Religion and Political Conflicts• Division of those who speak the

same language.• Between the same and different

religions.• Religion often functions as a

symbol of a wider set of cultural and political differences.

• Compare your religion map to a political map = some countries lie entirely within the realms of individual world religions, whereas other countries straddle _________ boundaries.

• Other countries with major religious disputes straddle _________ boundaries, the boundaries with a single major faith.

Israel and Palestine

• Post WWI = European Colonialism• Previously fought over by _____,

__________, Christians, Muslims, and Ottomans.

• ______ of _________ recognizes British control of the land; called the territorial mandate ___________.

• Goal of British government – to create a national homeland for the _______ people.

Post WWII• After the war, British mandate ended, and newly

formed ____ voted to partition Palestine.• Created independent Israeli and Palestinian

states.• Partitioning plan was set for failure – were to

live in noncontiguous states.• Violence from Arab states against the new

Jewish state.• Israel survived through numerous wars in which

Palestinians lost their lands, farms, and villages.• As a consequence of war and the consolidation

of the Israeli state, Palestinians migrated or fled to refugee camps in neighboring Arab states.

1967 Arab-Israeli War• Israel gained control of the Palestinian

lands in _____, the ____ ______, and the Golan Heights (aka Occupied Territories).

• Jewish expansion from Gaza, to West Bank to gain more control of territory.

• Israeli restrictions on new building by Palestinians, even in their own zones.

• 1990s – Gaza gets self-government and to small areas inside the West Bank. Palestinian Arabs empowered to run their own affairs within these zones.

• In 2000, Palestine rejects peace terms.• In 2005, Israel evacuates Gaza Strip,

Palestinians move in and then fenced in.

Horn of Africa• Religions – Islam, ancient Christian sects,

and Christian sects of European colonizers.• Last 2000 years – _____ (Red Sea Coast) has

changed hands many times.• Religious and linguistic diversity.• Heart of the Horn = mountainous ________,

core of the Amharic (Coptic) Christians.• As Islam diffused into North Africa, Muslims

converted some adherents people at the base of the mountains, but the Amharic rulers maintained control of most of the region.

• Islam surrounded the Amharics to the north, northeast, and southeast.

Horn of Africa

• 1600s – Ottoman Empire (Muslim) into the Horn.

• European Colonialism – Eritrea goes to Italy as a colony (1800s to early 1900s).

• Post WWII, goes to Great Britain.• In 1950, UN decides best for Eritrea to

become part of Ethiopia.• Muslim Eritreans did not easily accept

control by the Amharic Ethiopians.• Eritrea gained independence in 1991.