religion & politics in the middle east tanya schwarz & johanna solomon osher lifelong...
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Religion & Politics in the Middle East
Tanya Schwarz & Johanna SolomonOsher Lifelong Learning Institute
Spring 2015
Today
The “religion” in “Religion and Politics”
Framing/Meaning vs. Data• “Why” and “How” instead of “What”• In short, how we talk about things matters!
Obama on ISIL (ISIS/IS)
“Now let’s make two things clear: ISIL is not “Islamic.” No religion condones the killing of innocents, and the mass majority of ISIL’s victims have been Muslim. And ISIL is certainly not a state……ISIL is a terrorist organization, pure and simple. And it has no vision other than the slaughter of all who stand in its way.” (Sept. 2014)
Is the Islamic State Islamic?
“The reality is that the Islamic State is Islamic. Very Islamic…..the religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam.” (March 2015)
• “the Prophetic methodology”: following the prophecy and example of Muhammad
Is the Islamic State Islamic?
Problems• “very Islamic”• Social, economic,
cultural, historical factors
• Islamophobia and ignoring other interpretations
How does this help us think about religion & politics?• Political theology• Taking religion seriously
Official Religions
State Religion – IslamBahrainEgyptIraqJordanKuwaitOmanQatarUnited Arab EmiratesYemen
Islamic RepublicAfghanistanIran
OthersSaudi Arabia (Sunni Islam)Syria (Pres. and laws)
Lebanon (Christian/Muslim)
Turkey (Secular)
Israel (Jewish?)
religion as a category of analysis: the three “B”s
(Drawing on Davie 1994, but expanding beyond individuals)
BeliefExamples• The Jewish State; Jerusalem• ISIS and the apocalypse• Religious “extremists” and cosmic war
(Juergensmeyer 2009)
Religious pluralism in theological discourse• exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism, syncretism
(Lynch 2000)
Belonging (identity)
Identity as marker• The Other (remember Johanna’s talk from last week!)
o Examples: Israeli/Palestinian, Shi’ite/Sunni, Christian/Jew/Muslim, etc.
Identity and logics of appropriateness• Religious symbols (e.g. headscarf) in the public
sphere
Religion vs. Culture vs. Ethnicity• “Secular” Christians, Jews, Muslims, etc.
Behavior
Examples• Prayer in peacebuilding and reconciliation• Sacred rituals and conflict initiation (Hassner
2011)• Religious rhetoric and the likelihood of the use of
force (Wu 2015)
But….no belief or action is “purely” religious
The “politics” in “religion and politics”• Governance – Who governs? How?• Distribution of resources (economics)• Power - Who has it? Who benefits from particular
narratives and policies?
• And don’t forget history!
The Islamic StateAutocratic governments• OppressionThe Cold WarThe war in Syria• Destabilization of Iraq
(Coburn 2015)European/U.S. interventions• Colonialism• Israel/Palestine• Afghanistan (1980s)• “War on Terror”
Beliefs• Apocalyptic• Exclusivist views
Belonging• Ummah and caliphate
Behavior• Shariah (specific
interpretations of)