Religions of the World

This encyclopedia series provides comprehensive coverage of “world reli-gions.” Cohesive and objective in its treatment, the series covers a widespectrum of academic disciplines and religious traditions. It lays bare similar-ities and differences that naturally emerge within and across disciplines andreligions today. The series includes the academic field of multidisciplinary,secular study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It offers descrip-tions, comparisons, interpretations, and explanations on religions in manydifferent regions of the world. The series emphasizes systematic, historicallybased, and cross-cultural perspectives.Each volume offers a “state of play” perspective regarding the specific area ofthe world being considered, looking both at the current situation and at likelyfurther developments within that area.

More information about this series at https://www.springer.com/series/15065

Henri GoorenEditor

Encyclopedia of LatinAmerican Religions

With 19 Figures and 17 Tables

EditorHenri GoorenSociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal JusticeOakland UniversityRochester, MI, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-27077-7 ISBN 978-3-319-27078-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-28571-9 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933396

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

Springer’s Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions (ELAR) is the first of itskind. Its main aim is to provide the most comprehensive, cohesive, andobjective coverage to date on the topic of Latin American religions. Obviouslythere are other general reference works on the religions of Latin America, butno encyclopedia exists that systematically and alphabetically lists (almost) allreligious expressions that are currently present in Latin America. Hence, wehad to start from scratch and faced some hard decisions that defined the aimand scope of the project.

First, we decided to focus on the contemporary religious expressions ofLatin America. Other reference works exist that cover the many NativeAmerican hunter-gatherers and especially the famous agricultural civilizationsof old: Olmecs, Toltecs, Maya, Nazca, Inca, Aztecs, etc. Similarly, manyreference works cover the Spanish and Portuguese conquest and colonizationprocesses in Latin America, the rise of the republics after independence, thegrowing influence of Britain and the United States, the effects of the Cold Warin Latin America, and the state of benign neglect that seems to characterizecurrent US and EU policies toward the region.

Second, there is the problem of geography. What constitutes Latin Amer-ica? Historically, the term “Amérique latine” was first used in the 1860s byEmperor Napoleon III (1808–1873) to express France’s growing geopoliticalinterest in a region historically dominated by first Spain and Portugal and laterBritain and the United States. We include all the countries south of the RioGrande and in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Geographically,historically, economically, politically, and religiously, it makes sense toinclude the Caribbean region with Latin America. Thus, the Encyclopedia ofLatin American Religions covers a total of no less than 27 countries. These areBrazil, 16 Spanish-speaking countries on the continent, Belize, 3 Spanish-speaking island nations (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic),3 other important island nations (Haiti, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago),and the 3 Guyanas: (former British) Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

Third, there is the problem of defining religion. German sociologist MaxWeber (1864–1920) famously managed to avoid this. His contemporary, theBritish anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor (1832–1917), defined religionthrough his animism concept as “the belief in spiritual beings” (PrimitiveSociety 1871: Chap. xi ff.). This basic definition still works, provided oneadds human manipulation of spiritual beings and the supernatural throughritual.

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Hence, our definition of religion is extremely broad. In chronological order,ELAR covers indigenous religions (but see my caveat below), Roman Cathol-icism, (historical) Protestantism, indigenous and imported Pentecostalisms,Jehovah’s Witnesses, Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Afro-Brazilian(Candomblé and Umbanda) and Afro-Caribbean (Vodou and Santería) reli-gions, the world religions of immigrants, transnational new religious move-ments (such as Hare Krishna and the Unification Church), and some uniquelyLatin American churches (such as Mexico’s Light of the World church andBrazil’s Universal Church of the Kingdom of God). ELAR even covers therecent increases in the numbers of Latin Americans who report having noreligion.

Fourth, since the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions is an encyclo-pedia, long-term and recent historical trends are subsumed under about500 alphabetically listed entry titles. The main religious trends in LatinAmerica include the start and subsequent indigenization of Catholicism(later mirrored in Protestantism and Pentecostalism); the evolution ofAfrican-inspired religions; the arrival of world religions like Judaism, Islam,Hinduism, and Buddhism with various immigrant waves; the arrival andmembership explosions of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormons; the importa-tion of transnational new religious movements like Hare Krishna and theUnification Church; the start and evolution of uniquely Latin Americanchurches; and finally, the recent stark percent point increases in the “NoReligion” population segment (the “religious nones”) across almost all coun-tries in Latin America (also in the United States for that matter).

A project such as the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions is inevi-tably a group effort, hence the use of “we” in this preface. Yet, ELARwould notexist without one person: Springer editor Cristina Alves dos Santos. At theannual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in Boston,she asked if I would be interested in becoming editor in chief of the proposednew Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions. Had I realized all this entailed,I would have politely turned Cristina down, but ignorance (or vanity) is at thecore of many a gargantuan task. We divided up the subject matter and, over thenext years, recruited ten section editors from six different countries. I washappy to see the involvement of so many prominent researchers from Mexicoand Brazil, as well as from the United States, the Netherlands, Denmark, andGermany. Brainstorming with the section editors, we made long lists ofpossible entry topics and went about recruiting possible authors. The mainSpringer editors who worked hard on ELAR were Sylvia Blago, MichaelHermann, and Johanna Klute. I am most grateful for their expert support,advice, emails, and phone conferences.

So 5 years later, the print edition of the Encyclopedia of Latin AmericanReligions finally comes out. Putting together two encyclopedia volumes withthe size and weight of bricks takes resolve, rewards, and, above all, patience. Itwas difficult to recruit section editors and authors alike; many dropped outunexpectedly, sometimes at the last moment. When asked how it feels to beeditor in chief of an encyclopedia of over 1, 500 printed pages, I said: “It’s likebeing in an artillery bombardment without knowing how many grenades areduds.”My advice: to proceed with extreme caution. The most efficient ways of

Preface vii

imposing deadlines on scholars cannot pass the Institutional Review Board(IRB) standards. Recruiting friends as editors and authors often proved risky;I recommend recruiting strangers.

The primary audience of ELAR are scholars and students in a variety ofdisciplines (such as history, anthropology, sociology, psychology, education,economics, geography, theology, mission studies, religious studies, culturalstudies), but we hope the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions will alsobe useful for a much wider audience of journalists, librarians, analysts, gov-ernment officials, doctors, and many other professionals.

In spite of gargantuan efforts, many entries remained orphaned because noauthor ever stepped up. I already agree with critics that niche topics likeJudaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and New Age are extremely well-covered. The same is true for Mormonism and Jehovah’s Witnesses. On theother hand, Native American religions and uniquely Latin American religionsreceive short shrift. No excuse will do, but consider this an open invitation: Weare actively looking for authors on many topics that are not covered(sufficiently) in the print edition. Study the format and send us your entry. Ifyou feel that you can do a better job on an existing entry, send us your entrytoo. We cannot pay, but we promise fame and recognition. The online editionof the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions will be continuouslyexpanded and updated in the future.

Henri GoorenOakland UniversityRochester, MichiganJune, 2019

List of Topics

Atheism, Agnosticism, and Secularization inLatin America

Section Editor: Roberto Blancarte

Agnosticism and People Without Religion inBrazil

Agnosticism, Atheism, and People WithoutReligion in Colombia

Agnosticism, Atheism, Population WithoutReligion in Guatemala

Agnostics and Atheists in MexicoAnticlerical Laws in Costa Rica, 1884Anticlericalism in ArgentinaAtheism and Agnosticism in CubaAtheism and Nonreligion in Latin America,

GeographyAtheism in BrazilAtheism, Agnosticism, and People Without

Religion in ChileDiffused Religion in Latin AmericaEastern Religions in Latin American LiteratureEthnic Agnosticism in Latin AmericaGeneration of 1837Haya de la Torre, Víctor RaúlJuárez, BenitoLaicity in ArgentinaLaicity in BrazilLaicity in Latin AmericaLay Education in MexicoMock ReligionsMorazán, FranciscoNonreligion and Secularity in Latin AmericaPalma, Ricardo

Perón, JuanPopulism and LaicityPositivism in BrazilRivadavia, BernardinoSecularization and Educational Secularism in

EcuadorSecularization and Secularism in CubaSecularization in ArgentinaSecularization in Latin AmericaSecularization in the IndigenousMexican ContextSecularization in UruguaySubversive Art and Secularization in the North of

ChileVargas, Getúlio

Buddhism and Hinduism in Latin America

Section Editors: Frank Usarski and RafaelShoji

Art of LivingBuddhism in ArgentinaBuddhism in BrazilBuddhism in Central AmericaBuddhism in ChileBuddhism in ColombiaBuddhism in CubaBuddhism in MexicoBuddhism in PeruBuddhism in UruguayBuddhism in VenezuelaChinese BuddhismChinese New Religions

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x List of Topics

Chinese ReligionsChurch of Perfect LibertyChurch of World Messianity (Sekai Kyūsei Kyō)Fo Guang ShanHappy Science (Kofuku-no-Kagaku)Hinduism in ArgentinaHinduism in BrazilHinduism in Brazilian LiteratureHinduism in GuyanaHinduism in SurinameHinduism in Trinidad and TobagoHonmon Butsuryū-shūISKCONJapanese Esoteric BuddhismJapanese New Religions in Latin AmericaKorean BuddhismKorean ReligionsMahikariNichiren ShoshuOomoto (The Great Origin)Pure Land Buddhism in Latin AmericaReiyukaiRissho Kosei-kaiSacred GroundsSathya Sai BabaSeichō-no-Ie in Latin AmericaShintoismSoka GakkaiTenrikyoTheravada BuddhismTibetan Buddhism in Latin AmericaTranscendental MeditationTzong KwanYoga in Latin AmericaZen in Latin America

Country Entries

Section Editor: Bryan T. Froehle

ArgentinaBelizeBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaCuba

Dominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorFrench GuianaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaPanamaParaguayPeruPuerto RicoSurinameTrinidad and TobagoUruguayVenezuela

Indigenous Religions in Latin America

Maya Religion and Spirituality

Islam and Judaism in Latin America

Section Editor: Ken Chitwood

Arab Union of CubaAshkenaziBahia Muslim Slaves Rebellion; Rebellion

of the Males, Brazil 1835Black IslamConversion to Islam in Latin AmericaConversions to the Islam in MexicoDa’wahDiaspora, JewishFiesta de Santiago ApostólHajjHosay FestivalIntroduction of Islam to Sixteenth-Century

Puerto RicoIslamIslam in ArgentinaIslam in BrazilIslam in CubaIslam in Haiti

List of Topics xi

Islam in MexicoIslam in SurinameIslam in the Dominican RepublicIslam in TrinidadIslam, Five PillarsIslam, HistoryIslamic League of CubaIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict, Latin American

SolidarityJamaat al-MuslimeenJewish Immigration to Chile During the

Holocaust YearsJews and Judaism in the CaribbeanJews of the Middle East in Latin America:

Migrations, Identities, and ReligiositiesJudaism in ArgentinaJudaism in BrazilJudaism in ChileJudaism in CubaJudaism in MexicoJudenreinLatin American Conservative or Masorti

MovementLatin American Countries Muslim Leaders

Religious SummitLatin American Jewish Studies Association

(LAJSA)Lebanese-Muslim Diaspora in the Triple

Frontier (Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay)MoriscosMosques in Latin AmericaMurabitun World MovementMuslim Community Educational Center

(Mexico City, Mexico)Muslims and the Media in TrinidadNew ChristiansOrientalismSephardiSheikhs in Latin AmericaShi’a IslamShi’i Islam in ChileSosúa SettlementSufism in MexicoSunni-Shi’a DivideUnion of Argentine Muslim Women

(UMMA)Women in Islam in Mexico

Mormons, Witnesses, and Adventists in LatinAmerica

Section Editor: David G. Stewart, Jr.

Adventism in ArgentinaAdventism in ColombiaAdventism in CubaAdventism in MexicoAdventism in PanamaAdventism in Puerto RicoAdventism in the Dominican RepublicAdventism in VenezuelaAdventism, Eight Laws of HealthAdventism, PillarsAdventist Global MissionBible, New World TranslationBook of MormonBrazil 2010 CensusJehovah’s Witnesses in ArgentinaJehovah’s Witnesses in BelizeJehovah’s Witnesses in BoliviaJehovah’s Witnesses in BrazilJehovah’s Witnesses in ChileJehovah’s Witnesses in ColombiaJehovah’s Witnesses in Costa RicaJehovah’s Witnesses in EcuadorJehovah’s Witnesses in El SalvadorJehovah’s Witnesses in French GuianaJehovah’s Witnesses in GuyanaJehovah’s Witnesses in HaitiJehovah’s Witnesses in HondurasJehovah’s Witnesses in MexicoJehovah’s Witnesses in NicaraguaJehovah’s Witnesses in ParaguayJehovah’s Witnesses in Puerto RicoJehovah’s Witnesses in SurinameJehovah’s Witnesses in UruguayJehovah’s Witnesses in the Dominican RepublicJehovah’s Witnesses in VenezuelaJehovah’s Witnesses, BeliefsJehovah’s Witnesses, Contemporary ChallengesJehovah’s Witnesses, HistoryJehovah’s Witnesses, Legal ControversiesJehovah’s Witnesses, PracticesJehovah’s Witnesses, Terms and DefinitionsLatin American Adventist Theological SeminaryMexico 2010 Census

xii List of Topics

Mormon Articles of FaithMormon Mexican ColoniesMormon Missionary Training CentersMormon MissionsMormon TemplesMormonism in ArgentinaMormonism in BelizeMormonism in BoliviaMormonism in BrazilMormonism in ChileMormonism in ColombiaMormonism in Costa RicaMormonism in CubaMormonism in EcuadorMormonism in El SalvadorMormonism in French GuianaMormonism in GuatemalaMormonism in GuyanaMormonism in HaitiMormonism in HondurasMormonism in JamaicaMormonism in MexicoMormonism in NicaraguaMormonism in PanamaMormonism in ParaguayMormonism in PeruMormonism in Puerto RicoMormonism in SurinameMormonism in the Dominican RepublicMormonism in UruguayMormonism in VenezuelaPew Research CenterSmith, JosephThird ConventionWhite, Ellen G.Word of Wisdom

New Age Religions in Latin America

Section Editors: Carlos Steil and Rodrigo Toniol

Afro American Religious and New Age PracticesAge of AquariusAlternative TherapiesAndean MysticismAnthroposophyAstrology

Body and SoulCaravanas ArcoirisCastaneda, CarlosComplementary and Alternative MedicinesConscienciology and ProjectiologyCore EnergeticsCultural IndustryDivination PracticesEcological Epistemology (EE)EcologyEcovillageEnergyEnvironmentalizationErrant Religious CultureEsotericism and New AgeFloral Therapy and Body/Emotional

AwarenessGaiaGender and New AgeGran Fraternidad UniversalHare Krishna Movement and New AgeHarmonizationInstitutionalization of ReligionLeaving the New AgeLiterature and Religion in Contemporary

SocietiesMancomunidad de la América

India SolarMayaMaya MillenarismMetaphysics of Saint GermainMesmerismModernityMystics and New AgeNeo-esotericismNeoliberalism and New AgeNeomexicanism: Prehispanic Rituals Translated

by New Age MatrixNeo-paganismNeo-shamanismNew Age and ChristianityNew Age and HealthNew Age and Native American SpiritualityNew Age ConsumptionNew Age ImageryNew Age in Network Marketing OrganizationsNew Age Movement and the Sacred

List of Topics xiii

New Age RitualsNew Age SpiritualityNew Age Trade ShowNew Age-ificationNomad ReligiosityOrientalizationPachamamaProfessionalizing in the New AgePsychoactive SubstancesPsychology and the New AgeRaëlian MovementRed Path (Camino Rojo)Reginos Spiritual Movement and

NeomexicanismReligions of the SelfReligious IndividualizationRomanticismSacralization of the SelfScience and New AgeSectSelf-HelpSelf-ImprovementSpiritualism and New AgeSt. James’s WayTaoism and New AgeTheosophyTranscendence and ImmanenceUrban ShamanismValley of the DawnVegetarianismWicca and New AgeYoga and the New Age Movement in

Argentina

Pentecostalism in Latin America

Section Editor: Rubia R. Valente

Allen, A. A.Articles of Faith, TwelveAssemblies of God in BrazilAssemblies of God in Latin AmericaChristian Congregation in Brazil, Congregação

Cristã no BrasilChurch of the Foursquare Gospel in BrazilFrancescon, LouisGod Is Love Pentecostal Church

Iglesia Cristiana InterdenominacionalIgreja Cristã MaranataLatin American Pentecostalism and PoliticsLight of the World ChurchMacedo, Edir B.McPherson, Aimee SempleMiranda, David MartinsOrigins of Pentecostalism in the Dominican

RepublicPentecostalism in BoliviaPentecostalism in BrazilPentecostalism in ChilePentecostalism in Costa RicaPentecostalism in El SalvadorPentecostalism in GuatemalaPentecostalism in HondurasPentecostalism in JamaicaPentecostalism in Latin America, Rural Versus

UrbanPentecostalism in PanamaPentecostalism in PeruPentecostalism in Puerto RicoPentecostalism in SurinamePentecostalism in the Caribbean: The Influence

of Afro-ReligionsPentecostalism in Urban Peripheries in Latin

AmericaPentecostalism: Waves in BrazilPentecostalization of Protestantism in Latin

AmericaTaxonomy of Pentecostal ChurchesUniversal Church of the Kingdom of God,

Iglesia Universal Del Reino de Dios

Protestantism in Latin America

Section Editor: Leonardo Marcondes Alves

Full Gospel Business Men’s FellowshipInternational in Latin America

Latin America Mission (LAM)Mennonites in Latin AmericaPalau, LuisPresbyterian Church in Latin AmericaReformed and Congregational Churches in Latin

America

xiv List of Topics

Roman Catholicism in Latin America

Section Editor: Jakob Egeris Thorsen

All Souls’ DayAparecida Conference (CELAM V)Benedict XVI, PopeBoff, ClodovisBoff, LeonardoBogarín, RamónCamara, Dom Hélder Pessoa (Bishop)Catholic ActionCatholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR)CELAMChristian Base Communities (CEB)CofradíasCristero RebellionFiestasFolk SaintsFrancis, PopeGerardi Conedera, Monseñor Juan JoséGiménez, GilbertoGutiérrez, GustavoInculturationJohn Paul II, PopeLiberation TheologyLife in the Spirit Seminars (LSS)López Trujillo, AlfonsoLugo Méndez, Fernando ArmindoMedellin Conference (CELAM II)Menchú Tum, RigobertaMinuto de DiosNew EvangelizationNovenas (Catholic Prayer Tradition)Obando y Bravo, MiguelPosadas (Christmas Tradition)Prado Flores, José (Pepe) H.Puebla Conference (CELAM III)Retablos

Rolón, IsmaelRoman Catholicism in Latin AmericaRomero, Oscar (Bishop)Rossi, Fr. Marcelo (Brazil)Santa MuerteSanto Domingo Conference (CELAM IV)Sobrino, JonSuenens, Léon-Joseph Cardinal (CCR)Torres, CamiloVatican IIVirgin of GuadalupeVows to Saints

Transnational New Religious Movements inLatin America and New Latin AmericanReligions

Section Editor: Rodrigo Toniol

BarquinhaBatuqueBrazilian Catholic Apostolic ChurchCaboclo ShamanismCandombléGauchito GilGnoseJohn of GodKardec, AllanRosa CruzSanteríaSanto DaimeUFO Religions in Latin AmericaUmbandaUnião do VegetalUnification Church, MooniesVodou, VoodooYoruba Religion

About the Editor

Henri Gooren (Ph.D. Anthropology, Utrecht University) is a Dutch culturalanthropologist working especially on conversion and on Pentecostalism, Prot-estantism, Mormonism, and Catholicism in Latin America. His first publishedmonograph was Rich Among the Poor: Church, Firm, and Household AmongSmall-Scale Entrepreneurs in Guatemala City (Amsterdam: Thela, 1999).After working at the Social Science Research Council of the NetherlandsOrganisation for Scientific Research (NWO), he joined the Center IIMO forIntercultural Theology at Utrecht University in the research program Conver-sions Careers and Culture Politics in Pentecostalism: A Comparative Study inFour Continents (2003–2007).

In August 2007, Henri Gooren became Assistant Professor of Anthropol-ogy at OaklandUniversity in Rochester, Michigan, where he received tenure in2011 and became Director of Religious Studies in 2018. Palgrave-Macmillanpublished his book Religious Disaffiliation and Conversion: Tracing Patternsof Change in Faith Practices in 2010. Dr. Gooren conducted extensivefieldwork research on the Pentecostalization of religion and society in Para-guay and Chile in 2010–2012, sponsored with $100,000 from the JohnTempleton Foundation. He is currently working on a monograph elaboratingthis topic.

Gooren is co-founder of the Dutch journal Religion and Society and co-editor of the book series Religion in the Americas, published by Brill (see brill.com/view/serial/REAM). Gooren was President of the Mormon Social Sci-ence Association (2011–2013) and is also a member of the Society for theScientific Study of Religion (SSSR), the Religious Research Association(RRA), and the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Gooren hasserved as a peer-reviewer for 18 scholarly journals, including Journal for the

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xvi About the Editor

Scientific Study of Religion, Sociology of Religion, Review of ReligiousResearch, Latin American Research Review, Journal of Contemporary Reli-gion, and Religion, State and Society. He is on the editorial boards of theInternational Journal of Latin American Religions, Exchange, and Politicsand Religion.

Dr. Gooren has given over 65 presentations at US and international aca-demic conferences, averaging three a year. He has published extensively onconversion models and on several different religions in Latin America. In total,Gooren has contributed 33 book reviews, 17 chapters in books, 12 encyclo-pedia entries, and 19 articles in journals, such as Journal for the ScientificStudy of Religion, Review of Religious Research, European Review of LatinAmerican and Caribbean Studies, Exchange, Pneuma: The Journal of theSociety for Pentecostal Studies, PentecoStudies, and Dialogue: A Journal ofMormon Thought. Henri Gooren’s professional webpage is: https://www.oakland.edu/socan/top-links/faculty/gooren

Section Editors

Atheism, Agnosticism, and Secularization in Latin America

Roberto Blancarte El Colegio de México, Mexico City, Mexico

Buddhism and Hinduism in Latin America

Frank Usarski Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Rafael Shoji Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Country Entries

Bryan T. Froehle St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, USA

Islam and Judaism in Latin America

Ken Chitwood University of Florida, Gainesville, USA

Mormons, Witnesses, and Adventists in Latin America

David G. Stewart, Jr. Children’s Bone and Spine Surgery, Las Vegas, USA

New Age Religions in Latin America

Carlos Steil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Rodrigo Toniol Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Pentecostalism in Latin America

Rubia R. Valente Baruch College – City University of New York (CUNY),New York, USA

Protestantism in Latin America

Leonardo Marcondes Alves Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia,Brazil

Roman Catholicism in Latin America

Jakob Egeris Thorsen Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Transnational New Religious Movements in Latin America and NewLatin American Religions

Rodrigo Toniol Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Contributors

Vítor Hugo Adami Department of Anthropology, Universidad Publica deTarragona, Tarragona, Barcelona, Spain

Federico Aguirre Center for Religious Studies, Faculty of Theology, Pon-tifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

Bobby C. Alexander The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX,USA

Rafael Antunes Almeida Universidade da Integração Internacional daLusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

Andrea Althoff Gesellschaft der Europäischen Akademien e.V., Berlin,Germany

Gonzales Osmar Alvarado National Library of Peru, Lima, Peru

Daniel Alvarez Pentecostal Theological Seminary, Cleveland, TN, USA

Herbert Mauricio Alvarez López Univeridad Rafael Landivar, GuatemalaCity, Guatemala

Leonardo Marcondes Alves Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia,MG, Brazil

Leila Amaral Institute of Human Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora,Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

Michael Amoruso Religious Studies Department, University of Texas atAustin, Austin, TX, USA

Juan Jose Andrade Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, NL,México

Emilson Soares Dos Anjos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência daReligião, Pontificia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUC, São Paulo,SP, Brazil

Andrés Arango Catholic Charismatic Renewal, University of Notre Dameand Diocese of Camden, NJ, USA

Amy I. Aronson Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA

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xx Contributors

Waleska Aureliano Social Science Institute/Department of Anthropology,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Joana Bahia State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ricardo Melgar Bao Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, MexicoCity, México

Chas. H. Barfoot Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Matías Bargsted Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica deChile, Santiago, Chile

Eileen Barker London School of Economics/INFORM, London, UK

Jean-Pierre Bastian Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

William Mauricio Beltrán Departamento de Sociología, UniversidadNacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

Jose Bizerril Instituto Ceub de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (ICPD), CentroUniversitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília, DF, Brazil

Keith Blackley University of Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo), Buffalo, NY, USA

Roberto Blancarte El Colegio de México, México City, Mexico

Ulf Borelius Gothenburg, Sweden

Marcelo Gules Borges Center for Educational Sciences, Federal Universityof Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

Tonia Borsellino University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Natana Botezini Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS,Brazil

Joe Bradford Islamic University of Medina, KSA, Houston, TX, USA

Susana Brauner Maestría de Diversidad Cultural, Universidad NacionalTres de Febrero (UNTREF), Buenos Aires, Argentina

Emmanuel Buteau Haitian Institute of Atlanta, St. Thomas University,Miami Gardens, FL, USA

Valeria Cababié-Schindler Department of Religious Studies, Florida Inter-national University, Miami, FL, USA

Gerardo Caetano UDELAR, Universidad de la República de Uruguay,Montevideo, Uruguay

Lizette Campechano INDATCOM, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

Marcelo Ayres Camurça Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora,MG, Brazil

Jason A. Cantone George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Stefania Capone CéSor Center for Social Research on Religion, FrenchNational Center for Scientific Research – CNRS/School for Advanced Studiesin the Social Sciences – EHESS, Paris, France

Contributors xxi

Rodrigo Iamarino Caravita Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Caton Carini Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, University of BuenosAires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Cristina Carter Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Isabel Carvalho Isabel Cristina de Moura Carvalho Graduate Program ofEducation Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil

Marcone Bezerra Carvalho Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile

Marcos da Rocha Carvalho Washington, DC, USA

Thiago José Bezerra Cavalcanti Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói,RJ, Brazil

Cordelia Chávez Candelaria Department of English and School of Trans-border Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

R. Andrew Chesnut College of Humanities and Sciences, School of WorldStudies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Ken Chitwood University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Allen Christenson Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

Roberto Cipriani Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Universidadde Roma III, Rome, Italy

Mauro Clara Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultadde Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Luciele Nardi Comunello Graduate Program in Education - PUCRS, PortoAlegre, RS, Brazil

Ondina A. Cortes St. Thomas University, Miami, FL, USA

Suzana Ramos Coutinho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência daReligião, Mackenzie University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Alejandro Crosthwaite, O. P. Angelicum, Rome, Italy

Samuel Cruz Union Theological Seminary, New York, NY, USA

Carole M. Cusack University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Anthony D’Andrea Center for Latin American Studies, University of Chi-cago, Chicago, IL, USA

Matheus Oliva da Costa Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência daReligião, Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Nestor Da Costa Institute for Society and Religion, Catholic University ofUruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay

xxii Contributors

Emerson Sena da Silveira Institute of Human Sciences, Universidade Fed-eral de Juiz de Fora/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Juizde Fora, MG, Brazil

Marcos Silva da Silveira Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Gedeon Freire de Alencar Rede Latinoamericana de Estudos doPentecostalismo – RELEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Sociologia da Religião, Faculdade Teológica Batista de São Paulo, São Paulo,SP, Brazil

Grupo de Estudos do Protestantismo e do Pentecostalismo – GEPP, PontifíciaUniversidade Católica de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Raquel Litterio de Bastos Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo,SP, Brazil

Gustavo Biscaia de Lacerda Setor de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Fed-eral do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Regina Fanjul de Marsicovetere Colegio Universitario y AsuntosEstudiantiles, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala

Sandra de Sá Carneiro Department of Social Science, PPCIS/Instituto deCiências Sociais, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, Brazil

Renée de la Torre CIESAS Occidente, Jalisco, Mexico

Michelle Reis de Macedo Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL,Brazil

Isabel Cristina de Moura Carvalho Postgraduate Program in Education,Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS,Brazil

Antonio Genivaldo Cordeiro de Oliveira Programa de Pós-Graduação emCiência da Religião, Pontíficia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo,SP, Brazil

Isabel Santana de Rose Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), BeloHorizonte, MG, Brazil

André Ricardo de Souza Department of Sociology, Federal University ofSão Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Rosa Hazel Delgado University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

Daniela di Salvia Departamento de Psicología Social y Antropología,Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

Roberto Di Stefano Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas yTécnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina

Shadé Marie Josiane Dorsainvil University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,USA

Contributors xxiii

Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Riode Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Luciana Duccini Colegiado de Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal doVale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil

Omri Elmaleh School of History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Juan Cruz Esquivel National Council of Scientific and Technical Research,University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Silvia Regina Alves Fernandes Instituto Multidisciplinar, Universidad Fed-eral Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Paul Freston Balsillie School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier Uni-versity, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Alejandro Frigerio Catholic University of Argentina and National Councilfor Scientific Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Bryan T. Froehle School of Theology and Ministry, St. Thomas University,Miami Gardens, FL, USA

Maria Eugenia Funes Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales,Buenos Aires, Argentina

Robert L. Gallagher Department of Intercultural Studies, Wheaton CollegeGraduate School, Wheaton, IL, USA

Anastasio Gallego Universidad de Santa Maria, Guayaquil, Ecuador

Carlos Garma Navarro Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Autó-noma Metropolitana, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico

Felipe Gaytan Universidad La Salle México, Ciudad de México, Mexico

Judith L. Gibbons Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Emerson Giumbelli Department of Anthropology, Universidade Federal doRio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Eva Goldschmidt Wyman LAJSA – the Latin American Jewish StudiesAssociation, Normal, IL, USA

Ricardo Gonzalez St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL, USA

Henri Gooren Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal Justice,Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA

Tevni Grajales Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA

Abraham Guerrero Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA

Inter-American Adventist Theological Seminary, Miami, FL, USA

Silas Guerriero Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião,PUC-SP, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

xxiv Contributors

Ángel Alejandro Gutiérrez Portillo Departamento de Antropología,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico

Cristina Gutiérrez Zúñiga El Colegio de Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico

Daniel Gutiérrez-Martínez Ciencias Sociales, El Colegio Mexiquense a.c.,Zinacantepec, Edo. De México, Mexico

Abner F. Hernández Theology, Montemorelos University, Montemorelos,Mexico

Adriana Hernández Gómez de Molina Colegio Universitario San Gerón-imo de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba

Massimo Introvigne CESNUR (Center for Studies on New Religions),Torino, Italy

Natalie Sarah Irwin New York University, New York, NY, USA

Apud Ismael Instituto de Fundamentos yMétodos en Psicología, Facultad dePsicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Franklin Steven Jabini Sr Intercultural Studies, Emmaus Bible College,Dubuque, IA, USA

Lina Jardines del Cueto University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Adeline Jean St. Thomas University, Miami, FL, USA

Airton Luiz Jungblut Pountifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande doSul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Denis Kaiser Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, Department ofChurch History, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA

Malika Kettani Department of Hispanic Studies, Faculty of Lettres andHuman Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco

David C. Kirkpatrick The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Hongnak Koo Theology Department, B. H. Carroll Theological Institute,Irving, TX, USA

Ignacio López-Calvo School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Uni-versity of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA

Cicilian Luiza Löwen Sahr Department for Geosciences, State University ofPonta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

Ole Jakob Løland Faculty of Theology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Víctor Hugo Lavazza Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires,Argentina

Ruth Jatziri Linares García Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UniversidadNacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico

Darrell B. Lockhart University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

Contributors xxv

Stephanie Londono Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

Dilip Loundo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, FederalUniversity of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

Gustavo Andrés Ludueña Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales, UNSAM-CONICET, Santos Lugares, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Ramon Luzarraga Benedictine University, Mesa, AZ, USA

Carly Machado Department of Social Science, Rural Federal University ofRio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

C. James MacKenzie University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

José Guilherme Cantor Magnani Departamento de Antropologia,Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de SãoPaulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Sônia Weidner Maluf Department of Anthropology, Universidade Federalde Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

Schuyler Marquez New York University, New York, NY, USA

Matthew L. Martinich The Cumorah Foundation, Colorado Springs, CO,USA

Paulo Henrique Martins Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fed-eral University of Pernambuco (UFPE) CNPq, Latin American SociologyAssociation (ALAS) and REALIS (Journal of Anti-Utilitarian and Post-Colo-nial Studies), Recife, PE, Brazil

Yamada Masanobu Department of International Studies, Tenri University,Tenri, Nara, Japan

Felipe Alves Masotti Seminário Latino Americano de Teologia, InstitutoAdventista Paranaense, Ivatuba, PR, Brazil

Paulo Ayres Mattos Drew University, Madison, NJ, USA

Graduate Program, Faculdade de Teologia REFIDIM, Joinville, SC, Brazil

Raymundo Heraldo Maués Sociology and Anthropology PostgraduateProgram/PPGSA, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belem, PA, Brazil

Ezer RoboamMayMay Department of History, CIESAS, Mérida, Yucatán,México

Germán McKenzie Department of Religious Studies, Niagara University,Lewiston, NY, USA

Arely Medina El Colegio de Jalisco, Jalisco, Mexico

Nestor Medina Emmanuel College, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,Canada

Diego Melo-Carrasco Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad AdolfoIbáñez, Santiago, Chile

xxvi Contributors

FabioMendia Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,Brazil

Marcelo S. Mercante Public Health Graduate Program, Universidade doVale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil

Unisinos, Escola de Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Paula Montero Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Universidad de Sao Pablo,São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Carlos Nazario Mora Duro El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

José E. Mora Torres American University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh,Cambodia

Gustavo Morello SJ Boston College, Boston, MA, USA

AlainaM.Morgan Department of History, New York University, New York,NY, USA

Juhem Navarro-Rivera Institute for Humanist Studies, Washington, DC,USA

Institute of Latino/a, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University ofConnecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

Edgar Rodrigues Barbosa Neto Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Kjell Nordstokke Diakonhjemmet University College, Oslo, Norway

Daisy Ocampo University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Stephen Offutt Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, KY, USA

Olga Lidia Olivas Hernández Department of Social Studies, Colegio de laFrontera Norte, Tijuana, BCA, Mexico

Amurabi Oliveira Department of Sociology and Political Science, FederalUniversity of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

Andrew Orta Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA

Alejandro Ortiz Cirilo Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación (ICE),Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca,Morelos, Mexico

Anastasios Panagiotopoulos Centro em Rede de Investigação emAntropologia – Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, UniversidadeNova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Vanina Papalini Center for Investigation and Study of Culture and Society,National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Córdoba, Córdoba,Argentina

Eric Patterson Robertson School of Government, Regent University, Vir-ginia Beach, VA, USA

Contributors xxvii

Ruiz Paul Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad dePsicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Zandra Pedraza Gómez Departamento de Lenguajes y Estudios Socio-culturales, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

Lee M. Penyak Department of History, The University of Scranton, Scran-ton, PA, USA

Prea Persaud University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Walter J. Petry Department of History, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT,USA

Stephanie Pridgeon Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA

Hugo Córdova Quero CERAL, Pontifical University of São Paulo, SãoPaulo, SP, Brazil

Starr King School, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, USA

Rafael Quintanilha Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Universidad de SaoPablo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Miriam Rabelo Department of Anthropology, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil

Omar Ramadan-Santiago New York, NY, USA

Karen Richman University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Sandra M. Rios Oyola L’Institut de Sciences politiques Louvain-Europe(ISPOLE), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Abelardo Rivas Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA

Patricia Robertson MA Conflict Analysis and Management, School ofHumanitarian Studies, Social Sciences Doctoral Candidate, Royal RoadsUniversity, Calgary, AB, Canada

Cristina Rocha Religion and Society Research Cluster, Western SydneyUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Alexander Rocklin Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA

Robin Rodd College of Arts and Social Sciences, Discipline of Anthropol-ogy, James Cook University City, Townsville, QLD, Australia

Gabriela Rodríguez Rial Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani(Universidad de Buenos Aires) - Consejo Nacional de InvestigacionesCientíficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

Girardo Rodriguez Plasencia Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka, Japan

Raquel Yridamia Rodriguez Universidad Adventista Dominicana, SantoDomingo, Dominican Republic

Michelle Vyoleta Romero Gallardo Latin American Faculty of Social Sci-ences (Flacso) Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

xxviii Contributors

Catalina Romero-Cevallos Department of Social Sciences, PontificiaUniversidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

Wolf-Dietrich Sahr Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Mercedes Saizar Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana, ConsejoNacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, BuenosAires, Argentina

José Aurelio Sandí Morales Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica

Adalberto Santana Centre for Research on Latin America and the Carib-bean, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Jorge F. Sarsaneda del Cid Society of Jesus, Panama City, Panama

Silvia C. Scholtus Centro Histórico Adventista, Universidad Adventista delPlata, Entre Ríos, Argentina

Juan Scuro Anthropology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do RioGrande do Sul, Montevideo, Uruguay

Glen Segell Ezri Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies, University ofHaifa, Haifa, Israel

Pablo Semán IDAES-UNSAM, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Ordep Serra Federal University of Bahia, Salvador da Bahia, BA, Brazil

Rafael Shoji Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, PontificalUniversity of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Thais Silva Faculdade de Educação Física – UnB, Universidade de Brasília,Brasília, DF, Brazil

Roberto Serafim Simões Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência daReligião, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), SãoPaulo, SP, Brazil

Deis Siqueira Departamento de Sociologia, Universidade de Brasília,Brasília, DF, Brazil

Amy L. Smith University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Nicolás M. Somma Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católicade Chile, Santiago, Chile

Raquel Sonemann Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,RS, Brazil

Caetano Sordi Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Sturla J. Stålsett MF - Norwegian School of Theology, Oslo, Norway

Carlos Steil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS,Brazil

Contributors xxix

Jacob Stephens Robertson School of Government, Regent University, Vir-ginia Beach, VA, USA

David G. Stewart, Jr. Children’s Bone and Spine Surgery, Las Vegas, NV,USA

Hannah Stewart-Gambino Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA

Stuart Earle Strange Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan,Ann Arbour, MI, USA

Hilit Surowitz-Israel Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NewBrunswick, NJ, USA

Dario Paulo Barrera Rivera Methodist University of São Paulo, São Paulo,SP, Brazil

Şaban Taniyici Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

Ana María Tapia-Adler Center for Jewish Studies, University of Chile,Santiago de Chile, Chile

Fátima Tavares Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Bahia,Salvador, BA, Brazil

Rosemarie Terán Najas Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar, Quito,Ecuador

Celso Terzetti Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Religião,PUC-SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Faustino Texeira Institute of Human Sciences, Federal University of Juiz deFora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

Jakob Egeris Thorsen School of Culture and Society, Department of The-ology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Andréa Gomes Santiago Tomita Faculdade Messianica, São Paulo, SP,Brazil

Rodrigo Toniol Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Maximiliano Trujillo Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Universidad de laHabana, La Habana, Cuba

Frank Usarski Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontif-ical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Alexander Valdenegro Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Amadeus Valdrigue Faculdade Messianica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Rubia R. Valente Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, BaruchCollege – City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA

xxx Contributors

Eduardo Valenzuela Instituto de Sociología, Centro de Estudios de la Reli-gión, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Daisy Vargas University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

Francisco J. Vega Universidad Adventista de las Antillas, Mayaguez, PuertoRico

Efraín Velázquez Inter-American Adventist Theological Seminary,Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Susana Villavicencio Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto deInvestigaciones Gino Germani (Universidad de Buenos Aires), BuenosAires, Argentina

Nicolás Viotti Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Timothy H. Wadkins Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, USA

William Wedenoja Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA

Christopher Wilson Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA, USA

Pablo Wright Department of Anthropology, CONICET-Universidad deBuenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Masanobu Yamada Department of International Studies, Tenri University,Tenri, Nara, Japan

Paul Younger McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Key Yuasa Brazil Evangelical Holiness Church, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

José Zanca Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas,Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina