7.2 | The Crusades and the Mongols

*Religious Wars and the Coming of the Khanate

*The Seljuk TurksAsiatic people who moved into the Middle East

Conquer Baghdad 1058 | Convert to IslamFresh blood in Islam’s veins

Expansion – Byzantine EmpireThe Battle of Manzikert 1071

Emerges from the civil wars after Manzikert – 1081

Reconquers territory – loss of Asia MinorAppeal to Pope Urban II in 1094

Pope Urban II’s problems

*Alexius Comnenus

*“God Wills It!”

*To bolster his support and legitimize rule, Urban travels to Clermont, France*Speech – Help Christian brothers in the East, reclaim

Jerusalem*… and rally behind me – the true Pope – incentives

promised *Common people flock to armies – organized by

powerful barons

*Crusaders at the Gates

Western European armies reach Constantinople - 1096 Alexius’ dilemma and compromise – Peter the Hermit

Crusaders in Asia Minor – The divisions of IslamThe Siege of Antioch – Stephan of Blois – The Battle of

AntiochThe barons fight

1099 – Massacre of the entire populationFeudalism instituted in the “Holy Land” – fighting Subsequent crusades to reinforce the Holy Land1187 – Saladin conquers Jerusalem for Islam – Third Crusade Richard the Lionhearted (E), Philip Augustus (F), Frederick Barbarossa (HRE) march off – stalemate

*Jerusalem is Taken

“It was necessary to pick one’s way over the bodies of men

and horses… In the Temple and porch of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle

reins… The city was filled with corpses

and blood”Listen, I’m sorry about

all this

No problem. You like sherbet?

*The Folly of Christianity

The Children’s CrusadeThe Fourth Crusade’s Origins

Constantinople 1204Crusades as a Political Tool – France and the Cathars

(Albi)

The Sui Dynasty takes control after 350 years of chaosCentralization returns – efficient bureaucracy The Grand Canal completed – trade and communication Lots of peasants died though – rebellions

*China Emerges from the Warring States Period 589 AD

*The Tang Dynasty 618 AD

Prosperity and cultural achievementChinese influence spreads

Contended with Islam – Talas 752 ADExpanded civil service exam and law codeForeign trade increases with the economy

*Technological Achievements

*Movable type*Paper money*Porcelain*Gunpowder *Magnetic compass *Cotton clothing *Silk (duh)*Farming techniques = 100 million people (Song); rice; tea

*Song Dynasty 960 AD

Rebellions and corruption killed the TangTrend of efficient bureaucracy = success; inefficient = disaster

Song promoted cultural vibrancy = most advanced in the worldExtremely difficult CSE – scholar-officials

Issues with nomads to the north – the Great Wall

The Mongolshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo

*You’ve been waiting for it…

*The Great Khanate

*Genghis Khan (Great Khan) 1206 AD*Unifies Mongolian tribes

*Conquers a massive empire – brutality and fear*The fracturing of the Khanate *The Golden Horde (Russia)*The Il-Khanate (old Persia)*The Chagatai Khanate (central Asia)*The Yuan Dynasty (China)

Mongolian hegemony Freedom of travel, trade, religion, and social mobilityThe travels of Marco Polo to the court of Kublai Kahn c.1290Trade flourishes… but so will the plague

*Pax Mongolica