Puzzles in the Construction of

a

Religiosity Measure

THEORETICAL and

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

Josefina Andrea R. Cantiller

University of the Philippines, Diliman

Department of Psychology

Discuss theoretical & methodological issues related to the construction of a scale to measure the psychological construct of Religiosity as applied to a Filipino setting.

Four Puzzles

A. Is religiosity the same as spirituality? B. What is the appropriate method for examining an abstract concept such as religiosity? C. What dimensions make up Filipino religiosity? D. Is religiosity as a psychological construct better understood as being uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional?

Religiosity or Spirituality?

Multidimensional or

Unidimensional?

THEORETICAL ISSUES

What is

RELIGIOSITY?

» Has specific behavioural. social,

doctrinal, & denominational

characteristics because it

involves a system of worship &

doctrine that is shared with a

group (Mokua, Hishinuma, &

Nishimura, 2001)

Religiosity/Religiousness

Spirituality

(Mokua, Hishinuma, &Nishimura,

2001) » Concerned with the transcendent,

addressing ultimate questions about life’s meaning

» Can exist within & outside the context of religious doctrine & institutions

» Encompasses such realms as the cognitive or philosophic, the experiential and emotional, and the behavioral (Anandarajah and Hight, 2001)

Zwingmann, Klein, & Bussing, 2011

Spirituality

Religiosity

secular humanism

Spiritual but not religious

System of beliefs & practices

transcendence

experience

existential

(meaning/purpose)

How do we measure

RELIGIOSITY?

METHODOLOGICAL

ISSUES

REPRESENTATIVE VIEWS

(Chen & Chen, 2012)

Scientific Empiricism

Post-modern standpoint

Problem-oriented

Scientific

Empiricism

Objectivism vs. Subjectivism

(Wulff , 1991, 1997)

Experimental Method

(Barrett ,2004, 2008)

Post-modern

Standpoint

Methodological pluralism

(Slife and Gantt,1999 and Slife and

Melling, 2012) Value of qualitative vs. quantitative research

(Nelson 2009, 2010)

Chen, et al (2005)

Diversification Integration

Relevant philosophical

foundation

+ specific research issue

Problem-Oriented

Procedure for developing scale

» Dimensions were conceptually derived

» Qualitative (interviews, pakikipagkwentuhan)

» Quantitative (survey, scales)

» Item pool to Scale construction

» Data Analysis

» Qualitative:Thematic Analysis

» Quantitative: Validity & Reliability studies

Panukat ng Pagkarelihiyoso * Items written in Filipino * 111 items (1990); 95 items (2008) * 5-point Likert Scale * Item mean: 3.62 * Range of item means: 2.4 to 4.5 * Inter-item correlation mean: 0.23 * Range of Significant correlation coefficients: -.27 to .76 * Most items are “moderately to highly intercorrelated”

Internal Consistency Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha values)

Dimensions

1990 sample 2008 sample

KAPWA .72 .74

RITWAL .86 .90

PANINIWALA .85 .85

SIMBAHAN .87 .79

DIYOS .89 .92

BUNGA .79 .81

Pagkarelihiyoso .964 .97

7 Dimensions of

Pagkarelihiyoso *Kaugnayan sa Kapwa-

mananampalataya *Pananalig sa mga Paniniwala

*Paglahok sa mga Ritwal *Pagpapahalaga ng Simbahan

*Kaugnayan sa Diyos *Bunga ng Relihiyon

*Kaalaman tungkol sa doktrina

Pagkarelihiyoso (Cantiller, 1990, 2008)

A comprehensive term used to refer to the numerous aspects of religious activity, dedication, & belief.

“Ito ay may kinalaman sa antas ng pagtanggap ng tao sa mga

doktrina, ang kanyang paglahok sa mga ritwal sa loob ng isang

institusyon/kilusan at pagpapamalas ng mga paniniwalang ito

kaugnay ng kanyang kapwa at ng isang Supernatural na nilalang.”

Ang Pilipinong Kristiyano na relihiyoso ay may pagpapahalaga sa

KAUGNAYAN SA DIYOS Siya ay … * Lumalahok sa mga ritwal * Sumusunod sa utos ng simbahan * Ginagampanan ang mga relihiyosong obligasyon

Is Religiosity a

Multidimensional or

Unidimensional

construct?

Religiosity Scales

Lenski’s four dimensions (Lenski 1961)

Glock’s five dimensional typology (Fukuyama,

1961; Glock and Stark, 1965;

Faulkner and DeJong 1966)

Allport’s intrinsic-extrinsic typology (Wilson,

1960; Feagin ,1964; Allport and Ross, 1967).

Mataragnon (1984)

Cantiller (1990, 2008)

» PAGKARELIHIYOSO

KAPWA RITWAL

SIMBAHAN

PANINIWALA

DIYOS

BUNGA

DOKTRINA

?

3 General Components

» Dimensions are theoretically derived by 3

general components:

» religious belief

» commitment

» behavior But… Panukat ng

Pagkareliyoso

was constructed using a

bottom-up approach!

DIMENSIONS

Belief

Commitment

Behaviour

&

Participatio

n

Kaugnayan sa Kapwa-mananampalataya

X

Pananalig sa mga Paniniwala

X

Paglahok sa mga Ritwal X

Pagpapahalaga ng Simbahan

X

Kaugnayan sa Diyos X

Bunga ng Relihiyon X

Kaalaman tungkol sa doktrina

X

* different approaches to defining &

measuring relevant dimensions

* different analytical methods

* different populations examined

(Duke, 1998)

BUT … Variation in the content and number of

reported dimensions appears to be the product

of:

Religiosity is

Multidimensional

The Peripheral Dimensions of Religiosity (Duke, 1998)

(1) communal involvement or congregational friendships

(2) the intellectual or knowledge

dimension

(3) the experiential or religious

experience dimension (4) the consequential dimension.

These dimensions have been excluded

because they can be conceptualized as

either an antecedent or a consequence of

religiosity, but are not indicators of religiosity

per se (Cornwall 1985).

» PAGKARELIHIYOSO

KAPWA RITWAL

SIMBAHAN

PANINIWALA

DIYOS

BUNGA DOKTRINA

?

X

X X

Is it Unidimensional? Exploratory Factor Analysis results show similar loadings of 86 items in

one factor Certain items are highly loaded in other factors but numbers are smaller

Exploratory Factor Analysis results show similar loadings of 86 items in one factor

Certain items are highly loaded in other factors but numbers are smaller

Is it Unidimensional?

* “Loyalty to church and Dependence on

God” - 4 items.

* “Manifestations of Faith” - 10 items.

* “Importance of Institutional church” - 5

items.

* The rest of the factors - 2 or 1 item/s with

high loadings.

»

Abangan ang susunod na

kabanata…

» Quantitative & qualitative methods are necessary tools to understand religiosity

» Culture is a factor in determining the meanings of religiosity

» Application to all religions is limited

» Different beliefs

» Different terms for practices

REALIZATIONS

M