraint = 0.7 bar not considered during
Small Scale testing
NFF Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls (Case Study)
V
Time
Prefilter47 mm Scale
DP = 1 bar
Sterile Filter47 mm Scale
DP = 1 bar
Target ‘Volume’100
Prefilter + Sterile FilterManufacturing Scale
DPTotal = 0.7 bar
Throughput
Not realized!
Premature
Plugging!
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NFF Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls (Case Study)
Existing Process: Calf serum filtration
“ Optimized” Process: Calf serum filtration
■ Sizing estimated using Vmax testing of Prefilter & Sterile filter at small scale
47 mm scale (13.8 cm2), DP = 1 bar, “Vmax test” for 10 min
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5 m PVDF Prefilter
(0.2 m2)
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(2.76 m2)
Issue: FrequentPlugging of 0.22 mSterilizing grade filter.
Proposed Solution:“Re-optimize” Prefitler
2.76 m2 x 2 = 5.5 m2
2/1.2m
glass/cellulose
Prefilter
(1.39 m2)
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(0.69 m2)
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NFF Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls (Case Study)
Existing Process: Calf serum filtration
“ Optimized” Process: Calf serum filtration
■ Sizing estimated using Vmax testing of Prefilter & Sterile filter at small scale
47 mm scale (13.8 cm2), DP = 1 bar, “Vmax test” for 10 min
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5 m PVDF Prefilter
(0.2 m2)
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(2.76 m2)
Issue: FrequentPlugging of 0.22 mSterilizing grade filter.
Proposed Solution:“Re-optimize” Prefitler
2.76 m2 x 2 = 5.5 m2
2/1.2m
glass/cellulose
Prefilter
(1.39 m2)
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(0.69 m2)
Re-
0.22 m PVDF Sterile
filter
(1.38 m2)
0.7
Area still decreased
2 times!
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0.1 m2 80 m2
TANGENTIAL FLOW FILTRATION─ Scaling Rule─ Case study
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Ensure same separation* and productivity at both scales
‘Similar’ concentration profiles
What are these concentration profiles and how do we express them?
TFF Scaling Rule
* Protein-Buffer
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Polarization Profile
lnX R N R1 exp C
CObsObs
o
bulk
f
bulk Operating Profile
DF UF
QF
TMP Qf = J x A
QR
Cb
Cw
membrane
membrane
k
DPCf
Concentration Profiles in a TFF Process
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For equivalent polarization profile (Cwall/gel/Cbulk), maintain constant
J or production rate (liters/m2-hr)
K or mass transfer coefficient (i.e. crossflow rate)
For equivalent operating profile, maintain constant
X, N
Order or sequence of X, N
loading (process time)
Increase module width, w, i.e. module area, from small to large scale to accommodate larger load
Executing’ the Scaling Rule for TFF Processes
Geometric
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Approach
Flow pathFlow path
Flow path
W WW
W
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Optimum values chosen from small scale studies:
TMP = 8 psi and Flux = 30 lmh (QF = 325 lmh)
Process control (Large Scale) based on TMP set-point
Target TMP value = 8 psi
TFF Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls (Case Study)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TMP, psi
Flu
x, lm
hPLCGC, 5 oC
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Scaling Up with TMPsetpoint = 8 psi
DPValve
TMP
DPM
QF
PF
PR
PP
Retentate
valve
Permeate
Feed
QRDiafiltration
buffer
Feed
Tank
QP
Retentate
DPSystem
PSystemValveM P P P
2
P TMP DDD
RFM P P P D
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Scaling Up with TMPsetpoint = 8 psi
PP P P 2
P TMP
SystemValve
M DDD
PP = 0 psi
Psystem = 2 psi
ΔPvalve control to obtain PR and in turn, TMP
Simple Case: If retentate valve is fully
open, DPvalve = 0 psi
PR = ΔPvalve + ΔPsystem
PR = 0 psi + 2 psi = 2 psi
ΔPM ~ feed flow rate QF
ΔPM = 6-18 psi ………… (specification)
Case 1 (ΔPM = 6) TMPMin = 3 + 0 + 2 − 0 = 5 psi
Case 2 (ΔPM = 18) TMPMin = 9 + 0 + 2 − 0 = 11 psi
Set-point not obtainable in Case 2!
Control to 3 psi to get
desired TMP = 8 psi
DPValve
TMP
DPM
QF
PF
PR
PP
Retentate
valve
Permeate
Feed
QRDiafiltration
buffer
Feed
Tank
QP
Retentate
DPSystem
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Release DP of the modules
DP distribution for two PLCGC Cassette Lots
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
DP (QC Release), psi
Pro
bab
ilit
y D
istr
ibu
tio
n)
P4BN8659P4BN0989
Low Spec High Spec
PD Studies Manufacturing
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• Scaling Rule• Case study
CHROMATOGRAPHY
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Ensure same separation* (yield and purity) and productivity across scales
How do we ensure this?
Ensure same separation* (yield and purity) and productivity across scales
Chromatography Scaling Rule
* Protein-Protein
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Scale-up relationships
CQ L
A
1 N
n
C A
L
H
L N
LA
CA
L
gLoad
'
''
media
protein v
Separation Efficiency (N) (Van Deemter)
Elution
Loading
N = No. of theoretical plates
L = Column Height = m
Q = Flow Rate = cv/h
H = HETP, Height equivalent of a Theoretical Plate = m
A, C = constants
v = velocity = cm/hr
A’ = Col CS Area, m2
C’ = Concentration, g/L
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For equivalent separation* (yield and purity) and productivity
across scales :■ Need to ensure same N (efficiency or plates) and Loading
(gprotein/Lmedia) across scales
‘Executing’ the Scaling Rule for Chromatography
Geometric
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Approach
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n
C A
L
H
L N
Chromatography Scale-up – Method 1* (keep bed height constant across scales)
For equivalent plates, N, keep
■ L (bed height) same across scales
■ H (HETP) same across scales
v (velocity, cm/hr) same across scales
Same resin (particle characteristics) and fluid characteristics (conc. etc)
Same ‘packing’ at both scales (?!)
Keep normalized load same across scales:
■ gprotein/Lmedia is constant
Increase column diameter, i.e. resin volume, to accommodate larger load
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n
C A
L
H
L N
Chromatography Scale-up – Method 1* (keep bed height constant across scales)
For equivalent plates, N, keep
■ L (bed height) same across scales
■ H (HETP) same across scales
v (velocity, cm/hr) same across scales
Same resin (particle characteristics) and fluid characteristics (conc. etc)
Same ‘packing’ at both scales (?!)
Keep normalized load same across scales:
■ gprotein/Lmedia is constant
Increase column diameter, i.e. resin volume, to accommodate larger load
MVs
Ve
sample mass
sample volume
elution volume
nMnVs
nVe
LVc
A
column length
column volume
cross sect. area
LnVc
nA
QQ/A
volumetric flow rate
linear velocity
nQQ/A (since nQ/nA)
Scaling factor = "n"
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CQ L
A
1 N
Chromatography Scale-up – Method 2 (keep residence time constant across scales)
Where:- Q = v/L
- tR = residence time = 1/Q
For equivalent residence times, keep■ Q (cv/hr) same across scales
Change L (column height) and v (velocity, cm/hr) to keep Q constant
(Note: when Q is constant and L changes, N does not truly remain constant; typically use smaller column L (lower N) at SS and higher L (higher N) at larger scale → safety
factor)
■ Same resin (particle characteristics) and fluid characteristics (conc. etc)
Keep normalized load same across scales:■ gprotein/Lmedia is constant
Increase both column diameter/length, i.e. resin volume, to accommodate larger load keeping Q constant
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CQ L
A
1 N
Chromatography Scale-up – Method 2 (keep residence time constant across scales)
Where:- Q = v/L
- tR = residence time = 1/Q
For equivalent residence times, keep■ Q (cv/hr) same across scales
Change L (column height) and v (velocity, cm/hr) to keep Q constant
(Note: when Q is constant and L changes, N does not truly remain constant; typically use smaller column L (lower N) at SS and higher L (higher N) at larger scale → safety
factor)
■ Same resin (particle characteristics) and fluid characteristics (conc. etc)
Keep normalized load same across scales:■ gprotein/Lmedia is constant
Increase both column diameter/length, i.e. resin volume, to accommodate larger load keeping Q constant
Benefits- Maximize use of media
- Maximize use of floor space- Greater flexibility for equipment
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Many issues relate to packing method differences between scales
Issue*: ■ Packing method not sufficient at large scale – led to channeling during
product elution. Resolved by increasing packing flow and decreasing the operating flow rate
Chromatography Scaling – Avoiding Pitfalls
A280 n
m
A280 n
m
A280 n
mA
280 n
m
dc = 7 cm, H = 22 cm, 300 cm/h
dc = 35 cm, H = 22 cm, 300 cm/h
dc = 44 cm, H = 22 cm, 300 cm/hdc = 44 cm, H = 22 cm, 450 cm/h
* S. Aldington, J. Chrom. B 848 (2007), 64-78
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■ Reliable scale-up of unit operations is a key factor in ensuring the
success of a process operation
■ There is a scientific approach to scale-up
Similarity criteria
Linear, predictive, hybrid
■ There is a practical consideration in scale-up
Facility fit
Equipment constraint at manufacturing scale
■ Successful scale-up of operations uses the right mix of good science
with practical experience!
Summary
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Thank You