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P v siongco 623 501

No. L-72335–39. March 21, 1988.*

FRN!"#!$ #. %%&, '()i)ion(r,vs. %+ #N&"NN, an/ %+

%N$&N, r(s'on/(n)s.

!ons)i))iona La &( Proc(ssLong /(a4 in )h( )(rina)ion o )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion 4 )h(

%ano/a4an in )h( ins)an) cas(on/ )o ( vioa)iv( o )h(cons)i))iona righ) o )h( accs(/)o /( 'roc(ss.( :n/ )h( ong/(a4 in )h( )(rina)ion o )h(

'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion 4 )h( %ano/a4an in )h( ins)an) cas( )o( vioa)iv( o )h( cons)i))ionarigh) o )h( accs(/ )o /('roc(ss. #s)an)ia a/h(r(nc( )o)h( r(;ir((n)s o )h( agov(rning )h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion, inc/ingss)an)ia co'ianc( i)h )h()i( ii)a)ion 'r(scri(/ 4 )h(a or )h( r(so)ion o )h( cas(4 )h( 'ros(c)or, is 'ar) o )h(

'roc(/ra /( 'roc(sscons)i))iona4 garan)((/ 4 )h(n/a(n)a a. No) on4 n/(r)h( roa/ r(a o )h( /('roc(ss cas(, ) n/(r )h(cons)i))iona garan)(( o <s'((/4 /is'osi)ion= o cas(s as(o/i(/ in #(c)ion 16 o )h( io Righ)s >o)h in )h( 1973 an/ )h(1987 !ons)i))ions?@ )h( inor/ina)(/(a4 is vioa)iv( o )h( '()i)ion(rAscons)i))iona righ)s. /(a4 o

cos( )o )hr(( >3? 4(ars can no) (/(((/ r(asona( or Bs)i:a( in)h( igh) o )h( circs)anc(o)aining in )h( cas( a) ar. ( ar(no) i'r(ss(/ 4 )h( a))(') o )h( #an/igana4an )o sani)iC( )h(ong /(a4 4 in/ging in )h(s'(ca)iv( ass')ion )ha) <)h(/(a4 a4 ( /( )o a 'ains)aDingan/ gr(ing scr)in4 4 )h(

%ano/a4an as )o h()h(r )h((vi/(nc( 'r(s(n)(/ /ring )h(

'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion (ri)(/'ros(c)ion o a or(rhighranDing gov(rn(n) oEcia= "n)h( :rs) 'ac(, sch a s)a)((n)sgg(s)s a /o( s)an/ar/ o )r(a)(n), hich s) (('ha)ica4 r(B(c)(/. #(con/4,)hr(( o) o )h( :v( charg(s

agains) )h( '()i)ion(r (r( or hisa(g(/ air( )o :( his sorns)a)((n) o ass()s an/ iaii)i(sr(;ir(/ 4 R('ic c) No. 3018,hich c(r)ain4 /i/ no) invov(co'ica)(/ (ga an/ ac)aiss(s n(c(ssi)a)ing sch<'ains)aDing an/ gr(ingscr)in4= as o/ Bs)i4 a /(a4 o aos) )hr(( 4(ars in )(rina)ing)h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion, %h(o)h(r )o charg(s r(a)ing )oa(g(/ ri(r4 an/ a(g(/ givingo narran)(/ (n(:)s )o ar(a)iv(, hi( 'r(s(n)ing or(ss)an)ia (ga an/ ac)a iss(s,c(r)ain4 /o no) arran) or Bs)i4)h( '(rio/ o )hr(( 4(ars, hich i))ooD )h( %ano/a4an )o r(sov( )h(cas(.

#a( #a( #a( n/( /(a4in )h( con/c) o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion can no) ( corr(c)(/.") has ((n sgg(s)(/ )ha) )h(

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

71

H$L. 159, MR! 21, 1988

71

%a)a/ vs. #an/igana4an

ong /(a4 in )(rina)ing )h('r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion sho/no) ( /(((/ a)a, or (v(n )h(co'()( as(nc( o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion /o(s no) arran)/isissa o )h( inora)ion. %r() )h( as(nc( o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion can ( corr(c)(/ 4giving )h( accs(/ schinv(s)iga)ion. ) an n/( /(a4in )h( con/c) o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion can no) ( corr(c)(/,or n)i no, an has no) 4()inv(n)(/ a /(vic( or s())ing acD)i(. I%a)a/ vs. #an/igana4an,159 #!R 70>1988?J



.R. No. 129978. Ma4 12, 1999.*

F+L"!"&& M. R$K+ an/PR&+N!"$ N. MNL$,'()i)ion(rs, vs. $FF"!+ $F %+$M&#MN $N. $M&#MNN"N$ &+#"+R%$ an/ $N.MRR"%$ P. +RH!"$, R.,&(')4 $/san or Min/anao,r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La Man/as(n(ra4, )h( '(roranc( o anoEcia ac) or /)4, hichn(c(ssari4 invov(s )h( ((rcis( o /iscr()ion or B/g(n), canno) (co'((/ 4 an/as R(/o(s no) a''4 in cas(s h(r()h(r( is gross as( o /iscr()ion,ani(s) inBs)ic(, or 'a'a((c(ss o a)hori)4.%h('(roranc( o an oEcia ac) or/)4, hich n(c(ssari4 invov(s)h( ((rcis( o /iscr()ion or

B/g(n), canno) ( co'((/ 4an/as. %his !or), ho(v(r,has h(/ )ha) )h( r( /o(s no)a''4 <in cas(s h(r( )h(r( isgross as( o /iscr()ion, ani(s)inBs)ic(, or 'a'a( (c(ss o a)hori)4.= "n Firs) Phii''in(o/ings !or'ora)ion v.#an/igana4an, )h( !or)('ain(/ <$r/inari4, an/asi no) 'ros'(r )o co'( a/iscr()ionar4 ac). ) h(r( )h(r(is Ogross as( o /iscr()ion,ani(s) inBs)ic( or 'a'a((c(ss o a)hori)4A (;iva(n) )o/(nia o a s())(/ righ) )o hich'()i)ion(r is (n)i)(/, an/ )h(r( is

no o)h(r 'ain, s'((/4 an/a/(;a)( r((/4, )h( ri) shaiss(.=

GGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* %"R& &"H"#"$N.

105

H$L. 307, M 12, 1999

105

Ro;( vs. $Ec( o )h($/san

#a( #a( !or) no) '(rsa/(/4 r(s'on/(n)sA arg(n) )ha) )h(P()i)ion or Man/as (ca(oo) an/ aca/(ic h(n )h(!o'ain)s (r( r(sov(/ 4 )h($Ec( o )h( $/san orMin/anao an/ )h( "nora)ions(r( :(/.( ar( no) '(rsa/(/4 r(s'on/(n)sA arg(n) )ha) )h(P()i)ion or Man/as (ca(oo) an/ aca/(ic h(n )h(!o'ain)s (r( r(sov(/ 4 )h($Ec( o )h( $/san orMin/anao an/ )h( "nora)ions(r( :(/. %h( sa( con)(n)ionas r(B(c)(/ in %a)a/ v.#an/igana4an, h(r(in )h( !or)/(car(/ )ha) )h( ong an/n('ain(/ /(a4 in )h( r(so)iono )h( criina co'ain)s agains)'()i)ion(rs as no) corr(c)(/ 4)h( (v(n)a :ing o )h("nora)ions.

!ons)i))iona La &( Proc(ss %h( /(a4 o aos) si 4(ars

/isr(gar/(/ )h( o/sanAs/)4, as an/a)(/ 4 )h(!ons)i))ion an/ R('ic c) No.6770, )o ac) 'ro')4 onco'ain)s (or( hi.%h( /(a4o aos) si 4(ars /isr(gar/(/ )h(o/sanAs /)4, as an/a)(/4 )h( !ons)i))ion an/ R('icc) No. 6770, )o ac) 'ro')4 onco'ain)s (or( hi. Mor(i'or)an), i) vioa)(/ )h('()i)ion(rsA righ)s )o /( 'roc(ss

an/ )o a s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o )h(cas(s :(/ agains) )h(. )hoghr(s'on/(n)s a))(')(/ )o Bs)i4)h( si on)hs n((/(/ 4$/san &(si(r)o )o r(vi( )h(r(co(n/a)ion o &(')4$/san (rvasio, no('ana)ion as giv(n h4 i) )ooDaos) si 4(ars or )h( a))(r )or(sov( )h( !o'ain)s. %hs, inngchangco, r. v. $/san,)his !or) /isiss(/ a !o'ain)

)ha) ha/ ((n '(n/ing (or( )h($Ec( o )h( $/san or or()han si 4(ars, ring as oos<)(r a car( r(vi( o )h( ac)san/ circs)anc(s o )h( 'r(s(n)cas(, )h( !or) :n/s )h( inor/ina)(/(a4 o or( )han si 4(ars 4 )h($/san in r(soving )h(



criina co'ain)s agains)'()i)ion(r )o ( vioa)iv( o hiscons)i))iona4 garan)((/ righ) )o/( 'roc(ss an/ a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o )h( cas(s agains)hi, )hs arran)ing )h( /isissa

o sai/ criina cas(s . . .=

!on)(') P()i)ion or con)(')s) ( :(/ s('ara)(4 ro ainac)ion."n )h( s(con/ 'ac(, )h(sai/ P()i)ion or !on)(') as :(/in con)rav(n)ion o #(c)ion >2?,R( 71 o )h( 1997 R(s o !or),hich s)a)(s )ha) i a '()i)ion orcon)(') aris(s ro or is r(a)(/)o a 'rinci'a ac)ion '(n/ing incor), i) <sha ( /ocD()(/, h(ar/an/ /(ci/(/ s('ara)(4,= n(ss)h( cor) or/(rs )ha) o)h )h('rinci'a ac)ion an/ )h( '()i)ion orcon)(') ( consoi/a)(/ or Boin)h(aring an/ /(cision. IRo;( vs.$Ec( o )h( $/san, 307#!R 10>1999?J

.R. No. 10529. #(')((r 6,2001.*

$#+ P. L$P+Q, R., '()i)ion(r, vs.$FF"!+ $F %+ $M&#-MN,$N. N"N$ . &+#"+R%$ an/$N. MRR"%$ P. +RH!"$, R.in )h(ir oEcia ca'aci)i(s as$/san an/ &(')4$/san or Min/anao,r(s'(c)iv(4, an/ )h( #an/i-gana4an, r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La Man/as(n(ra4 )h( '(roranc( o an

oEcia ac) or /)4 hichn(c(ssari4 invov(s )h( ((rcis( o /iscr()ion or B/g(n)

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* %"R& &"H"#"$N.

570

570

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

Lo'(C, r. vs. $Ec( o )h($/san

canno) ( co'((/ 4an/as R( /o(s no) a''4 incas(s h(r( )h(r( is gross as( o /iscr()ion, ani(s) inBs)ic(, or'a'a( (c(ss o a)hori)4.%his!or) has h(/ )ha), <hi( as ag(n(ra r(, )h( '(roranc( o anoEcia ac) or /)4, hichn(c(ssari4 invov(s )h( ((rcis( o /iscr()ion or B/g(n), canno) (co'((/ 4 an/as, )his r(/o(s no) a''4 in cas(s h(r()h(r( is gross as( o /iscr()ion,ani(s) inBs)ic(, or 'a'a((c(ss o a)hori)4.= %hs, inngchangco, r. vs. $/sanan/ Ro;( vs. $Ec( o )h($/san )h( ri) as iss(/ insai/ ins)anc(s.

#a( #a( Righ) )o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o cas(s no) ii)(/ )o)h( accs(/ in criina'roc((/ings ) ()(n/s )o a'ar)i(s in a cas(s, inc/ing civian/ a/inis)ra)iv( cas(s, an/ in a'roc((/ings, inc/ing B/icia an/;asi-B/icia h(arings n4 'ar)4)o a cas( a4 /(an/ ('(/i)iosac)ion on a oEcias ho ar()asD(/ i)h )h( a/inis)ra)ion o

Bs)ic(.%h( cons)i))iona righ) )oa <s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o cas(s= isno) ii)(/ )o )h( accs(/ incriina 'roc((/ings ) ()(n/s)o a 'ar)i(s in a cas(s, inc/ingcivi an/ a/inis)ra)iv( cas(s, an/in a 'roc((/ings, inc/ing B/icia

an/ ;asi-B/icia h(arings.=(nc(, n/(r )h( !ons)i))ion, an4'ar)4 )o a cas( a4 /(an/('(/i)ios ac)ion on a oEciasho ar( )asD(/ i)h )h(a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic(.

#a( #a( %h( righ) )o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o a cas(, iD( )h( righ))o s'((/4 )ria, is /(((/ vioa)(/on4 h(n )h( 'roc((/ings isa))(n/(/ 4 v(a)ios, ca'ricios

an/ o''r(ssiv( /(a4s !onc(') o s'((/4 /is'osi)ion is a r(a)iv()(r an/ s) n(c(ssari4 ( a(i( conc(').%h( righ) )o as'((/4 /is'osi)ion o a cas(, iD()h( righ) )o s'((/4 )ria, is /(((/vioa)(/ on4 h(n )h( 'roc((/ingsis a))(n/(/ 4 v(a)ios,



ca'ricios, an/ o''r(ssiv( /(a4sor h(n nBs)i:(/ 'os)'on((n)so )h( )ria ar( asD(/ or an/s(cr(/, or (v(n i)ho) cas( or

Bs)i:a( o)iv( a ong '(rio/ o )i( is ao(/ )o (a's( i)ho)

)h( 'ar)4 having his cas( )ri(/.+;a4 a''ica( is )h( aancing)(s) s(/ )o /()(rin( h()h(r a/((n/an) has ((n /(ni(/ hisrigh) )o a s'((/4 )ria, or a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o a cas( or )ha)a))(r, in hich )h( con/c) o o)h )h( 'ros(c)ion an/ )h(/((n/an) is (igh(/, an/ schac)ors as )h( (ng)h o )h( /(a4,)h( r(asons or sch /(a4, )h(ass(r)ion or air( )o ass(r) sch

righ) 4 )h( accs(/, an/ )h('r(B/ic( cas(/ 4 )h( /(a4. %h(conc(') o s'((/4 /is'osi)ion is ar(a)iv( )(r an/ s) n(c(ssari4( a (i( conc(').

#a( #a( Pros(c)ion no)on/ 4 )h( :n/ings o )h(!oission on /i) an/ i) s)r(4 on i)s on in/('(n/(n)

B/g(n) in )h( /()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(.%r(, )h('ros(c)ion is no) on/ 4 )h(:n/ings o )h( !$ an/ i) s) r(4on i)s on in/('(n/(n) B/g(n)

571

H$L. 36, #+P%+M+R 5, 2001

571

Lo'(C, r. vs. $Ec( o )h($/san

in )h( /()(rina)ion o 'roa(cas(. o(v(r, ( :n/ )ha) )h(cas(s ar( no) sEci(n)4 co'()o Bs)i4 )h( (ng)h o )i( or)h(ir r(so)ion. N(i)h(r can )h(ong /(a4 in r(soving )h( cas(n/(r 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion (

Bs)i:(/ on )h( asis o )h( n(r

o inora)ions :(/ (or( )h(#an/igana4an nor o )h()ransac)ions invov(/.

#a( #a( &(a4 in )his cas(/isr(gar/(/ )h( $/sanAs/)4 as an/a)(/ 4 )h(!ons)i))ion an/ R('ic c) No.

6770, )o (norc( )h( criinaiaii)4 o gov(rn(n) oEc(rs or('o4((s in (v(r4 cas( h(r( )h((vi/(nc( arran)s in or/(r )o'roo)( (Eci(n) s(rvic( )o )h('(o'(.H(ri4, )h( /(a4 in )his

cas( /isr(gar/(/ )h($/sanAs /)4, as an/a)(/4 )h( !ons)i))ion an/ R('icc) No. 6770, )o (norc( )h(criina iaii)4 o gov(rn(n)oEc(rs or ('o4((s in (v(r4 cas(h(r( )h( (vi/(nc( arran)s inor/(r )o 'roo)( (Eci(n) s(rvic()o )h( '(o'(. %h( air( o sai/oEc( )o r(sov( )h( co'ain)s)ha) hav( ((n '(n/ing or aos)or 4(ars is c(ar4 vioa)iv( o )his

an/a)( an/ )h( righ)s o '()i)ion(r as a 'ic oEcia. "nsch (v(n), '()i)ion(r is (n)i)(/ )o)h( /isissa o )h( cas(s :(/agains) hi. ILo'(C, r. vs. $Ec( o )h( $/san, 36 #!R569>2001?J

.R. Nos. 17902-06. F(rar4 15,2008.*

LFR+&$ R. +NR"K+Q, +N+R !.+N&$N, an/ RN&$LF$ .MN#+!, '()i)ion(rs, vs. $FF"!+$F %+ $M&#MN, r(s'on/(n).

#'((/4 &is'osi)ion o !as(sMan/as ") is inaccra)( )o sa4)ha) )h( ri) o an/as in(v(r iss( )o con)ro a 'icoEciaAs /iscr()ionan/as isa 'ro'(r r(cors( or ci)iC(ns hos((D )o (norc( a 'ic righ) an/

)o co'( )h( '(roranc( o a'ic /)4, os) (s'(cia4 h(nan/a)(/ 4 )h( !ons)i))ion.$r/inari4, a '()i)ion or a ri) o an/as is 'ro'(r )o co'( )h('ic oEcia conc(rn(/ )o '(rora inis)(ria ac) hich )h( as'(ci:ca4 (nBoins as a /)4r(s)ing ro an oEc(, )rs) ors)a)ion. o(v(r, i) is inaccra)( )osa4 )ha) )h( ri) i n(v(r iss( )ocon)ro )h( 'ic oEciaAs

/iscr()ion. $r Bris'r/(nc( isr('()( i)h (c(')ions )o )ha) r(. %hs, )his !or) h(/ )ha) i )h(

;(s)ion(/ ac) as /on( i)hgrav( as( o /iscr()ion, ani(s)inBs)ic( or 'a'a( (c(ss o a)hori)4, )h( ri) i ( iss(/ )ocon)ro )h( ((rcis( o sch



/iscr()ion. LiD(is(, an/as isa 'ro'(r r(cors( or ci)iC(ns hos((D )o (norc( a 'ic righ) an/)o co'( )h( '(roranc( o a'ic /)4, os) (s'(cia4 h(nan/a)(/ 4 )h( !ons)i))ion.

%hs, a 'ar)4 )o a cas( a4/(an/ ('(/i)ios ac)ion ro aoEcias ho ar( )asD(/ i)h )h(a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic(. n/(r )h(n/is')(/ ac)s (or( s, ( ho/)ha) r(s'on/(n) ac)(/ i)h grav(as( o /iscr()ion aon)ing )oacD or (c(ss o Bris/ic)ion 4aiing )o r(sov( )h( a/inis)ra)iv(an/ criina cas(s agains)'()i)ion(rs (v(n )o )his /a4, or a'(rio/ o aos) (igh) >8? 4(ars

ro )h( :ing o )h(ir co'ain)s-aE/avi)s.

#a( "n )h( /()(rina)ion o h()h(r )ha) righ) has ((nvioa)(/, )h( ac)ors )ha) a4 (consi/(r(/ an/ aanc(/ ar( )h((ng)h o )h( /(a4, )h( r(asons or)h( /(a4, )h( aggri(v(/ 'ar)4Asass(r)ion or air( )o ass(r) schrigh), an/ )h( 'r(B/ic( cas(/ 4)h( /(a4.< '(rsons sha hav()h( righ) )o a s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o )h(ir cas(s (or( a B/icia,;asi-B/icia or a/inis)ra)iv(o/i(s,= so )h( !ons)i))ion/(car(s in no nc(r)ain )(rs. %hisrigh), iD( )h( righ) )o a s'((/4)ria, is /(((/ vioa)(/ h(n

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

619

H$L. 55, F+RR 15, 2008

619

+nri;(C vs. $Ec( o )h($/san

)h( 'roc((/ings ar( a))(n/(/ 4v(a)ios, ca'ricios, an/o''r(ssiv( /(a4s. "n a n(r o cas(s, )his !or) r(/ )ha) )h(righ) )o a s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o a

cas( is a r(a)iv( or (i(conc('). (r( a)h(a)icar(cDoning o )h( )i( invov(/ isno) sEci(n). Par)icar r(gar/s) ( )aD(n o )h( ac)s an/circs)anc(s '(ciar )o (ach

cas(. (nc(, )h( /oc)rina r( is)ha) in )h( /()(rina)ion o h()h(r )ha) righ) has ((nvioa)(/, )h( ac)ors )ha) a4 (consi/(r(/ an/ aanc(/ ar( )h((ng)h o )h( /(a4, )h( r(asons or)h( /(a4, )h( aggri(v(/ 'ar)4Asass(r)ion or air( )o ass(r) schrigh), an/ )h( 'r(B/ic( cas(/ 4)h( /(a4.

#a( $/san h(n )h(!ons)i))ion (nBoins r(s'on/(n) )o<ac) 'ro')4= on an4 co'ain)agains) an4 'ic oEc(r or('o4((, i) has )h( concoi)an)/)4 )o s'((/i4 r(sov( )h( sa(.%h(s( 'o(rs, nc)ions an//)i(s ar( ai(/ )o (na(r(s'on/(n) )o ( <a or( ac)iv(an/ (S(c)iv( ag(n) o )h( '(o'( in(nsring accon)aii)4 in 'icoEc(.= nor)na)(4, r(s'on/(n)has )ransgr(ss(/ i)s cons)i))ionaan/ s)a))or4 /)i(s. h(n )h(!ons)i))ion (nBoins r(s'on/(n) )o<ac) 'ro')4= on an4 co'ain)agains) an4 'ic oEc(r or('o4((, i) has )h( concoi)an)/)4 )o s'((/i4 r(sov( )h( sa(.) r(s'on/(n) /i/ no) ac)'ro')4 or r(sov( s'((/i4'()i)ion(rsA cas(s. %h( R(s o Proc(/r( o )h( $Ec( o )h($/san r(;ir(s )ha) )h(h(aring oEc(r is giv(n a /(:ni)('(rio/ o <no) a)(r )han )hir)4 >30?/a4s= )o r(sov( )h( cas( a)(r )h(ora inv(s)iga)ion sha hav(((n conc/(/. &(:ni)(4,r(s'on/(n) /i/ no) os(rv( )his 30-/a4 r(. (r(, r(s'on/(n) /i/ no)r(sov( )h( a/inis)ra)iv( an/criina cas(s agains) '()i)ion(rsa)hogh )h( inv(s)iga)ion o )h(sai/ cas(s ha/ ong ((n)(rina)(/ h(n )h( a))(r ora4

oS(r(/ )h(ir (vi/(nc( a4 acD on anar4 29, 2002. "n ac), /( )or(s'on/(n)As inac)ion, '()i)ion(rs,on March 2, 2006 or or( )hanor >? 4(ars ro anar4 29,2002, :(/ a o)ion 'ra4ing )h(i(/ia)( /isissa o a )h(cas(s agains) )h(, con)(n/ing



)ha) r(s'on/(n)As <inor/ina)(/(a4= in r(soving )h(cons)i))(s a vioa)ion o )h(ircons)i))iona righ) )o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o )h(ir cas(s.#igni:can)4, )his o)ion as n(v(r

r(sis)(/ 4 co'ainan) FF".Non()h((ss, r(s'on/(n) /i/ no)(v(n o)h(r )o ac) on )h( o)ion.LiD(is(, i) /i/ no) inor'()i)ion(rs h4 )h( cas(s r(ainnr(sov(/.

620

620#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

+nri;(C vs. $Ec( o )h($/san

#a( #a( /B/ica)ion o cas(ss) no) on4 ( /on( in an or/(r4ann(r )ha) is in accor/ i)h )h((s)aish(/ r(s o 'roc(/r(, )

s) aso ( 'ro')4 /(ci/(/ )o())(r s(rv( )h( (n/s o Bs)ic( %h( '(o'(As r(s'(c) an/

con:/(nc( in )h( $Ec( o )h($/san ar( (asr(/ no)on4 4 i)s i'ar)iai)4, airn(ss,an/ corr(c)n(ss o i)s ac)s, ) aso4 i)s ca'aci)4 )o r(sov( cas(ss'((/i4.%h(s( ar( on4 so( o )h( cas(s shoing r(s'on/(n)As/isr(gar/ o )h( '(rsonAscons)i))iona righ) )o a s'((/4

/is'osi)ion o his cas(. #a/4, )h(is) o cas(s is groing. %his isaaring. (r(, r(s'on/(n), )h(v(r4 'ro)(c)or o )h( '(o'(,(ca( )h( '(r'()ra)or o )h(/ic) )ha) <Bs)ic( /(a4(/ is

Bs)ic( /(ni(/.= "n/((/, )h( sai//ic) is no) a (aning(ssconc(') )ha) can ( )aD(n orgran)(/ 4 )hos( ho ar( )asD(/i)h )h( /is'(nsa)ion o Bs)ic(.

%h( cons)i))iona garan)((

agains) nr(asona( /(a4 in )h(/is'osi)ion o cas(s as in)(n/(/)o s)( )h( )i/( o /is(nchan)(n)aong )h( '(o'( in )h(a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic( 4 or

B/icia an/ ;asiB/icia )rinas. %h( a/B/ica)ion o cas(s s) no)

on4 ( /on( in an or/(r4 ann(r

)ha) is in accor/ i)h )h((s)aish(/ r(s o 'roc(/r(, )s) aso ( 'ro')4 /(ci/(/ )o())(r s(rv( )h( (n/s o Bs)ic(.+c(ssiv( /(a4 in )h( /is'osi)iono cas(s r(n/(rs )h( righ)s o )h(

'(o'( garan)((/ 4 )h(!ons)i))ion an/ 4 varios(gisa)ions in)i(. %h( '(o'(Asr(s'(c) an/ con:/(nc( in )h($Ec( o )h( $/san ar((asr(/ no) on4 4 i)si'ar)iai)4, airn(ss, an/corr(c)n(ss o i)s ac)s, ) aso 4i)s ca'aci)4 )o r(sov( cas(ss'((/i4. I+nri;(C vs. $Ec( o )h($/san, 55 #!R 618>2008?J

.R. No. 187728. #(')((r 12,2011.*

!R!"LL+ H. MR" an/ )h(P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,'()i)ion(rs, vs. $N. R$LN&$ L.$NQL+#, Pr(si/ing /g(,R(giona %ria !or), ranch 39,#ogo/, #o)h(rn L(4)(, an/ P$1R&R& PL$M 4 %$RR+#,r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La &(a4 r(s)ing ro()raor/inar4 r((/i(s agains)in)(roc)or4 or/(rs s) ( r(a/in haron4 i)h #(c)ion 7, R( 65o )h( R(s o !or) hich'rovi/(s )ha) )h( '()i)ion n/(rR( 65 sha no) in)(rr') )h(cors( o )h( 'rinci'a cas( n(ssa )('orar4 r(s)raining or/(r or ari) o 'r(iinar4 inBnc)ion has((n iss(/ agains) )h( 'ic

r(s'on/(n) ro r)h(r'roc((/ing in )h( cas(.P()i)ion(rs ar( iD(is( is)aD(n in)h(ir no)ion )ha) (r( '(n/(nc4 o )h(ir '()i)ion or )rans(r o v(n(sho/ in)(rr') 'roc((/ings (or()h( )ria cor). #ch si)a)ion isaDin )o having a '(n/ing '()i)ionor c(r)iorari i)h )h( high(r cor)s."n P(o'( v. (rnan/(C, 99 #!R688 >2006?, )h( !or) h(/ )ha)</(a4 r(s)ing ro ()raor/inar4

r((/i(s agains) in)(roc)or4or/(rs= s) ( r(a/ in haron4i)h #(c)ion 7, R( 65 o )h( R(so !or) hich 'rovi/(s )ha) )h(<I'J()i)ion In/(r R( 65J sha no)in)(rr') )h( cors( o )h( 'rinci'acas( n(ss a )('orar4r(s)raining or/(r or a ri) o



'r(iinar4 inBnc)ion has ((niss(/ agains) )h( 'icr(s'on/(n) ro r)h(r'roc((/ing in )h( cas(.= %h( )riacor) as )h(n corr(c) an/

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* %"R& &"H"#"$N.

15

H$L. 657, #+P%+M+R 12, 2011

15

Mari vs. onCa(s

ac)ing ( i)hin i)s /iscr()ionh(n i) r(s(/ )o gran)'()i)ion(rsA o)ions or'os)'on((n) ain4 (cas( o )h( '(n/(nc4 o )h(ir '()i)ion or)rans(r o v(n(.

#a( !ons)i))iona La Righ) )o#'((/4 %ria n accs(/As righ) )o

s'((/4 )ria is /(((/ vioa)(/on4 h(n )h( 'roc((/ing isa))(n/(/ 4 v(a)ios, ca'ricios,an/ o''r(ssiv( /(a4s Fac)ors )oconsi/(r an/ aanc( on h()h(r'()i)ion(r as /('riv(/ o his righ).+has)iv(4 ('ain(/ in !or'Cv. #an/igana4an, an accs(/Asrigh) )o s'((/4 )ria is /(((/vioa)(/ on4 h(n )h( 'roc((/ingis a))(n/(/ 4 v(a)ios,ca'ricios, an/ o''r(ssiv( /(a4s.

"n /()(rining h()h(r '()i)ion(ras /('riv(/ o )his righ), )h(ac)ors )o consi/(r an/ aanc( ar()h( ooing >a? /ra)ion o )h(/(a4 >? r(ason )h(r(or >c?ass(r)ion o )h( righ) or air( )oass(r) i) an/ >/? 'r(B/ic( cas(/4 sch /(a4.

#a( #a( #a( %h(r( can (no cavi )ha) /('riva)ion o i(r)4or an4 /ra)ion o )i( is ;i)(o''r(ssiv(.") s) (('hasiC(/ )ha) 'riva)(r(s'on/(n) ha/ ar(a/4 ((n/('riv(/ o his i(r)4 on )ooccasions. Firs), /ring )h('r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion (or( )h(M!%!, h(n h( as incarc(ra)(/

ro Nov((r 18, 200 )o March16, 2005, or a '(rio/ o aos) oron)hs )h(n again, h(n an"nora)ion ha/ ar(a/4 ((niss(/ an/ sinc( ra'( is a non-aia( oS(ns(, h( as

i'rison(/ (ginning n( 27,2008 n)i )h( cas( as /isiss(/on anar4 16, 2009, or a '(rio/ o ov(r 6 on)hs. H(ri4, )h(r( can (no cavi )ha) /('riva)ion o i(r)4or an4 /ra)ion o )i( is ;i)(o''r(ssiv(. (cas( o 'riva)(r(s'on/(n)As con)in(/incarc(ra)ion, an4 /(a4 in )r4ing)h( cas( o/ cas( hi gr(a)'r(B/ic(. %hs, i) as aso)(4v(a)ios an/ o''r(ssiv( )o /(a4

)h( )ria in )h( sB(c) criinacas( )o aai) )h( o)co( o '()i)ion(rsA '()i)ion or )rans(r o v(n(, (s'(cia4 in )his cas(h(r( )h(r( is no )('orar4r(s)raining or/(r or ri) o 'r(iinar4 inBnc)ion iss(/ 4 ahigh(r cor) agains) h(r(in 'icr(s'on/(n) ro r)h(r'roc((/ing in )h( cas(. IMari vs.onCa(s, 657 #!R 1>2011?J

.R. No. 162206. Nov((r 17,2010.*

M$N"!$ H. !$ an/ !+L#$ L.L+R&, '()i)ion(rs, vs. $N.#N&"NN F$R% &"H"#"$Nan/ %+ $FF"!+ $F %+$M&#MN, r(s'on/(n)s.

!ons)i))iona La Righ) )o a#'((/4 %ria &(:ni)ion o )h( Righ)

)o a #'((/4 %ria.n accs(/Asrigh) )o <hav( a s'((/4, i'ar)ia,an/ 'ic )ria= is garan)((/ incriina cas(s 4 #(c)ion 1>2?,r)ic( """ o )h( !ons)i))ion. %hisrigh) )o a s'((/4 )ria a4 (/(:n(/ as on( r(( ro v(a)ios,ca'ricios an/ o''r(ssiv( /(a4s,i)s <sa)ar4 oB(c)iv(= (ing )oassr( )ha) an innoc(n) '(rsona4 ( r(( ro )h( ani()4 an/('(ns( o a cor) i)iga)ion

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

** //i)iona ((r in i( o ssocia)( s)ic( Mariano !. &(



!as)io '(r #'(cia $r/(r No. 913/a)(/ 2 Nov((r 2010.

* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

95

H$L. 635, N$H+M+R 17, 2010

95

aco vs. #an/igana4an Fo)h&ivision

or, i o)h(ris(, o having his gi)

/()(rin(/ i)hin )h( shor)(s)'ossi( )i( co'a)i( i)h )h('r(s(n)a)ion an/ consi/(ra)ion o ha)so(v(r (gi)ia)( /((ns( h(a4 in)(r'os(. "n)ia)ing his)orica'(rs'(c)iv( on )h( (vo)ion o )h(righ) )o s'((/4 )ria, ( r(i)(ra)()h( o/ (ga ai, <Bs)ic(/(a4(/ is Bs)ic( /(ni(/.= %his o)-r('(a)(/ a/ag( r(;ir(s )h(('(/i)ios r(so)ion o /is')(s,ch or( so in criina cas(s

h(r( an accs(/ iscons)i))iona4 garan)((/ )h(righ) )o a s'((/4 )ria.

#a( #a( "n /()(riningh()h(r )h( righ) o )h( accs(/ )oa s'((/4 )ria as vioa)(/, )h(/(a4 sho/ ( consi/(r(/, in vi(o )h( (n)ir()4 o )h( 'roc((/ings.( r)h(r ('hasiC(/ in 4 )ha)<s'((/4 )ria= is a r(a)iv( )(r an/n(c(ssari4 a (i( conc('). "n

/()(rining h()h(r )h( righ) o )h( accs(/ )o a s'((/4 )ria asvioa)(/, )h( /(a4 sho/ (consi/(r(/, in vi( o )h( (n)ir()4o )h( 'roc((/ings. "n/((/, (r(a)h(a)ica r(cDoning o )h( )i(invov(/ o/ no) sEc( as )h(r(ai)i(s o (v(r4/a4 i( s) (r(gar/(/ in B/icia 'roc((/ingshich, a)(r a, /o no) (is) in avac.

#a( #a( %(s) or /()(riningh()h(r an accs(/ as in/((//('riv(/ o his righ) )o a s'((/4)ria an/ /is'osi)ion o )h( cas(agains) hi.( (n) on )o a4/on in !or'C )h( )(s) or/()(rining h()h(r an accs(/as in/((/ /('riv(/ o his righ) )o

a s'((/4 )ria an/ /is'osi)ion o )h(cas( agains) hi "n /()(riningh()h(r )h( accs(/ has ((n/('riv(/ o his righ) )o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o )h( cas( an/ )o as'((/4 )ria, or ac)ors s) (

consi/(r(/ >a? (ng)h o /(a4 >?)h( r(ason or )h( /(a4 >c? )h(/((n/an)As ass(r)ion o his righ)an/ >/? 'r(B/ic( )o )h( /((n/an).

#a( #a( arning giv(nagains) )h( ov(rC(aos or'r(ci'i)a)( /isissa o a cas( )ha)a4 (na( )h( /((n/an), hoa4 ( gi)4, )o go r(( i)ho)having ((n )ri(/."n !or'C, (arn(/ agains) )h( ov(rC(aos or'r(ci'i)a)( /isissa o a cas( )ha)a4 (na( )h( /((n/an), hoa4 ( gi)4, )o go r(( i)ho)having ((n )ri(/, )h(r(4inringing )h( soci()a in)(r(s) in)r4ing '(o'( accs(/ o cri(sra)h(r )han gran)ing )h(iniCa)ion (cas( o (ga(rror. +ari(r, in P(o'( v. L(vis)(,255 #!R 238 >1996?, ( ar(a/4s)r(ss(/ )ha) I%Jh( #)a)(, iD( an4o)h(r i)igan), is (n)i)(/ )o i)s /a4in cor), an/ )o a r(asona(o''or)ni)4 )o 'r(s(n) i)s cas(. has)4 /isissa sch as )h( on( in;(s)ion, ins)(a/ o n-

96

96

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&


cogging /ocD()s, has ac)a4incr(as(/ )h( orDoa/ o )h(

Bs)ic( s4s)( as a ho( an/cas(/ nca(/-or /(a4s in )h(:na r(so)ion o )his an/ o)h(rcas(s. ni))ing4, )h( 'r(ci'i)a)(

ac)ion o )h( r(s'on/(n) cor),ins)(a/ o (asing )h( r/(n o )h(accs(/, (r(4 'roong(/ )h(i)iga)ion an/ ironica4 (nogh,nn(c(ssari4 /(a4(/ )h( cas(in)h( 'roc(ss, casing )h( v(r4 (vi i)a''ar(n)4 sogh) )o avoi/. #chac)ion /o(s no) ins'ir( 'ic



con:/(nc( in )h( a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic(.

#a( #a( !or) agr((s i)h )h(#an/igana4an #'(cia For)h&ivision )ha) s)ic( NarioAs/isissa o )h( criina cas(s asnarran)(/ n/(r )h(circs)anc(s, sinc( )h( #)a)(sho/ no) ( 'r(B/ic(/ an//('riv(/ o i)s righ) )o 'ros(c)()h( criina cas(s si'4 (cas(o )h( in(')i)/( or nonchaanc( o )h( $Ec( o )h( $/san.

%hs, (v(n )hogh (acDno(/g( )h( /(a4 in )h(criina 'roc((/ings, as ( as )h('r(B/ic( sS(r(/ 4 '()i)ion(rsan/ )h(ir co-accs(/ 4 r(ason)h(r(o, )h( (ighing o in)(r(s)sii)a)( agains) a :n/ing )ha)'()i)ion(rsA righ) )o s'((/4 )riaan/ /is'osi)ion o )h( cas(sinvoving )h( o/ hav( Bs)i:(/)h( /isissa o !riina !as( Nos.25922-25939. ( agr(( i)h )h(#an/igana4an #'(cia For)h&ivision )ha) s)ic( NarioAs/isissa o )h( criina cas(s asnarran)(/ n/(r )h(circs)anc(s, sinc( )h( #)a)(sho/ no) ( 'r(B/ic(/ an//('riv(/ o i)s righ) )o 'ros(c)()h( criina cas(s si'4 (cas(o )h( in(')i)/( or nonchaanc( o )h( $Ec( o )h( $/san.

#a( #a( v(ra B/g(n) oror/(r o /isissa is a vioa)ion o #(c)ion 1, R( 120 o )h( R(vis(/R(s o !riina Proc(/r( h(nc(,

sch or/(r is, in con)('a)ion o a, no) in (ss(, )h(r(or(,in(S(c)iv(.%h( #an/igana4an#'(cia For)h &ivision /i/ no)as( i)s /iscr()ion in s())ing asi/(

s)ic( NarioAs v(ra or/(r, hich/isiss(/ !riina !as( Nos.25922-25939, or no) on4 assch or/(r as((ss, as ( ha/'r(vios4 /iscss(/ h(r(in )or( i'or)an)4, (cas( i) is an))(r ni)4, as ( ha/ r(/ in

!or'C. ( h(/ in !or'C )ha) ( agr(( i)h )h( or(goingra)iocina)ion. #(c)ion 1, R( 120 o )h( R(vis(/ R(s o !riinaProc(/r(, an/a)(s )ha) a

B/g(n) s) ( ri))(n in )h(oEcia angag(, '(rsona4 an//ir(c)4 'r('ar(/ 4 )h( B/g( an/

sign(/ 4 hi an/ sha con)ainc(ar4 an/ /is)inc)4 a s)a)((n)o )h( ac)s an/ )h( a 'on hichi) is as(/. %h( r( a''i(s )o a:na or/(r /isissing a criinacas(

97

H$L. 635, N$H+M+R 17, 2010

97


gron/(/ on )h( vioa)ion o )h(righ)s o )h( accs(/ )o a s'((/4)ria. v(ra B/g(n) or or/(r o /isissa is a vioa)ion o )h('rovision h(nc(, sch or/(r is, incon)('a)ion o a, no) in (ss(,)h(r(or(, in(S(c)iv(. s)ic( Narioai(/ )o iss( a ri))(n r(so)ion/isissing )h( criina cas(s orair( o )h( 'ros(c)ion )o si)i)s r('or) on )h( r(inv(s)iga)ion o

)h( cas(s i)hin )h( si)4-/a4'(rio/ :(/ 4 )h( gra) cor).Mor(ov(r, )h( v(ra or/(r asr(B(c)(/ 4 aBori)4 vo)( o )h(((rs o )h( #an/igana4an#'(cia &ivision. "n :n(, )h(r( has((n no vai/ an/ (S(c)iv( or/(r o /isissa o )h( cas(s. %h(#an/igana4an canno) )h(n (a)(/ or issing )h( assai(/r(so)ions.

!riina Proc(/r( &o( (o'ar/4 R(;isi)(s )o

#s)an)ia)( a !ai or &o( (o'ar/4.%o ss)an)ia)( a cai

or /o( B(o'ar/4, )h( ooings) ( /(ons)ra)(/ >1? IJ :rs)

B(o'ar/4 s) hav( a))ach(/ 'rior)o )h( s(con/ >2? )h( :rs) B(o'ar/4s) hav( ((n vai/4 )(rina)(/>3? )h( s(con/ B(o'ar/4 s) (or )h( sa( oS(ns(, or )h( s(con/oS(ns( inc/(s or is n(c(ssari4

inc/(/ in )h( oS(ns( charg(/ in)h( :rs) inora)ion, or is ana))(') )o coi) )h( sa( or is ars)ra)ion )h(r(o. n/ (ga

B(o'ar/4 a))ach(s on4 >a? 'on avai/ in/ic)(n) >? (or( aco'()(n) cor) >c? a)(rarraign(n) >/? Ih(nJ a vai/



'(a IhasJ ((n (n)(r(/ an/ >(?)h( cas( as /isiss(/ oro)h(ris( )(rina)(/ i)ho) )h(('r(ss cons(n) o )h( accs(/.Iaco vs. #an/igana4an Fo)h&ivision, 635 #!R 9>2010?J

.R. No. 16221. Nov((r 11,200.*

MR"L+N !. !$RPQ an/N%$N"$ . R$MN, #R.,'()i)ion(rs, vs. %+#N&"NN >#'(cia For)h&ivision? an/ %+ P+$PL+ $F %+P"L"PP"N+#, r(s'on/(n)s.

c)ions P(a/ings an/ Prac)ic(''(as !(r)iorari For a '()i)ionor c(r)iorari )o ( gran)(/, i) s)s() o) an/ /(ons)ra)(, 'ain4an/ /is)inc)4, a )h( ac)s(ss(n)ia )o (s)aish a righ) )o ari).For a '()i)ion or c(r)iorari )o( gran)(/, i) s) s() o) an//(ons)ra)(, 'ain4 an/ /is)inc)4,a )h( ac)s (ss(n)ia )o (s)aish arigh) )o a ri). %h( '()i)ion(rs s)a(g( in )h(ir '()i)ion an/

(s)aish ac)s )o sho )ha) an4o)h(r (is)ing r((/4 is no)s'((/4 or a/(;a)( an/ )ha) >a?)h( ri) is /ir(c)(/ agains) a)rina, oar/ or oEc(r ((rcising

B/icia or ;asi-B/icia nc)ions>? sch )rina, oar/ or oEc(rhas ac)(/ i)ho) or in (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion, or i)h grav( as( o /iscr()ion aon)ing )o (c(ss oracD o Bris/ic)ion an/, >c? )h(r( isno a''(a or an4 'ain, s'((/4 an/

a/(;a)( r((/4 in )h( or/inar4cors( o a. %h( 'icr(s'on/(n) ac)s i)ho) Bris/ic)ioni i) /o(s no) hav( )h( (ga 'o(r)o /()(rin( )h( cas( )h(r( is(c(ss o Bris/ic)ion h(r( )h(r(s'on/(n), (ing co)h(/ i)h )h('o(r )o /()(rin( )h( cas(,ov(rs)('s i)s a)hori)4 as/()(rin(/ 4 a. %h(r( is grav(as( o /iscr()ion h(r( )h('ic r(s'on/(n) ac)s in a

ca'ricios, hisica, ari)rar4 or/(s'o)ic ann(r in )h( ((rcis( o i)s B/g(n) as )o ( sai/ )o ((;iva(n) )o acD o Bris/ic)ion.M(r( as( o /iscr()ion is no)(nogh.

#a( #a( #a( #a( "n a'()i)ion or c(r)iorari, )h(

Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor) is narro insco'(i) is ii)(/ )o r(sovingon4 (rrors o Bris/ic)ion."n a'()i)ion or c(r)iorari, )h(

Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor) is narro insco'(. ") is ii)(/ )o r(soving on4(rrors o Bris/ic)ion. ") is no) )os)ra4 a) i an/ r(sov( ;(s)ionsor iss(s (4on/ i)s co'()(nc(sch as (rrors o B/g(n). +rrorso B/g(n) o )h( )ria cor) ar( )o( r(sov(/ 4 )h( a''(a)( cor)in )h( a''(a or via a '()i)ion orr(vi( on c(r)iorari in )his !or)n/(r R( 5 o )h( R(s o !or).!(r)iorari i iss( on4 )o corr(c)

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* #+!$N& &"H"#"$N.

295

H$L. 2, N$H+M+R 11, 200

295

!or'C vs. #an/igana4an

(rrors o Bris/ic)ion. ") is no) ar((/4 )o corr(c) (rrors o

B/g(n). n (rror o B/g(n) ison( in hich )h( cor) a4 coi)in )h( ((rcis( o i)s Bris/ic)ion,an/ hich (rror is r(v(rsi( on4

4 an a''(a. s ong as )h( cor)ac)s i)hin i)s Bris/ic)ion, an4a(g(/ (rrors coi))(/ in )h(((rcis( o i)s /iscr()ion iaon) )o no)hing or( )han (r((rrors o B/g(n), corr(c)i( 4an a''(a or a '()i)ion or r(vi(n/(r R( 5 o )h( R(s o !or).n (rror o Bris/ic)ion is on( h(r()h( ac) co'ain(/ o as iss(/4 )h( cor) i)ho) or in (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion an/ hich (rror iscorr(c)i( on4 4 )h(()raor/inar4 ri) o c(r)iorari.

!riina Proc(/r( /g(n)sri))(n For v(ra B/g(n) oror/(r o /isissa is a vioa)ion o )h( 'rovisionh(nc(, sch or/(r is,



in con)('a)ion o a, no) in(ss(, )h(r(or(, in(S(c)iv(.#(c)ion 1, R( 120 o )h( R(vis(/R(s o !riina Proc(/r(,an/a)(s )ha) a B/g(n) s) (ri))(n in )h( oEcia angag(,

'(rsona4 an/ /ir(c)4 'r('ar(/ 4)h( B/g( an/ sign(/ 4 hi an/sha con)ain c(ar4 an/ /is)inc)4a s)a)((n) o )h( ac)s an/ )h(a 'on hich i) is as(/. %h( r(a''i(s )o a :na or/(r /isissing acriina cas( gron/(/ on )h(vioa)ion o )h( righ)s o )h(accs(/ )o a s'((/4 )ria. v(ra

B/g(n) or or/(r o /isissa is avioa)ion o )h( 'rovision h(nc(,sch or/(r is, in con)('a)ion o

a, no) in (ss(, )h(r(or(,in(S(c)iv(.

#a( %ria Righ) )o #'((/4 %ria ")canno) ( ov(rs)r(ss(/ )ha) )h(accs(/ in a criina 'ros(c)ionsar( (n)i)(/ )o /( 'roc(ss asch as )h( 'ros(c)ion.R(115, #(c)ion 1>h? o )h( R(vis(/R(s o !riina Proc(/r( r)h(r'rovi/(s )ha) )h( accs(/ has )h(righ) )o hav( a s'((/4, i'ar)iaan/ 'ic )ria. %h( sai/ r(r(;ir(s )ha) )h( arraign(n) o )h( accs(/ sho/ ( h(/ i)hin)hir)4 >30? /a4s ro )h( /a)( )h(cor) ac;ir(/ Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h('(rson o )h( accs(/, n(ss ashor)(r '(rio/ is 'rovi/(/ 4s'(cia a or n(ss (csa(/(a4s as 'rovi/(/ in R( 119,#(c)ion 10 o )h( R(s ar(a))(n/an). #ch righ)s )o /('roc(ss, s'((/4 )ria an//is'osi)ion o )h( cas( (r( :rs)ar)ica)(/ as (ar4 as 1297 in+ngan/ <%o non( i ( s((, )onon( i ( /(n4 or /(a4 righ) or

Bs)ic(.= ") canno) ( ov(rs)r(ss(/)ha) )h( accs(/ in a criina'ros(c)ions ar( (n)i)(/ )o /('roc(ss as ch as )h('ros(c)ion. "n %a)a/ v.#an/igana4an, ( h(/ )ha)ss)an)ia a/h(r(nc( )o )h(

r(;ir((n)s o )h( a gov(rning)h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion, inc/ing ss)an)iaco'ianc( i)h )h(

296

296

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&


)i( ii)a)ion 'r(scri(/ 4 )h(a or )h( r(so)ion o )h( cas(4 )h( 'ros(c)or, is 'ar) o )h('roc(/ra /( 'roc(sscons)i))iona4 garan)((/ 4 )h(n/a(n)a a. %his ring c(ar4a''i(s )o r(inv(s)iga)ionsa)horiC(/ 4 )h( )ria cor)s,inc/ing )h( #an/igana4an.

#a( #a( #a( %h( righ) o )h( accs(/ )o a s'((/4 )ria an/)o a s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o )h( cas(agains) hi as /(sign(/ )o'r(v(n) )h( o''r(ssion o )h(ci)iC(n 4 ho/ing criina'ros(c)ion ss'(n/(/ ov(r hior an in/(:ni)( )i(, an/ )o'r(v(n) /(a4s in )h(a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic( 4an/a)ing )h( cor)s )o 'roc((/i)h r(asona( /is'a)ch in )h(

)ria o criina cas(s.%h( righ) o )h( accs(/ )o a s'((/4 )ria an/)o a s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o )h( cas(agains) hi as /(sign(/ )o'r(v(n) )h( o''r(ssion o )h(ci)iC(n 4 ho/ing criina'ros(c)ion ss'(n/(/ ov(r hior an in/(:ni)( )i(, an/ )o'r(v(n) /(a4s in )h(a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic( 4an/a)ing )h( cor)s )o 'roc((/i)h r(asona( /is'a)ch in )h(

)ria o criina cas(s. #ch righ) )oa s'((/4 )ria an/ a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o a cas( is vioa)(/on4 h(n )h( 'roc((/ing isa))(n/(/ 4 v(a)ios, ca'riciosan/ o''r(ssiv( /(a4s. %h( in;ir4as )o h()h(r or no) an accs(/has ((n /(ni(/ sch righ) is no)ssc(')i( 4 'r(cis( ;ai:ca)ion.

%h( conc(') o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion is a r(a)iv( )(r an/s) n(c(ssari4 ( a (i(

conc('). hi( Bs)ic( isa/inis)(r(/ i)h /is'a)ch, )h((ss(n)ia ingr(/i(n) is or/(r4,('(/i)ios an/ no) (r( s'((/. ")canno) ( /(:ni)(4 sai/ ho ongis )oo ong in a s4s)( h(r(

Bs)ic( is s''os(/ )o ( si), )/(i(ra)(. ") is consis)(n) i)h



/(a4s an/ /('(n/s 'oncircs)anc(s. ") s(cr(s righ)s )o)h( accs(/, ) i) /o(s no)'r(c/( )h( righ)s o 'ic

Bs)ic(. so, i) s) ( orn( inin/ )ha) )h( righ)s giv(n )o )h(

accs(/ 4 )h( !ons)i))ion an/)h( R(s o !or) ar( shi(/s, no)(a'ons h(nc(, cor)s ar( )o giv((aning )o )ha) in)(n). aancing)(s) o a''4ing soci()a in)(r(s)san/ )h( righ)s o )h( accs(/n(c(ssari4 co'(s )h( cor) )oa''roach s'((/4 )ria cas(s on ana/ hoc asis.

#a( #a( #a( Fac)ors "n/()(rining h()h(r )h( accs(/has ((n /('riv(/ o his righ) )o as'((/4 /is'osi)ion o )h( cas( an/)o a s'((/4 )ria, or ac)ors s)( consi/(r(/."n /()(riningh()h(r )h( accs(/ has ((n/('riv(/ o his righ) )o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o )h( cas( an/ )o as'((/4 )ria, or ac)ors s) (consi/(r(/ >a? (ng)h o /(a4 >?)h( r(ason or )h( /(a4 >c? )h(

297

H$L. 2, N$H+M+R 11, 200

297


/((n/an)As ass(r)ion o his righ)an/ >/? 'r(B/ic( )o )h( /((n/an).

Pr(B/ic( sho/ ( ass(ss(/ in )h(igh) o )h( in)(r(s) o )h(/((n/an) )ha) )h( s'((/4 )ria as/(sign(/ )o 'ro)(c), na(4 )o'r(v(n) o''r(ssiv( 'r(-)riaincarc(ra)ion )o iniiC( ani()4an/ conc(rns o )h( accs(/ )o)ria an/ )o ii) )h( 'ossiii)4 )ha)his /((ns( i ( i'air(/. $ )h(s(, )h( os) s(rios is )h( as),(cas( )h( inaii)4 o a/((n/an) a/(;a)(4 )o 'r('ar(

his cas( sD(s )h( airn(ss o )h((n)ir( s4s)(. %h(r( is aso'r(B/ic( i )h( /((ns( i)n(ss(sar( na( )o r(ca accra)(4 )h((v(n)s o )h( /is)an) 'as). +v(n i )h( accs(/ is no) i'rison(/ 'rior)o )ria, h( is s)i /isa/van)ag(/ 4r(s)rain)s on his i(r)4 an/ 4

iving n/(r a co/ o ani()4,ss'icion an/ o)(n, hos)ii)4. is:nancia r(sorc(s a4 ( /rain(/,his associa)ion is cr)ai(/, an/ h(is sB(c)(/ )o 'ic oo;4.

#a( #a( #a( &isissa %h()ria cor) a4 /isiss a criinacas( on a o)ion no( 'ros(;i i )h( accs(/ is no) rogh) )o )riai)hin )h( 'r(scri(/ )i( an/ is/('riv(/ o his righ) )o a s'((/4)ria or /is'osi)ion o )h( cas( onaccon) o nr(asona( orca'ricios /(a4 cas(/ 4 )h('ros(c)ion.n/(r #(c)ion 9,R( 119 o )h( R(vis(/ R(s o !riina Proc(/r(, )h( )ria cor)a4 /isiss a criina cas( on ao)ion no( 'ros(;i i )h(accs(/ is no) rogh) )o )riai)hin )h( 'r(scri(/ )i( an/ is/('riv(/ o his righ) )o a s'((/4)ria or /is'osi)ion o )h( cas( onaccon) o nr(asona( orca'ricios /(a4 cas(/ 4 )h('ros(c)ion. +n con)rario, )h(accs(/ is no) (n)i)(/ )o a/isissa h(r( sch /(a4 ascas(/ 4 'roc((/ings or o)ionsins)i))(/ 4 hi. ) i) s) (n/(rs)oo/ )ha) an ov(rC(aos or'r(ci'i)a)( /isissa o a cas( a4(na( )h( /((n/an), ho a4 (gi)4, )o go r(( i)ho) having((n )ri(/, )h(r(4 inringing )h(soci()a in)(r(s) in )r4ing '(o'(accs(/ o cri(s ra)h(r )hangran)ing )h( iniCa)ion(cas( o (ga (rror. No) )oo ongago, ( ('hasiC(/ )ha) UI%Jh(#)a)(, iD( an4 o)h(r i)igan), is(n)i)(/ )o i)s /a4 in cor), an/ )o ar(asona( o''or)ni)4 )o 'r(s(n)i)s cas(. has)4 /isissa sch as)h( on( in ;(s)ion, ins)(a/ o ncogging /ocD()s, has ac)a4incr(as(/ )h( orDoa/ o )h(

Bs)ic( s4s)( as a ho( an/cas(/ nca(/-or /(a4s in )h(:na r(so)ion o )his an/ o)h(rcas(s. ni))ing4, )h( 'r(ci'i)a)(ac)ion o )h( r(s'on/(n) cor),

ins)(a/ o (asing )h( r/(n o )h(accs(/, (r(4 'roong(/ )h(i)iga)ion an/ ironica4 (nogh,nn(c(ssari4 /(a4(/ )h( cas(in)h( 'ro-

298



298

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&


c(ss, casing )h( v(r4 (vi i)a''ar(n)4 sogh) )o avoi/. #chac)ion /o(s no) ins'ir( 'iccon:/(nc( in )h( a/inis)ra)ion o

Bs)ic(. I!or'C vs. #an/igana4an,2 #!R 29>200?J

.R. No. 188165. &(c((r 11,2013.*

P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,'()i)ion(r, vs. $N.#N&"NN, F"R#% &"H"#"$N V

%"R& &"H"#"$N, +RNN&$+N"%$ P+R+Q, R$#R"$ P+R+Q,RM$N R!+$ an/ +RN+#%+#!L+R, r(s'on/(n)s.

.R. No. 189063. &(c((r 11,2013.*

P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,'()i)ion(r, vs. $N.#N&"NN, #+!$N&&"H"#"$N, +RNN&$

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

360

+N"%$ P+R+Q, R$#R"$#LH&$R P+R+Q, +RN+#% &+L+$N +#!L+R an/ RM$N!#%"LL$ R!+$, R., r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La !riina Proc(/r(''(as %ha) on4 )h( #oici)or(n(ra a4 r('r(s(n) )h( P(o'(on a''(a or c(r)iorari in )h(

#'r(( !or) an/ )h( !or) o ''(as in a criina 'roc((/ingsis )h( g(n(ra r(, ) )h( r(a/i)s )h( (c(')ion conc(rning<a cas(s ((va)(/ )o )h(#an/igana4an an/ ro )h(#an/igana4an )o )h( #'r((!or), )h( $Ec( o )h(

$/san, )hrogh i)s s'(cia'ros(c)or, sha r('r(s(n) )h(P(o'( o )h( Phii''in(s, (c(') incas(s :(/ 'rsan) )o +(c)iv($r/(r Nos. 1, 2, 1 an/ 1-,iss(/ in 1986.=%ha) on4 )h(

#oici)or (n(ra a4 r('r(s(n) )h(P(o'( on a''(a or c(r)iorari in)h( #'r(( !or) an/ )h( !or)o ''(as in a criina'roc((/ings is )h( g(n(ra r(, ))h( r( a/i)s )h( (c(')ionconc(rning <a cas(s ((va)(/ )o)h( #an/igana4an an/ ro )h(#an/igana4an )o )h( #'r((!or), )h( $Ec( o )h($/san, )hrogh i)s s'(cia'ros(c)or, sha r('r(s(n) )h(

P(o'( o )h( Phii''in(s, (c(') incas(s :(/ 'rsan) )o +(c)iv($r/(r Nos. 1, 2, 1 an/ 1-,iss(/ in 1986.= Mor( s'(ci:ca4,#(c)ion >c? o R('ic c) No.829 a)horiC(s )h( (c(')ion, viC. c. !ivi an/ criina cas(s:(/ 'rsan) )o an/ in conn(c)ioni)h +(c)iv( $r/(r Nos. 1, 2, 1an/ 1-, iss(/ in 1986.

%h( 'roc(/r( 'r(scri(/ in a)asPaansa g. 129, as ( as )h(i'((n)ing r(s )ha) )h(#'r(( !or) has 'roga)(/an/ a4 h(r(a)(r 'roga)(,r(a)iv( )o a''(asW'()i)ions orr(vi( )o )h( !or) o ''(as,sha a''4 )o a''(as an/ '()i)ionsor r(vi( :(/ i)h )h(#an/igana4an. "n a cas(s((va)(/ )o )h( #an/igana4an an/ro )h( #an/igana4an )o )h(#'r(( !or), )h( $Ec( o )h($/san, )hrogh i)s s'(cia'ros(c)or, sha r('r(s(n) )h(P(o'( o )h( Phii''in(s, (c(') incas(s :(/ 'rsan) )o +(c)iv($r/(r Nos. 1, 2, 1 an/ 1-,iss(/ in 1986.

#a( #'(cia !ivi c)ions!(r)iorari s'(cia civi ac)ion orc(r)iorari is an in/('(n/(n) ac)ionas(/ on )h( s'(ci:c gron/s'rovi/(/ in #(c)ion 1, R( 65 o

)h( R(s o !or), an/ can 'ros'(ron4 )h( Bris/ic)iona (rror, or )h(grav( as( o /iscr()ionaon)ing )o acD or (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion coi))(/ 4 )h(in(rior cor) or B/g( is a(g(/an/ 'rov(/ )o (is).%h( '()i)ionsor c(r)iorari rogh) 4 )h( #)a)(



s) non()h((ss ( /isiss(/ orair( )o

361

sho an4 grav( as( o /iscr()ionon )h( 'ar) o #an/igana4an inissing )h( assai(/ r(so)ions. s'(cia civi ac)ion or c(r)iorari isan in/('(n/(n) ac)ion as(/ on)h( s'(ci:c gron/s 'rovi/(/ in#(c)ion 1, R( 65 o )h( R(s o !or), an/ can 'ros'(r on4 )h(

Bris/ic)iona (rror, or )h( grav(as( o /iscr()ion aon)ing )oacD or (c(ss o Bris/ic)ioncoi))(/ 4 )h( in(rior cor) or

B/g( is a(g(/ an/ 'rov(/ )o(is).

!riina La n)i-ra) an/!orr') Prac)ic(s #(c)ion 3 >? o R('ic c) No. 3019, hich'nish(/ an4 'ic oEc(r or<I/Jir(c)4 or in/ir(c)4 r(;(s)ingor r(c(iving an4 gi), 'r(s(n),shar(, '(rc(n)ag(, or (n(:), orhis( or or an4 o)h(r '(rson, inconn(c)ion i)h an4 con)rac) or

)ransac)ion ()((n )h(ov(rn(n) an/ an4 o)h(r 'ar)4,h(r(in )h( 'ic oEc(r in hisoEcia ca'aci)4 has )o in)(rv(n(n/(r )h( a.="n i)s ;(s)ion(/r(so)ion /isissing !riina !as(No. #-08-!RM-0265, )h(#an/igana4an r(i(/ on )h( ringin #oriano, r. v. #an/igana4an,131 #!R 18 >198?, in hich )h('rinci'a iss( as h()h(r or no))h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion o a

criina co'ain) con/c)(/ 4'()i)ion(r #oriano, r., )h(n a Fisca,as a <con)rac) or )ransac)ion= as)o ring )h( co'ain) i)hin )h(ai) o #(c)ion 3 >? o R('icc) No. 3019, hich 'nish(/ an4'ic oEc(r or <I/Jir(c)4 orin/ir(c)4 r(;(s)ing or r(c(ivingan4 gi), 'r(s(n), shar(,'(rc(n)ag(, or (n(:), or his( or or an4 o)h(r '(rson, inconn(c)ion i)h an4 con)rac) or

)ransac)ion ()((n )h(ov(rn(n) an/ an4 o)h(r 'ar)4,h(r(in )h( 'ic oEc(r in hisoEcia ca'aci)4 has )o in)(rv(n(n/(r )h( a.= %h( #oriano, r.!or) r(/ in )h( n(ga)iv(, an/'rononc(/ ") is ovios )ha) )h(inv(s)iga)ion con/c)(/ 4 )h(

'()i)ion(r as no) a con)rac).N(i)h(r as i) a )ransac)ion(cas( )his )(r s) (cons)r(/ as anaogos )o )h( )(rhich 'r(c(/(s i). )ransac)ion,iD( a con)rac), is on( hich

invov(s so( consi/(ra)ion as incr(/i) )ransac)ions an/ )his(((n) >consi/(ra)ion? is as(n)in )h( inv(s)iga)ion con/c)(/ 4)h( '()i)ion(r. "n )h( igh) o )h(or(going, ( agr(( i)h )h('()i)ion(r )ha) i) as (rror or )h(#an/igana4an )o hav( convic)(/hi o vioa)ing #(c. 3 >? o R..No. 3019.

!ons)i))iona La Righ) )o #'((/4&is'osi)ion o !as(s %h(cons)i))iona righ) )o a s'((/4/is'osi)ion o cas(s is no) ii)(/ )o)h( accs(/ in criina'roc((/ings ) ()(n/s )o a'ar)i(s in a cas(s, inc/ing civian/ a/inis)ra)iv( cas(s, an/ in a'roc((/-

362

ings, inc/ing B/icia an/ ;asi- B/icia h(arings.%h( righ) )o )h(s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o cas(s is(nshrin(/ in r)ic( """ o )h(!ons)i))ion, hich /(car(s#(c)ion 16. '(rsons sha hav()h( righ) )o a s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o )h(ir cas(s (or( a B/icia,;asi-B/icia, or a/inis)ra)iv(o/i(s. %h( cons)i))iona righ) )o as'((/4 /is'osi)ion o cas(s is no)ii)(/ )o )h( accs(/ in criina

'roc((/ings ) ()(n/s )o a'ar)i(s in a cas(s, inc/ing civian/ a/inis)ra)iv( cas(s, an/ in a'roc((/ings, inc/ing B/icia an/;asi-B/icia h(arings. hi( )h(conc(') o s'((/4 /is'osi)ion isr(a)iv( or (i(, sch )ha) a(r( a)h(a)ica r(cDoning o )h( )i( invov(/ is no) sEci(n),)h( righ) )o )h( s'((/4 /is'osi)iono a cas(, iD( )h( righ) )o s'((/4)ria, is /(((/ vioa)(/ h(n )h(

'roc((/ings ar( a))(n/(/ 4v(a)ios, ca'ricios, an/o''r(ssiv( /(a4s or h(nnBs)i:(/ 'os)'on((n)s o )h()ria ar( asD(/ or an/ s(cr(/ orh(n i)ho) cas( or Bs)i:a(o)iv( a ong '(rio/ o )i( is



ao(/ )o (a's( i)ho) )h( 'ar)4having his cas( )ri(/.

#a( #a( %h( $Ec( o )h($/san ha/ )aD(n annsa4 ong '(rio/ o )i( Bs))o inv(s)iga)( )h( criinaco'ain) an/ )o /()(rin(h()h(r )o criina4 charg( )h(r(s'on/(n)s in )h( #an/igana4an.#ch ong /(a4 as inor/ina)( an/o''r(ssiv(, an/ cons)i))(/ n/(r)h( '(ciar circs)anc(s o )h(cas( an o)righ) vioa)ion o )h(r(s'on/(n)sA righ) n/(r )h(!ons)i))ion )o )h( s'((/4/is'osi)ion o )h(ir cas(s.") isc(ar ro )h( or(going )ha) )h($Ec( o )h( $/san ha/)aD(n an nsa4 ong '(rio/ o )i( Bs) )o inv(s)iga)( )h( criinaco'ain) an/ )o /()(rin(h()h(r )o criina4 charg( )h(r(s'on/(n)s in )h( #an/igana4an.#ch ong /(a4 as inor/ina)( an/o''r(ssiv(, an/ cons)i))(/ n/(r)h( '(ciar circs)anc(s o )h(cas( an o)righ) vioa)ion o )h(r(s'on/(n)sA righ) n/(r )h(!ons)i))ion )o )h( s'((/4/is'osi)ion o )h(ir cas(s. ", in

%a)a/ v. #an/igana4an, 159 #!R70 >1988?, )h( !or) r(/ )ha) a/(a4 o aos) )hr(( 4(ars in )h(con/c) o )h( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion cons)i))(/ a vioa)iono )h( cons)i))iona righ)s o )h(accs(/ )o /( 'roc(ss an/ )o )h(s'((/4 /is'osi)ion o his cas(,)aDing in)o accon) )h( ooing,na(4 >a? )h( co'ain) ha/ ((nr(srr(c)(/ on4 a)(r )h( accs(/ha/ a aing o) i)h or(rPr(si/(n) Marcos, in/ica)ing )ha)'oi)ica o)iva)ions ha/ 'a4(/ avi)a ro( in ac)iva)ing an/'ro'(ing )h( 'ros(c)oria'roc(ss >? )h( %ano/a4an ha/a)an)4 /('ar)(/ ro )h((s)aish(/ 'roc(/r( 'r(scri(/4 a or

363

)h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion an/ >c? )h( si'(ac)a an/ (ga iss(s invov(//i/ no) Bs)i4 )h( /(a4, )h(r( is agr(a)(r r(ason or s )o ho/ so in)h( r(s'on/(n)sA cas(.

#a( #a( %h( garan)(( o s'((/4 /is'osi)ion n/(r #(c)ion16 o r)ic( """ o )h( !ons)i))iona''i(s )o a cas(s '(n/ing (or(a B/icia, ;asi-B/icia ora/inis)ra)iv( o/i(s.%h(

garan)(( o s'((/4 /is'osi)ionn/(r #(c)ion 16 o r)ic( """ o )h(!ons)i))ion a''i(s )o a cas(s'(n/ing (or( a B/icia, ;asi--

B/icia or a/inis)ra)iv( o/i(s. %h( garan)(( o/ ( /((a)(/

or r(n/(r(/ in)i( i )h( hair-s'i))ing /is)inc)ion 4 )h( #)a)( isacc(')(/. h()h(r or no) )h( ac)-:n/ing inv(s)iga)ion as s('ara)(ro )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ioncon/c)(/ 4 )h( $Ec( o )h(

$/san sho/ no) a))(r or'r'os(s o /()(rining i )h(r(s'on/(n)sA righ) )o )h( s'((/4/is'osi)ion o)h(ir cas(s ha/ ((nvioa)(/.

#a( #a( %h(r( as r(a4 nosEci(n) Bs)i:ca)ion )(n/(r(/ 4)h( #)a)( or )h( ong /(a4 o or()han :v( 4(ars in ringing )h(charg(s agains) )h( r(s'on/(n)s(or( )h( 'ro'(r cor).%h(r(as r(a4 no sEci(n) Bs)i:ca)ion)(n/(r(/ 4 )h( #)a)( or )h( ong/(a4 o or( )han :v( 4(ars inringing )h( charg(s agains) )h(r(s'on/(n)s (or( )h( 'ro'(rcor). $n )h( charg( o ro(r4n/(r r)ic( 293 in r(a)ion )or)ic( 29 o )h( R(vis(/ P(na!o/(, )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)iono/ no) r(;ir( or( )han :v(4(ars )o asc(r)ain )h( r((van)ac)a an/ (ga a))(rs. %h(asic (((n)s o )h( oS(ns(, )ha)is, )h( in)ii/a)ion or 'r(ssr(a(g(/4 ((r)(/ on !ong.

i(n(C, )h( ann(r 4 hich )h(on(4 ()or)(/ ha/ ((n/(iv(r(/, an/ )h( r(s'on/(n)s ha/((n i/(n)i:(/ as )h( '(r'()ra)ors,ha/ ((n a/(;a)(4 ar(/ (or()h( $Ec( o )h( $/san. %h(o)(n)ion o )h( anD /oc(n)sas no) in/is'(nsa( )o (s)aish

'roa( cas( )o charg( )h(i)h )h( oS(ns(. IP(o'( o )h(Phii''in(s vs. on.#an/igana4an, 712 #!R359>2013?J

.R. No. 176389. anar4 18,2011.*



N%$N"$ L+N$, '()i)ion(r, vs.P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,r(s'on/(n).

.R. No. 17686. anar4 18,2011.*

P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,a''(((, vs. +R% +FFR+ P.+, N%$N"$ L+N$, M"!+L. %!L"N, $#P"!"$F+RNN&+Q, M"+L R$&R"+Q,P+%+R +#%R& an/ +RR&$"$N, a''(an)s.

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* +N N!.

761

H$L. 639, NR 18, 2011

761

L(Bano vs. P(o'(

!ons)i))iona La !riinaProc(/r( &o( (o'ar/4 %or(consi/(r a B/g(n) o ac;i))a'ac(s )h( accs(/ )ic( in

B(o'ar/4 o (ing 'nish(/ or )h(cri( o hich h( has ar(a/4 ((nasov(/.%o r(consi/(r a

B/g(n) o ac;i))a 'ac(s )h(accs(/ )ic( in B(o'ar/4 o (ing'nish(/ or )h( cri( o hich h(has ar(a/4 ((n asov(/. %h(r(is r(ason or )his 'rovision o )h(!ons)i))ion. "n criina cas(s, )h( 'o(r o )h( #)a)( is rang(/agains) )h( accs(/. " )h(r( is noii) )o a))(')s )o 'ros(c)( )h(accs(/ or )h( sa( oS(ns( a)(rh( has ((n ac;i))(/, )h( in:ni)('o(r an/ ca'aci)4 o )h( #)a)( ora ss)ain(/ an/ r('(a)(/ i)iga)iono/ (v(n)a4 ov(rh( )h(accs(/ in )(rs o r(sorc(s,s)aina, an/ )h( i )o :gh).

#a( #a( #a( o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion a)(r an ac;i))a is'ossi( ) )h( gron/s ar((c(')iona an/ narro. o)ionor r(consi/(ra)ion a)(r an

ac;i))a is 'ossi(. ) )h(gron/s ar( (c(')iona an/narro as h(n )h( cor) )ha)asov(/ )h( accs(/ grav(4as(/ i)s /iscr()ion, r(s)ing inoss o Bris/ic)ion, or h(n a

is)ria has occrr(/. "n an4 o sch cas(s, )h( #)a)( a4 assai)h( /(cision 4 s'(cia civi ac)iono c(r)iorari n/(r R( 65. IL(Banovs. P(o'(, 639 #!R 760>2011?J

No. L-72670. #(')((r 12, 1986.*

#%RN"N LMN, R+NL&$LMN an/ $#+ P. +NQ$N,MR !$N!+P!"$N %"#%,

$K"N . +RN# #.., M.+LLRM"N+ +RN#, $.#..,FRN!"#!$ ". !H+Q, #$L"%!$LL#-M$N#$&, #N%"$&ML$, R., MR" F+R",MR!+L$ . F+RNN, FRN!"#!$R!"%$R+N,** N&R+$NQL+Q, $#+ !. LR+%,#LH&$R P. L$P+Q, F+L"X Y.MRM, R., !+!"L" MZ$QPLM, "M+ H. $NP"N, F+L"XP+R+Q, $#+ .L. R++#, $#+ +.R$M+R$, R., RM$N &+LR$#R"$, R., R"!R&$ . R$ML$,#%$ #N!+Q, +MMN+L H.#$R"N$, &H"& #!"P, +NR"K+#K", !R"#%"N %N, +##HR#, +RNR&$ M. H"LL+#,H"!+N%+ M+,***, '()i)ion(rs, vs.#N&"NN, F"R#% &"H"#"$N>r('r(s(n)(/ 4 s)ic( Man(Paaran, !hairan, an/ s)ic(sgs)o or(s an/ i(nv(ni/oH(ra !rC, M((rs?, #%"!+

+RNR&$ F+RNN&+Q>$/san? an/ +N. F"N !.H+R, M. +N. PR$#P+R$ .$L"H#, R". +N. L%+R .!#%$&"$, !$L. R%R$ .!#%$&"$, !$L. H"!+N%+ . %"#,

R., !P%. F+L"P+ HL+R"$, !P%.LL++LN YH"N%, !P%. R$M+$M. %"#%, 2n/ L%. +##!#%R$, #%. PL$ MR%"N+Q,#%. RNLF$ &+ M+#, #%.

%$M# F+RNN&+Q, #%. !LR$

L%. #%. F"L$M+N$ M"RN&, #%.R$LN&$ !. &+ QMN, #%.+RN+#%$ M. M%+$, #%.R$&$LF$ M. &+#$L$N, #%.L+$NR&$ M$"!, #%. P+P"%$

%$R"$, #%. RMN&$ &+L !RQ,#%. PR$#P+R$ . $N, !"!R$+L"$ M$R+N$, !"! MR"$



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* +N N!.

** Francis archi)or(na i)h/r( asco-'()i)ion(r in vi( o hisa''oin)(n) an/ ass')ion o oEc( as Pr(si/ing s)ic( o )h(#an/igana4an on Ma4 5, 1986,'(r )h( R(so)ion o Ma4 15, 1986.

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

aan vs. #an/igana4an

$#"!$,****, r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina Proc(/r(#an/igana4an /g(n)s %h(!or) a''rov(s )h( R('or) o i)s 3-((r !oission )ha) or(rPr(si/(n) F(r/inan/ +. Marcoss)ag(-anag(/ )h( ;ino-aanr/(r cas(s (or( )h(#an/igana4an.%h( !or) a/o')san/ a''rov(s )h( R('or) an/ i)s:n/ings an/ ho/s on )h( asis)h(r(o an/ o )h( (vi/(nc(r(c(iv(/ an/ a''r(cia)(/ 4 )h(!oission an/ /4 s''or)(/ 4)h( ac)s o 'ic r(cor/ an/Dno(/g( s() or)h aov( an/h(r(ina)(r, )ha) )h( )h(n Pr(si/(n)>co/(-na(/ $4's? ha/ s)ag(-anag(/ in an/ ro Maaca[angPaac( <a scri')(/ an/'r(/()(rin(/ ann(r o han/ingan/ /is'osing o )h( ;ino-aan r/(r cas(= an/ )ha)<)h( 'ros(c)ion in )h( ;ino-aan cas( an/ )h( s)ic(s ho)ri(/ an/ /(ci/(/ )h( sa( ac)(/n/(r )h( co'sion o so('r(ssr( hich 'rov(/ )o ((4on/ )h(ir ca'aci)4 )o r(sis), an/hich no) on4 'r(v(n)(/ )h('ros(c)ion )o 4 v(n)ia)( i)s

'osi)ion an/ )o oS(r a )h((vi/(nc(s hich i) co/ hav(o)h(ris( 'r(s(n)(/, ) aso'r(/()(rin(/ )h( :na o)co( o )h( cas(= o )o)a aso)ion o )h()(n)4-si r(s'on/(n)s-accs(/ o

a criina an/ civi iaii)4.

#a( #a( #a(.%h( !or):n/s )ha) )h( !oissionAs R('or)>incor'ora)(/ h(r(in 4 r((r(nc(?an/ :n/ings an/ concsions ar(/4 ss)an)ia)(/ 4 )h( (vi/(nc(an/ ac)s o 'ic r(cor/.!o'os(/ o /is)ingish(/((rs o 'rov(n in)(gri)4 i)h acoin(/ )o)a o 11 4(ars o ('(ri(nc( in )h( 'rac)ic( o a>55 4(ars? an/ in )h( 'ros(c)oraan/ B/icia s(rvic(s >86 4(ars in)h( )ria an/ a''(a)( cor)s?,('(r)s a) si)ing )h( chaS ro )h(grain, )h( !oission 'ro'(r4a''rais(/ )h( (vi/(nc(s 'r(s(n)(/an/ /(nias a/( 4 'icr(s'on/(n)s, )hs .

#a( #a( #a( %h( (vi/(nc(a//c(/, (or( )h( Has;(C!oission shos Pr(si/(n)ia'r(ssr( '(rva/(/ )h(#an/igana4an 'roc((/ings.%h(!oission 'in'oin)(/ )h( crciaac)a iss( )hs <)h( or(signi:can) in;ir4 is on h()h(r)h( #an/igana4an an/ )h( $Ec(o )h( %ano/a4an ac)a4scc(/ )o sch 'r(ssr(, asa4 ( gag(/ 4 )h(irss(;(n) ac)a)ions in )h(ir

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

**** %h( o)ion or in)(rv(n)ion o 25 accs(/ g(n(ras an/ ii)ar4(n an/ on( civiian as gran)(/in )h( !or)As R(so)ion o Nov((r 2, 1985. P()i)ion(rs in)h(ir Mani(s)a)ion o Nov((r22, 1985 iD(is( i'(a/(/ )h(sai/ 26 accs(/ as 'riva)(

r(s'on/(n)s.

5

H$L. 1, #+P%+M+R 12, 1986



5


r(s'(c)iv( han/ing o )h( cas(.= ")/4 conc/(/ )ha) <)h( 'r(ssr(((r)(/ 4 Pr(si/(n) Marcos in )h(con(r(nc( h(/ on anar4 10,1985 '(rva/(/ )h( (n)ir('roc((/ings o )h( ;ino-aanIr/(rJ cas(s= as ani(s)(/ ins(v(ra s'(ci:c inci/(n)s an/ins)anc(s i) (n(ra)(/ in )h(R('or) n/(r )h( h(a/ing o <Mani(s)a)ions o Pr(ssr( an/Mani'a)ion.=

#a( #a( #a( #a(.%h(r(cor/ shos sSoca)ing4 )ha)ro (ginning )o (n/, )h( )h(nPr(si/(n) s(/, or or( 'r(cis(4,iss(/ )h( ov(rh(ingr(sorc(s o )h( gov(rn(n) an/his a)hori)arian 'o(rs )o corr')an/ aD( a ocD(r4 o )h( B/icia'roc(ss in )h( ;ino-aanr/(r cas(s. s gra'hica4/('ic)(/ in )h( R('or), s'ra, an/orn( o) 4 )h( ha''(nings >r(s

i'sa o;i)r?, sinc( )h( r(so)ion'r('ar(/ 4 his <!oor/ina)or,=Man( LaCaro, his Pr(si/(n)iassis)an) on L(ga Sairs, or )h(

%ano/a4anAs /isissa o )h(cas(s agains) a accs(/ asn'aa)a( >i) o/ son )h(/(ons)ra)ors acD )o )h( s)r(()s?an/ a) an4 ra)( as no) acc(')a()o )h( (rr(ra 'ros(c)ion 'an(,)h( nho4 sc(nario or ac;i))a o a 26 accs(/ a)(r )h( rigg(/ )ria

as or/(r(/ a) )h( Maaca[angcon(r(nc(, o/ acco'ish )h()o 'rinci'a oB(c)iv(s o sa)isac)ion o )h( 'ic caor or)h( ss'(c)(/ Di(rs )o ( charg(/in cor) an/ o giving )h( )hrogh)h(ir ac;i))a )h( (ga shi(/ o /o( B(o'ar/4. "n/((/, )h( s(cr()Maaca[ang con(r(nc( a) hich)h( a)hori)arian Pr(si/(n) ca(/)og()h(r )h( Pr(si/ing s)ic( o )h( #an/igana4an an/

%ano/a4an F(rnan/(C an/ )h((n)ir( 'ros(c)ion 'an( h(a/(/ 4&(')4 %ano/a4an (rr(ra an/)o/ )h( ho )o han/( an/ rig>oro-oro? )h( )ria an/ )h( cos(oni)oring o )h( (n)ir('roc((/ings )o assr( )h( 'r(-/()(rin(/ ignoinios :na

o)co( ar( i)ho) 'ara( an/'r(c(/(n) in or annas an/

Bris'r/(nc(. %o orro a 'hras(ro Nino4As 'ri 1, 1975 ())(ri)h/raing his '()i)ion or ha(ascor's, <%his is )h( (vi o on(-an

r( a) i)s v(r4 ors).= $r P(na!o/( '(naiC(s <an4 ((c)iv(oEc(r ho sha a//r(ss an4 or/(ror sgg(s)ion )o an4 B/iciaa)hori)4 i)h r(s'(c) )o an4 cas(or sin(ss coing i)hin )h((csiv( Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor)so Bs)ic(.= is os(ssion or <)h(o4s= ac;i))a (/ )o s(v(ra :rs)shich o/ o)h(ris( (in('ica(.

#a( #a( #a( ))(n/anc( on an. 10, 1985 4 o)h )h( %ano/a4an an/ )h( Pr(si/ing s)ic( o )h( #an/igana4an a) a

Maaca[ang con(r(nc( ca(/ 4an a)hori)arian Pr(si/(n) )o/iscss )h( ;ino-aan r/(rcas(s (v(n (or( )h( cas(s (r(:(/ in cor) cas) i(gai)4 )o )h((n)ir( )ria ro )h( v(r4

6

6

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&


(ginning.%h( ac) o )h( s(cr()

Maaca[ang con(r(nc( o anar410, 1985 a) hich )h( a)hori)arianPr(si/(n) /iscss(/ i)h )h(Pr(si/ing s)ic( o )h(#an/igana4an an/ )h( (n)ir('ros(c)ion 'an( )h( a))(r o )h(iin(n) :ing o )h( criinacharg(s agains) a )h( )(n)4-siaccs(/ >as a/i))(/ 4r(s'on/(n) s)ic( F(rnan/(C )ohav( ((n con:r(/ 4 hi )o )h()h(n Pr(si/(n)As <!oor/ina)or=

Man( LaCaro on )h( 'r(c(/ing/a4? is no) /(ni(/. ") is i)ho)'r(c(/(n). %his as i(ga n/(ror '(na as, s'ra. %his i(gai)4vi)ia)(/ ro )h( v(r4 (ginning a'roc((/ings in )h(#an/iganaa4an cor) h(a/(/ 4)h( v(r4 Pr(si/ing s)ic( ho



a))(n/(/. s )h( !oissionno)(/ <%h( v(r4 ac)s o (ingson(/ )o Maaca[ang an/)h(ir r(a/4 ac;i(sc(nc( )h(r()on/(r )h( circs)anc(s )h(no)aining, ar( in )h(s(v(s

'r(ssr( /raa)iC(/ an/(('i:(/. H(ri4, i) can (sai/ )ha) an4 avoa o in/('(n/(n) ac)ion or r(sis)anc( )o'r(si/(n)ia 'r(ssr( (ca(isor4 ro )h( v(r4 o(n) )h(4s)(''(/ insi/( Maaca[ang Paac(on anar4 10, 1985.=

#a( #a( #a( &( Proc(ssNo cor) hos( Pr(si/ing s)ic(r(c(iv(/ <or/(rs or sgg(s)ions=ro a Pr(si/(n) hos( /(cr((a/( i) 'ossi( )o r((r a cas( )ohis cor) can ( on i'ar)ia cor).No cor) hos( Pr(si/ing s)ic(has r(c(iv(/ <or/(rs orsgg(s)ions= ro )h( v(r4Pr(si/(n) ho 4 an a(n/a)or4/(cr(( >/iscos(/ on4 a) )h(h(aring o ora arg(n)s onNov((r 8, 198 on a '()i)ioncha(nging )h( r((rra o )h(;ino-aan r/(r cas(s )o)h( %ano/a4an an/#an/igana4an ins)(a/ o )o acor) ar)ia, as an/a)ori4r(;ir(/ 4 )h( Dnon P.&. 1850 a))h( )i( 'rovi/ing or (csiv(

Bris/ic)ion o cor)s ar)ia ov(rcriina oS(ns(s coi))(/ 4ii)ar4 (n? a/( i) 'ossi( )or((r )h( cas(s )o )h(#an/igana4an, can ( ani'ar)ia cor), hich is )h( v(r4(ss(nc( o /( 'roc(ss o a. s)h( ri)(r )h(n ro)(, <Bris/ic)ionov(r cas(s sho/ ( /()(rin(/4 a, an/ no) 4 'r(s((c)ion o )h( +(c)iv(, hich co/ (ch )oo (asi4 )ransor(/ in)o a(ans o 'r(/()(rining )h(o)co( o in/ivi/a cas(s.= %hiscriina cosion as )o )h(han/ing an/ )r(a)(n) o )h(cas(s 4 'ic r(s'on/(n)s a) )h(s(cr() Maaca[ang con(r(nc( >an/

r(v(a(/ on4 a)(r :)((n on)hs4 s)ic( Man( (rr(ra?co'()(4 /is;ai:(/ r(s'on/(n)#an/igana4an an/ voi/(/ aini)io i)s v(r/ic). %his r(n/(rs oo)an/ irr((van) or no )h(()(nsiv( arg(n)s o r(s'on/(n)s accs(/, 'ar)icar4

(n(ras H(r an/ $ivas an/ )hos(ca)(goriC(/ as acc(ssori(s, )ha))h(r( has ((n no (vi/(nc( ori)n(ss s''r(ss(/ agains) )h(,)ha) )h( (rron(os concsions o $ivas as 'oic( inv(s)iga)or /o no)

aD( hi an ac-

7

H$L. 1, #+P%+M+R 12, 1986

7


c(ssor4 o )h( cri(s h(inv(s)iga)(/ an/ )h( a''raisa an/(vaa)ion o )h( )(s)ioni(s o )h(i)n(ss(s 'r(s(n)(/ an/s''r(ss(/. %h(r( i ( )i( an/o''or)ni)4 )o 'r(s(n) a )h(s(arg(n)s an/ consi/(ra)ions a))h( r(an/ an/ r()ria o )h( cas(sh(r(in or/(r(/ (or( a n()ra an/i'ar)ia cor).

#a( #a( #a( !ons)i))ionaLa &o( (o'ar/4 /o(s no)a))ach h(r( a criina )ria as asha.Mor( so /o(s )h( r(agains) )h( invoDing o /o(

B(o'ar/4 ho/ in )h( cas(s a) arh(r( as ( hav( h(/, )h( sha)ria as ) a ocD )ria h(r( )h(a)hori)arian 'r(si/(n) or/(r(/r(s'on/(n)s #an/igana4an an/

%ano/a4an )o rig )h( )ria an/cos(4 oni)or(/ )h( (n)ir(

'roc((/ings )o assr( )h('r(/()(rin(/ :na o)co( o ac;i))a an/ )o)a aso)ion asinnoc(n) o a )h( r(s'on/(n)s-accs(/. No)i)hs)an/ing )h(a/a( (Sor)s o s)ic( (rr(rahich sa hi n(ar )h( (n/</(ac)iva)ing= his( ro )h(cas(, as i) as his (i( )ha) i)s(v(n)a r(so)ion as ar(a/4 aor(gon( concsion, )h(4 co/ no)co'( i)h )h( iss( an/ as( o

)h( ov(rh(ing 'o(rs o )h(a)hori)arian Pr(si/(n) )o (aD(n)h( cas( o )h( 'ros(c)ion, )os''r(ss i)As (vi/(nc(, harass,in)ii/a)( an/ )hr(a)(n i)si)n(ss(s, s(cr( )h(ir r(can)a)ionor 'r(v(n) )h( ro )(s)i4ing.F4 aar( o )h( 'ros(c)ionAs



/iEc)i(s in oca)ing i)n(ss(san/ ov(rcoing )h(ir na)ra (aran/ r(c)anc( )o a''(ar an/)(s)i4, r(s'on/(n) #an/igana4anain)ain(/ a </iCC4ing )('o= o )h( 'roc((/ings an/ annonc(/ i)s

in)(n)ion )o )(rina)( )h('roc((/ings in ao) 6 on)hs)i( or (ss )han a 4(ar, 'rsan))o )h( scri')(/ sc(nario. %h('ros(c)ion co'ain(/ o <)h(Pr(si/ing s)ic(As s((ing4hos)i( a))i)/( )oar/s >i)?= an/)h(ir (ing )h( sB(c) o arnings,r('rian/ an/ con)(')'roc((/ings as co'ar(/ )o )h( nisi)a)ion or )h( /((ns(. (rr(raiD(is( co'ain(/ o (ing

<caBo(/ in)o 'ro/cing i)n(ss(san/ 'r(ss(/ on aDing assranc(s)ha) i giv(n a c(r)ain '(rio/, )h(4i ( a( )o 'ro/c( )h(iri)n(ss(s.= (rr(ra '(a/(/ or <ar(asona( '(rio/ o 'r('ara)ion o i)s (vi/(nc(= an/ ci)(/ o)h(r'(n/ing cas(s (or( r(s'on/(n)cor) )ha) (r( '(n/ing )ria or ach ong(r )i( h(r( )h(</iCC4ing )('o= an/ <as) 'ac(=(r( no) ain)ain(/ 4 )h( cor)Mani(s)4, )h( 'ros(c)ion an/ )h(sov(r(ign '(o'( (r( /(ni(/ /('roc(ss o a i)h a 'ar)ia cor)an/ ias(/ %ano/a4an n/(r )h(cons)an) an/ '(rvasiv( oni)oringan/ 'r(ssr( ((r)(/ 4 )h(a)hori)arian Pr(si/(n) )o assr()h( carr4ing o) o his ins)rc)ions. /ic)a)(/, co(rc(/ an/ scri')(/v(r/ic) o ac;i))a sch as )ha) in)h( cas( a) ar is a voi/ B/g(n)."n (ga con)('a)ion, i) is no

B/g(n) a) a. ") n(i)h(r in/s norars an4on(. #ch a B/g(n) is <aa(ss

8

8

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#

NN$%%+&


)hing hich can ( )r(a)(/ as ano)a.= ") is a )(rri( an/ns'(aDa( aSron) )o )h( soci()4an/ )h( '(o'(.

#a( #a( #a( #a("nBnc)ion %h( #an/igana4ansho/ no) hav( r(n/(r(/ a/(cision on )h( cas( hi( )h(r(as a '(n/ing o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion in )h( #'r((

!or) or inhii)ion a)hogh )h(r(as no ong(r a r(s)raining or/(ragains) )ha) cor)."n )his cas(,'()i)ion(rsA o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion o )h( ar')/isissa o )h(ir '()i)ion an/i)ing o )h( )('orar4 r(s)rainingor/(r (nBoining )h( #an/igana4anro r(n/(ring i)s /(cision ha/((n )aD(n cogniCanc( o 4 )h(!or) hich ha/ r(;ir(/ )h(r(s'on/(n)s,A inc/ing )h(

#an/igana4anAs, co(n)s.)hogh no r(s)raining or/(r asiss(/ an(, r(s'on/(n)#an/igana4an sho/ no) hav('r(ci'i)a)(4 iss(/ i)s /(cision o )o)a aso)ion o a )h( accs(/'(n/ing )h( :na ac)ion o )his!or). %his is )h( )(aching o Ha/(C vs. ;iiCan, h(r(in )h(!or) in s())ing asi/( )h( has)4convic)ions, r(/ )ha) <'r/(nc(/ic)a)(/ )ha) >r(s'on/(n) B/g(?r(rain ro /(ci/ing )h( cas(s ora) )h( v(r4 (as) )o ho/ ina(4anc( )h( 'roga)ion o his/(cision '(n/ing ac)ion 4 )his!or). ) 'r/(nc( gav( a4 )oi'r/(nc( )h( r(s'on/(n) B/g(ac)(/ 'r(ci'i)a)(4 4 /(ci/ing )h(cas(s Ihas)i4 i)ho) aai)ing )his!or)As ac)ionJ. o )h( ac)s o )h( r(s'on/(n) B/g( ani(s)grav( as( o /iscr()ion on his'ar) aon)ing )o acD o

Bris/ic)ion hich ss)an)iv(4'r(B/ic(/ )h( '()i)ion(r.=

!or)s /g(n)s %h( o(rcor)s /ra )h(ir h(arings ro )h(#'r(( !or).No )ha) )h( igh)is ((rging, )h( #'r(( !or)ac(s )h( )asD o r(s)oring 'icai)h an/ con:/(nc( in )h( cor)s.

%h( #'r(( !or) (nBo4s n(i)h(r)h( 'o(r o )h( sor/ nor o )h(

'rs(. ")s s)r(ng)h i(s ain4 in'ic con:/(nc(, as(/ on )h()r)h an/ ora orc( o i)s

B/g(n)s. %his has ((n i) oni)s ch(rish(/ )ra/i)ions o oB(c)ivi)4 an/ i'ar)iai)4,in)(gri)4 an/ airn(ss an/ns(rving o4a)4 )o )h(



!ons)i))ion an/ )h( r( o ahich co'(s acc(')anc( as (4 )h( (a/(rshi' as 4 )h( '(o'(.

%h( o(r cor)s /ra )h(ir(arings ro )h( #'r(( !or).i)h )his !or)As B/g(n) )o/a4

/(caring )h( ni)4 o )h(;(s)ion(/ B/g(n) o ac;i))aan/ /ir(c)ing a n( )ria, )h(r(s) ( a r(B(c)ion o )h()(')a)ion o (coingins)r(n)s o inBs)ic( asvigoros4 as ( r(B(c)(/(coing i)s vic)is. %h( (n/ o on( or o inBs)ic( sho/ no)(co( si'4 )h( (ginning o ano)h(r. %his si'4 (ans )ha))h( r(s'on/(n)s-accs(/ s) no

ac( )ria or )h( cri(s charg(/agains) )h( (or( an i'ar)iacor) i)h an nias(/ 'ros(c)ori)h a /( 'roc(ss. ha) )h( 'as)r(gi( ha/

9

H$L. 1, #+P%+M+R 12, 1986

9


/(ni(/ )h( '(o'( an/ )h(aggri(v(/ 'ar)i(s in )h( sha )rias) no ( assr(/ as ch )o)h( accs(/ as )o )h( aggri(v(/'ar)i(s. %h( '(o'( i assr(/4hav( a a4 o Dnoing h(n

Bs)ic( has 'r(vai(/ as ( as

h(n i) has ai(/.

#a( Pic $Ec(rs /g(sLo4a)4 o )hos( in )h( 'ics(rvic( s) ( )o )h( !ons)i))ionan/ )h( '(o'(.%h( no)ionnr)r(/ n/(r )h( 'as) r(gi()ha) )hos( a''oin)(/ )o 'icoEc( o( )h(ir 'riar4 a(gianc()o )h( a''oin)ing a)hori)4 an/ ar(accon)a( )o hi aon( an/ no))o )h( '(o'( or )h( !ons)i))ion

s) ( /iscar/(/. %h( nc)ion o )h( a''oin)ing a)hori)4 i)h )h(an/a)( o )h( '(o'(, n/(r ors4s)( o gov(rn(n), is )o : )h('ic 'os)s. hi( )h( a''oin)((a4 acDno(/g( i)h gra)i)/()h( o''or)ni)4 )hs giv(n o r(n/(ring 'ic s(rvic(, )h(

a''oin)ing a)hori)4 (co(snc)s oEcio an/ )h( 'riar4o4a)4 o )h( a''oin)(/ s) (r(n/(r(/ )o )h( !ons)i))ion an/)h( sov(r(ign '(o'( in accor/anc(i)h his sacr(/ oa)h o oEc(. %o

'ara'hras( )h( a)( !hi( s)ic(+ar arr(n o )h( ni)(/ #)a)(s#'r(( !or), )h( s)ic(s an/

/g(s s) (v(r r(aiC( )ha) )h(4hav( no cons)i)(nc4, s(rv( noaBori)4 nor inori)4 ) s(rv(on4 )h( 'ic in)(r(s) as )h(4 s((i) in accor/anc( i)h )h(ir oa)h o oEc(, gi/(/ on4 4 )h(!ons)i))ion an/ )h(ir onconsci(nc( an/ honor. Iaan vs.#an/igana4an, 1 #!R

3>1986?J

.R. No. 185230. n( 1, 2011.*

$#+P !. !+R+Q$, '()i)ion(r, vs.P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#, L"+%

N+Q, PL$ N&, R., an/H"!+N%+ FL+N!",r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La !riina Proc(/r(

$nc( a cas( is :(/ i)h )h( cor),an4 /is'osi)ion o i) r(s)s on )h(son/ /iscr()ion o )h( cor) "nr(soving a o)ion )o /isiss acas( or )o i)h/ra an "nora)ion,)h( )ria cor) sho/ no) r(4 so(4an/ (r(4 on )h( :n/ings o )h('ic 'ros(c)or or )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic(.(-(n)r(nch(/ is )h(r( )ha) onc( a cas( is :(/ i)h)h( cor), an4 /is'osi)ion o i) r(s)son )h( son/ /iscr()ion o )h(

cor). "n )hs r(soving a o)ion )o/isiss a cas( or )o i)h/ra an"nora)ion, )h( )ria cor) sho/no) r(4 so(4 an/ (r(4 on )h(:n/ings o )h( 'ic 'ros(c)or or)h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(. ") is )h(cor)As on/(n /)4 )o ass(ssin/('(n/(n)4 )h( (ri)s o )h(o)ion, an/

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

** &(signa)(/ as a//i)iona((r in i( o ssocia)( s)ic(

os( !a)ra M(n/oCa, '(r ra\(/a)(/ Ma4 18, 2011.

* #+!$N& &"H"#"$N.



223

H$L. 650, N+ 1, 2011

223

!(r(Co vs. P(o'(

)his ass(ss(n) s) ( (o/i(/in a ri))(n or/(r /is'osing o )h(o)ion. hi( )h( r(co(n/a)iono )h( 'ros(c)or or )h( ring o )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( is'(rsasiv(, i) is no) in/ing oncor)s.

#a( #a( "n )his cas(, i) isovios )ha) in /isissing )h(criina cas(, )h( R(giona %ria!or) >R%!? B/g( ai(/ )o aD(his on /()(rina)ion o h()h(ror no) )h(r( as a 'ria aci( cas()o ho/ r(s'on/(n)s or )ria."n)his cas(, i) is ovios ro )h(March 17, 200 $r/(r o )h( R%!,/isissing )h( criina cas(, )ha))h( R%! B/g( ai(/ )o aD( his

on /()(rina)ion o h()h(r orno) )h(r( as a 'ria aci( cas( )oho/ r(s'on/(n)s or )ria. ( ai(/)o aD( an in/('(n/(n) (vaa)ionor ass(ss(n) o )h( (ri)s o )h(cas(. %h( R%! B/g( in/4 r(i(/on )h( ani(s)a)ion an/r(co(n/a)ion o )h( 'ros(c)orh(n h( sho/ hav( ((n or(circs'(c) an/ B/icios inr(soving )h( Mo)ion )o &isiss an/i)h/ra "nora)ion (s'(cia4 so

h(n )h( 'ros(c)ion a''(ar(/ )o( nc(r)ain, n/(ci/(/, an/irr(so)( on h()h(r )o in/ic)r(s'on/(n)s.

#a( #a( 4 r(4ing so(4 on)h( ani(s)a)ion o )h( 'ic'ros(c)or an/ )h( r(so)ion o )h( &('ar)(n) o s)ic( >&$?#(cr()ar4, )h( )ria cor) a/ica)(/i)s B/icia 'o(r an/ r(s(/ )o'(ror a 'osi)iv( /)4 (nBoin(/ 4

a.4 r(4ing so(4 on )h(ani(s)a)ion o )h( 'ic'ros(c)or an/ )h( r(so)ion o )h( &$ #(cr()ar4, )h( )ria cor)a/ica)(/ i)s B/icia 'o(r an/r(s(/ )o '(ror a 'osi)iv( /)4(nBoin(/ 4 a. %h( sai/ $r/(rs(r( )hs s)ain(/ i)h grav( as(

o /iscr()ion an/ vioa)(/ )h(co'ainan)As righ) )o /( 'roc(ss.

%h(4 (r( voi/, ha/ no (gas)an/ing, an/ 'ro/c(/ no (S(c)ha)so(v(r.

#a( #a( &o( (o'ar/4R(;isi)(s or &o( (o'ar/4 )o+is).&o( B(o'ar/4 (is)sh(n )h( ooing r(;isi)(s ar('r(s(n) >1? a :rs) B(o'ar/4a))ach(/ 'rior )o )h( s(con/ >2?)h( :rs) B(o'ar/4 has ((n vai/4)(rina)(/ an/ >3? a s(con/

B(o'ar/4 is or )h( sa( oS(ns( asin )h( :rs). :rs) B(o'ar/4a))ach(s on4 >a? a)(r a vai/in/ic)(n) >? (or( a co'()(n)cor) >c? a)(r arraign(n) >/?h(n a vai/ '(a has ((n(n)(r(/ an/ >(? h(n )h( accs(/has ((n ac;i))(/ or convic)(/, or)h( cas( /isiss(/ or o)h(ris()(rina)(/ i)ho) his ('r(sscons(n).

I!(r(Co vs. P(o'(, 650 #!R222>2011?J

.R. No. 1307. 4 1, 200.*R"!R&$ #. "N&"N, '()i)ion(r, vs.

%+ $N$RL+ #N&"NNan/ %+ P+$PL+ $F %+P"L"PP"N+#, r(s'on/(n)s.

#an/igana4an ris/ic)ion R('.c) No. 7975 as ( as R('. c)No. 829 ('r(ss4 s)a)(s )ha) )o/()(rin( )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h(#an/igana4an in cas(s invoving

vioa)ions o R('. c) No. 3019, )h(r(cDoning '(rio/ is )h( )i( o )h(coission o )h( oS(ns(.For'r'os(s o /()(rining hich o )h( )o as, R('. c) No. 7975 orR('. c) No. 829, a''i(s in )h('r(s(n) cas(, )h( r(cDoning '(rio/is )h( )i( o )h( coission o )h( oS(ns(. (n(ra4, )h(

Bris/ic)ion o a cor) )o )r4 acriina cas( is )o ( /()(rin(/4 )h( a in orc( a) )h( )i( o

)h( ins)i))ion o )h( ac)ion, no) a))h( )i( o )h( coission o )h(cri(. o(v(r, R('. c) No. 7975,as ( as R('. c) No. 829,cons)i))(s an (c(')ion )h(r()o asi) ('r(ss4 s)a)(s )ha) )o/()(rin( )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h(#an/igana4an in cas(s invoving



vioa)ions o R('. c) No. 3019, )h(r(cDoning '(rio/ is )h( )i( o )h(coission o )h( oS(ns(.

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

389

H$L. 3, L 1, 200

389

"n/ing vs. #an/igana4an

#a( #a( Hioa)ion o R('. c)No. 3019 coi))(/ 4 oEcias in)h( ((c)iv( ranch i)h # 27 orhigh(r an/ )h( oEcias s'(ci:ca4(n(ra)(/ in >a? )o >g? o #(c)ion a.>1? o P.&. No. 1606 asa(n/(/ 4 #(c)ion 2 o R('. c)No. 7975, r(gar/(ss o )h(ir saar4gra/(s, iD(is( a i)hin )h(

origina Bris/ic)ion o )h(#an/igana4an.%h( s'(ci:cincsion o )h( or(going oEciascons)i))(s an (c(')ion )o )h(g(n(ra ;ai:ca)ion r(a)ing )ooEcias o )h( ((c)iv( ranch as<occ'4ing )h( 'osi)ions o r(giona/ir(c)or an/ high(r, o)h(ris(cassi:(/ as gra/( 27 an/ high(r,o )h( !o'(nsa)ion an/ Posi)ion!assi:ca)ion c) o 1989.= "n o)h(ror/s, vioa)ion o R('. c) No.

3019 coi))(/ 4 oEcias in )h(((c)iv( ranch i)h # 27 orhigh(r, an/ )h( oEcias s'(ci:ca4(n(ra)(/ in >a? )o >g? o #(c)ion a.>1? o P.&. No. 1606, asa(n/(/ 4 #(c)ion 2 o R('. c)No. 7975, r(gar/(ss o )h(ir saar4gra/(s, iD(is( a i)hin )h(origina Bris/ic)ion o )h(#an/igana4an.

#a( #a( +c(') or )hos(oEcias s'(ci:ca4 inc/(/ in#(c)ion >a?. >1? )o >g?, r(gar/(sso )h(ir saar4 gra/(s, ov(r ho)h( #an/igana4an has Bris/ic)ion,a o)h(r 'ic oEcias (o #27 sha ( n/(r )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h( 'ro'(r )ria cor)s <h(r( non(

o )h( 'rinci'a accs(/ ar(occ'4ing 'osi)ions corr(s'on/ing)o # 27 or high(r.= Fooing)his /is;isi)ion, )h( 'aragra'h o #(c)ion hich 'rovi/(s )ha) i )h(accs(/ is occ'4ing a 'osi)ion

o(r )han # 27, )h( 'ro'(r )riacor) has Bris/ic)ion, can on4 ('ro'(r4 in)(r'r()(/ as a''4ing )o)hos( cas(s h(r( )h( 'rinci'aaccs(/ is occ'4ing a 'osi)iono(r )han # 27 an/ no) aong)hos( s'(ci:ca4 inc/(/ in )h((n(ra)ion in #(c)ion a. >1?>a?)o >g?. #)a)(/ o)h(ris(, (c(') or)hos( oEcias s'(ci:ca4 inc/(/in #(c)ion a. >1? >a? )o >g?,r(gar/(ss o )h(ir saar4 gra/(s,

ov(r ho )h( #an/igana4an has Bris/ic)ion, a o)h(r 'ic oEcias

(o # 27 sha ( n/(r )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h( 'ro'(r )ria

cor)s <h(r( non( o )h( 'rinci'aaccs(/ ar( occ'4ing 'osi)ionscorr(s'on/ing )o # 27 or high(r.=4 )his cons)rc)ion, )h( (n)ir(#(c)ion is giv(n (S(c). I"n/ing vs.#an/igana4an, 3 #!R388>200?J

.R. No. 180122. March 13,2009.*

F+L"!"#"M$ F. LQR%+, R.,'()i)ion(r, vs. #N&"NN>Firs) &ivision? an/ P+$PL+ $F %+P"L"PP"N+#, r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina Proc(/r( Mo)ions )oKash (-(s)aish(/ is )h( r()ha) h(n a o)ion )o ;ash in a

criina cas( is /(ni(/, )h( r((/4is no) a '()i)ion or c(r)iorari )or '()i)ion(rs )o go )o )ria i)ho)'r(B/ic( )o r(i)(ra)ing )h( s'(cia/((ns(s invoD(/ in )h(ir o)ion )o;ash, (c(') h(n )h( cor), in/(n4ing )h( o)ion ac)(/ i)ho)or in (c(ss o Bris/ic)ion or i)hgrav( as( o /iscr()ion, in hichcas( c(r)iorari or 'rohii)ion i(s.") sho/ ( s)r(ss(/ )ha) )h(/(nia o a o)ion )o ;ash is no)

corr(c)i( 4 c(r)iorari. (-(s)aish(/ is )h( r( )ha) h(n ao)ion )o ;ash in a criina cas(is /(ni(/, )h( r((/4 is no) a'()i)ion or c(r)iorari ) or'()i)ion(rs )o go )o )ria i)ho)'r(B/ic( )o r(i)(ra)ing )h( s'(cia/((ns(s invoD(/ in )h(ir o)ion )o



;ash. R((/ia (asr(s asr(gar/s in)(roc)or4 or/(rs, schas a o)ion )o ;ash, ar( ron(/'on an/ o)(n /isiss(/. %h((vi/(n) r(ason or )his r( is )oavoi/ )i'ici)4 o a''(as in a

sing( cor). %his g(n(ra r(,ho(v(r, is sB(c) )o c(r)ain(c(')ions. " )h( cor), in /(n4ing)h( o)ion )o /isiss or o)ion )o;ash ac)s i)ho) or in (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion or i)h grav( as( o /iscr()ion, )h(n c(r)iorari or'rohii)ion i(s. n/ in )h( cas( a)ar, )h( !or) /o(s no) :n/ )h(#an/igana4an )o hav( coi))(/grav( as( o /iscr()ion.

#a( Righ) )o ( "nor(/"nora)ion %h( )(s) as )osEci(nc4 o co'ain) orinora)ion is h()h(r )h( cri( is/(scri(/ in in)(igi( )(rs i)hsch 'ar)icari)4 as )o a''ris( )h(accs(/, i)h r(asona( c(r)ain)4,o )h( oS(ns( charg(/. %h( raison/A()r( o )h( r( is )o (na( )h(accs(/ )o si)a4 'r('ar( his/((ns()h( s( o /(riva)iv(s ors4non4s or a(ga)ions o asicac)s cons)i))ing )h( oS(ns(charg(/ is sEci(n).%h( ac)s oroissions co'ain(/ o s) (a(g(/ in sch or as is sEci(n))o (na( a '(rson o coonn/(rs)an/ing )o Dno ha)oS(ns( is in)(n/(/ )o ( charg(/an/ (na( )h( cor) )o Dno )h('ro'(r B/g(n). %h( "nora)ions) a(g( c(ar4 an/ accra)(4)h( (((n)s o )h(

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

32

32

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

LaCar)(, r. vs. #an/igana4an

cri( charg(/. ha) ac)s an/circs)anc(s ar( n(c(ssar4 )o (inc/(/ )h(r(in s) (/()(rin(/ 4 r((r(nc( )o )h(/(:ni)ion an/ (((n)s o )h(s'(ci:c cri(s. %h( )(s) is h()h(r

)h( cri( is /(scri(/ in in)(igi()(rs i)h sch 'ar)icari)4 as )oa''ris( )h( accs(/, i)hr(asona( c(r)ain)4, o )h( oS(ns(charg(/. %h( raison /A()r( o )h(r( is )o (na( )h( accs(/ )osi)a4 'r('ar( his /((ns(.no)h(r 'r'os( is )o (na(accs(/, i on/ gi)4, )o '(a/his convic)ion in a ss(;(n)'ros(c)ion or )h( sa( oS(ns(.

%h( s( o /(riva)iv(s or s4non4s

or a(ga)ions o asic ac)scons)i))ing )h( oS(ns( charg(/ issEci(n).

!riina La n)i-ra) an/!orr') Prac)ic(s c) >R('ic c)IR..J No. 3019? Hioa)ions o #(c.3>(? o R('ic c) >R..? No.3019 +((n)s.%h( (ss(n)ia(((n)s or vioa)ion o #(c)ion3>(? o R.. No. 3019 ar( as oos1. %h( accs(/ is a 'ic oEc(r or'riva)( '(rson charg(/ incons'irac4 i)h hi 2. #ai/ 'icoEc(r coi)s )h( 'rohii)(/ ac)s/ring )h( '(roranc( o hisoEcia /)i(s or in r(a)ion )o his'ic 'osi)ion 3. ( cas(s n/(inBr4 )o an4 'ar)4, h()h(r )h(gov(rn(n) or 'riva)( 'ar)4 .#ch n/( inBr4 is cas(/ 4giving narran)(/ (n(:)s,a/van)ag( or 'r((r(nc( )o sch'ar)i(s an/ 5. %h( 'ic oEc(rhas ac)(/ i)h ani(s) 'ar)iai)4,(vi/(n) a/ ai)h or grossin(csa( n(gig(nc(.

#a( #a( !ons'irac4 n/(rPhii''in( La, cons'irac4 sho/( n/(rs)oo/ on )o (v(scons'irac4 can ( a o/( o coi))ing a cri( or i) a4 (cons)i))iv( o )h( cri( i)s((n(ra4, cons'irac4 is no) a cri(

in or Bris/ic)ioni) is 'nish(/ asa cri( on4 h(n )h( a :(s a'(na)4 or i)s coission sch asin cons'irac4 )o coi) )r(ason,r((ion an/ s(/i)ion h(ncons'irac4 is charg(/ as a cri(,)h( ac) o cons'iring an/ a )h((((n)s o sai/ cri( s) ( s()



or)h in )h( co'ain) orinora)ion, ) h(n cons'irac4 isno) charg(/ as a cri( in i)s( )on4 as )h( o/( o coi))ing )h(cri(, )h(r( is (ss n(c(ssi)4 o r(ci)ing i)s 'ar)icari)i(s in )h(

"nora)ion (cas( cons'irac4 isno) )h( grava(n o )h( oS(ns(charg(/.$n )h( con)(n)ion )ha))h( "nora)ion /i/ no) /()ai )h(in/ivi/a 'ar)ici'a)ion o )h(accs(/ in )h( a(ga)ion o cons'irac4 in )h( "nora)ion, )h(!or) n/(rscor(s )h( ac) )ha)n/(r Phii''in( a, cons'irac4sho/ ( n/(rs)oo/ on )o(v(s. !ons'irac4 can ( a o/(o coi))ing a cri( or i) a4 (

cons)i))iv( o )h( cri( i)s(.(n(ra4, cons'irac4 is no) a cri(in or Bris/ic)ion. ") is 'nish(/ asa cri(

33

H$L. 581, MR! 13, 2009

33

LaCar)(, r. vs. #an/igana4an

on4 h(n )h( a :(s a '(na)4or i)s coission sch as incons'irac4 )o coi) )r(ason,r((ion an/ s(/i)ion. h(ncons'irac4 is charg(/ as a cri(,)h( ac) o cons'iring an/ a )h((((n)s o sai/ cri( s) ( s()or)h in )h( co'ain) or

inora)ion. ) h(n cons'irac4 isno) charg(/ as a cri( in i)s( )on4 as )h( o/( o coi))ing )h(cri( as in )h( cas( a) ar, )h(r( is(ss n(c(ssi)4 o r(ci)ing i)s'ar)icari)i(s in )h( "nora)ion(cas( cons'irac4 is no) )h(grava(n o )h( oS(ns( charg(/.

%h( cons'irac4 is signi:can) on4(cas( i) chang(s )h( criinaiaii)4 o a )h( accs(/ in )h(cons'irac4 an/ aD(s )h(

ans(ra( as co-'rinci'asr(gar/(ss o )h( /(gr(( o )h(ir'ar)ici'a)ion in )h( cri(. %h(iaii)4 o )h( cons'ira)ors isco(c)iv( an/ (ach 'ar)ici'an) i( (;a4 r(s'onsi( or )h( ac)so o)h(rs, or )h( ac) o on( is )h(ac) o a.

#an/igana4an ris/ic)ionov(rn(n)-$n(/ or !on)ro(/!or'ora)ions >$!!s? ") is o noo(n) )ha) an accs(/ /o(s no)occ'4 a 'osi)ion i)h #aar4ra/( 27 i h( as a /('ar)(n)

anag(r o )h( Na)iona osing)hori)4, a gov(rn(n)-on(/ orcon)ro(/ cor'ora)ion, a) )h( )i(o )h( coission o )h( oS(ns(,hich 'osi)ion as i)hin )h(ai) o )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h(#an/igana4an.%h( !or)ss)ains )h( #an/igana4anAs

Bris/ic)ion )o h(ar )h( cas(. scorr(c)4 'oin)(/ o) 4 )h(#an/igana4an, i) is o no o(n))ha) '()i)ion(r /o(s no) occ'4 a

'osi)ion i)h #aar4 ra/( 27 as h(as a /('ar)(n) anag(r o )h(N, a gov(rn(n)-on(/ orcon)ro(/ cor'ora)ion, a) )h( )i(o )h( coission o )h( oS(ns(,hich 'osi)ion as i)hin )h(ai) o i)s Bris/ic)ion. 'ro'os,)h( !or) h(/ in )h( cas( o (/s'an v. P(o'(, 51 #!R 187>2005?, hich invov(/ a r(gionaManag(rW&ir(c)or o R(gion H" o )h( Phii''in( (a)h "nsranc(!or'ora)ion >Phih(a)h? i)h saar4gra/( 26, )o i) ILaCar)(, r.vs. #an/igana4an, 581 #!R31>2009?J

.R. No. 158763. March 31, 2006.*

$#+ !. M"RN&, L+R%$ P.&LM!"$, an/ R$M+$ . $!$N,'()i)ion(rs, vs. H"R"L"$ M. %L"$,r(s'on/(n).

!riina La ais !s)o/4 o )h(a is r(;ir(/ (or( )h( cor) canac) 'on )h( a''ica)ion or ai,) is no) r(;ir(/ or )h(a/B/ica)ion o o)h(r r(i(s sogh)4 )h( /((n/an) h(r( )h( (r(a''ica)ion )h(r(or cons)i))(s aaiv(r o )h( /((ns( o acD o

Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h( '(rson o )h(accs(/.$r 'rononc((n) in#an)iago shos a /is)inc)ion

()((n cs)o/4 o )h( a an/ Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h( '(rson.!s)o/4 o )h( a is r(;ir(/(or( )h( cor)

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG



* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

378

378

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

Miran/a vs. %iao

can ac) 'on )h( a''ica)ion orai, ) is no) r(;ir(/ or )h(a/B/ica)ion o o)h(r r(i(s sogh)4 )h( /((n/an) h(r( )h( (r(

a''ica)ion )h(r(or cons)i))(s aaiv(r o )h( /((ns( o acD o Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h( '(rson o )h(

accs(/. !s)o/4 o )h( a isacco'ish(/ (i)h(r 4 arr(s) orvon)ar4 srr(n/(r, hi(

Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h( '(rson o )h(accs(/ is ac;ir(/ 'on his arr(s)or von)ar4 a''(aranc(. $n( can( n/(r )h( cs)o/4 o )h( a )no) 4() sB(c) )o )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor) ov(r his '(rson, sch as

h(n a '(rson arr(s)(/ 4 vir)( o a arran) :(s a o)ion (or(arraign(n) )o ;ash )h( arran).$n )h( o)h(r han/, on( can (sB(c) )o )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h(cor) ov(r his '(rson, an/ 4() no)( in )h( cs)o/4 o )h( a, schas h(n an accs(/ (sca'(scs)o/4 a)(r his )ria hasco(nc(/. (ing in )h( cs)o/4o )h( a signi:(s r(s)rain) on )h('(rson, ho is )h(r(4 /('riv(/ o

his on i an/ i(r)4, in/inghi )o (co( o(/i(n) )o )h( io )h( a. !s)o/4 o )h( a isi)(ra4 cs)o/4 ov(r )h( o/4 o )h( accs(/. ") inc/(s, ) is no)ii)(/ )o, /()(n)ion.

#a( #a( '(rson a''4ing ora/ission )o ai s) ( in )h(cs)o/4 o )h( a or o)h(ris(/('riv(/ o his i(r)4. '(rsonho has no) si))(/ his( )o

)h( Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor) has norigh) )o invoD( )h( 'roc(ss(s o )ha) cor).%h( s)a)((n) in Picov. /g( !oong, r., 215 #!R21 >1992?, ci)(/ 4 )h( !or) o ''(as sho/ no) hav( ((ns('ara)(/ ro )h( iss( in )ha)cas(, hich is )h( a''ica)ion or

a/ission )o ai o so(on( no)4() in )h( cs)o/4 o )h( a. %h((n)ir( 'aragra'h o or'rononc((n) in Pico r(a/s '(rson a''4ing or a/ission )oai s) ( in )h( cs)o/4 o )h(

a or o)h(ris( /('riv(/ o hisi(r)4. '(rson ho has no)si))(/ his( )o )h(

Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor) has no righ))o invoD( )h( 'roc(ss(s o )ha)cor). R(s'on/(n) /g( sho/hav( /iig(n)4 asc(r)ain(/ )h(h(r(ao)s o )h( a''ican) an/)ha) h( in/((/ ha/ Bris/ic)ion ov(r)h( o/4 o )h( accs(/ (or(consi/(ring )h( a''ica)ion or ai.hi( ( s)an/ 4 or aov(

'rononc((n) in Pico insoar as i)conc(rns ai, ( cari4 )ha), as ag(n(ra r(, on( ho s((Ds anaEra)iv( r(i( is /(((/ )o hav(si))(/ )o )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h(cor). s ( h(/ in )h( aor(ci)(/cas( o #an)iago, s((Ding anaEra)iv( r(i( in cor), h()h(rin civi or criina 'roc((/ings,cons)i))(s von)ar4 a''(aranc(.

#a( !or)s ris/ic)ions Fiing o '(a/ings s((Ding aEra)iv( r(i( cons)i))(s von)ar4 a''(aranc(an/ cons(;(n) sission o on(As '(rson )o )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor), +c('-

379

H$L. 86, MR! 31, 2006

379

Miran/a vs. %iao

)ions.%h(r( is, ho(v(r, an(c(')ion )o )h( r( )ha) :ing'(a/ings s((Ding aEra)iv( r(i( cons)i))(s von)ar4 a''(aranc(,an/ )h( cons(;(n) sission o on(As '(rson )o )h( Bris/ic)ion o )h( cor). %his is in )h( cas( o

'(a/ings hos( 'ra4(r is 'r(cis(4or )h( avoi/anc( o )h( Bris/ic)iono )h( cor), hich on4 (a/s )o as'(cia a''(aranc(. %h(s('(a/ings ar( >1? in civi cas(s,o)ions )o /isiss on )h( gron/o acD o Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h('(rson o )h( /((n/an), h()h(r



or no) o)h(r gron/s or /isissaar( inc/(/ >2? in criina cas(s,o)ions )o ;ash a co'ain) on)h( gron/ o acD o Bris/ic)ionov(r )h( '(rson o )h( accs(/an/ >3? o)ions )o ;ash a arran)

o arr(s). %h( :rs) )o ar(cons(;(nc(s o )h( ac) )ha)air( )o :( )h( o/ cons)i))(a aiv(r o )h( /((ns( o acD o

Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h( '(rson. %h()hir/ is a cons(;(nc( o )h( ac))ha) i) is )h( v(r4 (gai)4 o )h(cor) 'roc(ss orcing )h(sission o )h( '(rson o )h(accs(/ )ha) is )h( v(r4 iss( in ao)ion )o ;ash a arran) o arr(s).

!riina Proc(/r( arran)s o rr(s) +v(n i )h( '()i)ion orr(vi( o )h( r(so)ion o )h(assis)an) 'ros(c)or as :(/ i)h)h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( (or( )h(issanc( o )h( arran)s o arr(s),)h( ac) r(ains )ha) )h( '(n/(nc4o a '()i)ion or )h( r(vi( o )h('ros(c)orAs r(so)ion is no) agron/ )o ;ash )h( arran)s o arr(s).)(r /g( %aianiss(/ arran)s or )h( arr(s) o '()i)ion(rs, '()i)ion(r Miran/aa''(a(/ )h( assis)an) 'ros(c)orAsr(so)ion (or( )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic(. /g( ngha/, shor)4 a)(rassing oEc(, ;ash(/ )h(arran) o arr(s) on )h( asis o sai/ a''(a. ccor/ing )o /g(ngha/, < 'r/(nc( /ic)a)(s>)ha)? an/ (cas( o coi)4, a/((r(n) o )h( 'roc((/ings is) 'ro'(r.= Kasha on )his asisis grav( as( o /iscr()ion. ") isinconc(iva( )o charg( /g(

%aian as acDing in 'r/(nc(an/ oivios )o coi)4 h(n h(iss(/ )h( arran)s o arr(s)agains) '()i)ion(rs Bs) (cas( )h('()i)ion(rs igh), in )h( )r(,a''(a )h( assis)an) 'ros(c)orAsr(so)ion )o )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic(. ) (v(n i )h( '()i)ion orr(vi( as :(/ (or( )h(

issanc( o )h( arran)s o arr(s),)h( ac) r(ains )ha) )h( '(n/(nc4o a '()i)ion or )h( r(vi( o )h('ros(c)orAs r(so)ion is no) agron/ )o ;ash )h( arran)s o arr(s).

/icia +)hics /g(s s( o &iscr()ion R(cor/s an/ s''or)ing(vi/(nc( sho )ha) /g( ngha/grav(4 as(/ his /iscr()ion.)(r a car( scr)in4 o )h(r(cor/s o )h( cas(, inc/ing )h(

s''or)ing (vi/(nc( )o )h(r(so)ion o )h( 'ros(c)or in his

380

380

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

Miranda vs. Tuliao

/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(,( :n/ )ha) /g( ngha/ grav(4as(/ his /iscr()ion.

!riina Proc(/r( Proa(!as( Proa( cas( n((/ no) (as(/ on c(ar an/ convincing(vi/(nc( o gi), n(i)h(r on(vi/(nc( (s)aishing gi) (4on/

r(asona( /o) an/ /(:ni)(4,no) on (vi/(nc( (s)aishingaso)( c(r)ain)4 o gi).") isi'or)an) )o no)( )ha) an(has)iv( /(a)( on )h(cr(/iii)4 o a i)n(ss is no) i)hin)h( 'rovinc( o )h( /()(rina)iono 'roa( cas(. s ( h(/ in( :n/ing o 'roa( cas(n((/s on4 )o r(s) on (vi/(nc(shoing )ha) or( iD(4 )han no) acri( has ((n coi))(/ an/ as

coi))(/ 4 )h( ss'(c)s.Proa( cas( n((/ no) ( as(/on c(ar an/ convincing (vi/(nc(o gi), n(i)h(r on (vi/(nc((s)aishing gi) (4on/r(asona( /o) an/ /(:ni)(4,no) on (vi/(nc( (s)aishingaso)( c(r)ain)4 o gi). s (') in rin(gar v. ni)(/ #)a)(s,hi( 'roa( cas( /(an/sor( )han <ar( ss'icion,= i)r(;ir(s <(ss )han (vi/(nc( hich

o/ Bs)i4 convic)ion.= :n/ing o 'roa( cas( (r(4in/s ov(r )h( ss'(c) )o s)an/)ria. ") is no) a 'rononc((n) o gi). Proa( cas( (r(4i'i(s 'roaii)4 o gi) an/sho/ ( /()(rin(/ in asar4 ann(r. Pr(iinar4



inv(s)iga)ion is no) a 'ar) o )ria .

#a( /g(n)s /(cisionac;i))ing )h( accs(/ o a cri(canno) ( )h( asis o )h(/isissa o criina cas( agains)/iS(r(n) accs(/ or )h( sa(cri(. /(cision, (v(n o )his!or), ac;i))ing )h( accs(/)h(r(in o a cri( canno) ( )h(asis o )h( /isissa o criinacas( agains) /iS(r(n) accs(/ or)h( sa( cri(. %h( n/(r o

/g( ngha/ is (v(n or('rononc(/ 4 )h( ac) )ha) or/(cision in L(a[o as as(/ onr(asona( /o). ( n(v(r r(/in L(a[o )ha) )h( cri( /i/ no)ha''(n ( Bs) on/ )ha) )h(r(as r(asona( /o) as )o )h(gi) o )h( accs(/ )h(r(in, sinc()h( 'ros(c)ion in )ha) cas( r(i(/on circs)an)ia (vi/(nc(, hichin)(r(s)ing4 is no) (v(n )h(si)a)ion in )h( criina cas(s o )h( '()i)ion(rs in )h( cas( a) ar as)h(r( is h(r( an (4(i)n(ss Ro/(Ma/(ra. %h( accs(/ in L(a[or)h(ror( ha/ no o)iv( )o Dir(s'on/(n) %iaoAs son, h(r(as'()i)ion(rs h(r(in ha/ ((ni'ica)(/ in )h( )(s)ion4 o r(s'on/(n) %iao (or( )h(#(na)( ( Rion !oi))((.

#a( #a( %h( /(cara)ion o ni)4 o 'roc((/ings sho/ (/(((/ )o carr4 i)h i) )h(r(ins)a)((n) o )h( or/(rs s()asi/( 4

381

H$L. 86, MR! 31, 2006

381

Miran/a vs. %iao

)h( ni:(/ 'roc((/ings.h()h(r

)h( !or) o ''(as or/(r(/ )h(issanc( o n( arran)s o arr(s)or (r(4 or/(r(/ )h(r(ins)a)((n) o )h( arran)s o arr(s) iss(/ 4 /g( %aian is(r(4 a a))(r o scr'oss(an)ics, )h( sigh) inaccrac4h(r(o sho/ no) ( ao(/ )o

aS(c) )h( /is'osi)ions on )h( (r-i)s, (s'(cia4 in )his cas( h(r()h( o)h(r /is'osi)ions o )h( !or)o ''(as 'oin) )o )h( o)h(r/ir(c)ion. Firs)4, )h( !or) o ''(as ha/ r(ins)a)(/ )h( 25 n(

2001 $r/(r o /g( %aian,hich iss(/ )h( arran)s o arr(s).#(con/4, )h( !or) o ''(asiD(is( /(car(/ )h( 'roc((/ingscon/c)(/ 4 /g( ngha/ voi/.!(r)ain4, )h( /(cara)ion o ni)4o 'roc((/ings sho/ ( /(((/)o carr4 i)h i) )h( r(ins)a)((n) o )h( or/(rs s() asi/( 4 )h( ni:(/'roc((/ings. /g( ngha/As or/(r;ashing )h( arran)s o arr(s) ha/((n ni:(/ )h(r(or( )hos(

arran)s o arr(s) ar( h(nc(or)h/(((/ n;ash(/.

#a( !ons)i))iona La &o( (o'ar/4 &o( B(o'ar/4 canno)

( invoD(/ h(r( )h( accs(/ hasno) ((n arraign(/ an/ i) as 'onhis ('r(ss o)ion )ha) )h( cas(as /isiss(/.%h( r(ins)a)((n)o a criina cas( /isiss(/ (or(arraign(n) /o(s no) cons)i))(/o( B(o'ar/4. &o( B(o'ar/4canno) ( invoD(/ h(r( )h(accs(/ has no) ((n arraign(/an/ i) as 'on his ('r(ss o)ion)ha) )h( cas( as /isiss(/.IMiran/a vs. %iao, 86 #!R377>2006?J

.R. No. 13375. 4 6, 2001.*

R% &. %"#%, '()i)ion(r, vs.!$R% $F PP+L#, $FF"!+ $F

%+ R+"$NL #%%+PR$#+!%$R, R+"$N "H, an/##N L$N, r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La !or)s ''(as von)ar4 ari)ra)or, h()h(rac)ing so(4 or in a 'an(, (nBo4sin a )h( s)a)s o a ;asi-B/iciaag(nc4, h(nc( his /(cisions an/aar/s ar( a''(aa( )o )h( !or)o ''(as."n LCon &(v(o'(n)anD v. LCon &(v(o'(n) anD

+'o4((s, ( h(/ )ha) avon)ar4 ari)ra)or, h()h(rac)ing so(4 or in a 'an(, (nBo4sin a )h( s)a)s o a ;asi-B/iciaag(nc4, h(nc( his /(cisions an/aar/s ar( a''(aa( )o )h( !or)o ''(as. %his is so (cas( )h(aar/s o von)ar4 ari)ra)ors



(co( :na an/ ((c)or4 'on)h( a's( o )h( '(rio/ )o a''(aan/ sinc( )h(ir aar/s /()(rin()h( righ)s o 'ar)i(s, )h(ir /(cisionshav( )h( sa( (S(c) as B/g(n)so a cor). %h(r(or(, )h( 'ro'(r

r((/4 ro an aar/ o avon)ar4 ari)ra)or is a '()i)ion orr(vi( )o )h( !or) o ''(as,ooing R(vis(/ /inis)ra)iv(!ircar No. 1-95, hich 'rovi/(/or a nior 'roc(/r( ora''(a)( r(vi( o aa/B/ica)ions o ;asi-B/icia(n)i)i(s, hich is no (o/i(/ inR( 3 o )h( 1997 R(s o !iviProc(/r(.

#a( #a( #a( %h( $Ec( o )h( Pros(c)or is no) a ;asi-

B/icia o/4, n(c(ssari4, i)s/(cisions a''roving )h( :ing o acriina co'ain) ar( no)a''(aa( )o )h( !or) o ''(asn/(r R( 3.(nc(, )h( $Ec(o )h( Pros(c)or is no) a ;asi-

B/icia o/4 n(c(ssari4, i)s/(cisions a''roving )h( :ing o acriina co'ain) ar( no)a''(aa( )o )h( !or) o ''(asn/(r R( 3. #inc( )h( $R#P has)h( 'o(r )o r(sov( a''(as i)h:nai)4 on4 h(r( )h( '(na)4'r(scri(/ or )h( oS(ns( /o(s no)(c((/ 'rision corr(cciona,r(gar/(ss o )h( i'osa( :n(,)h( on4 r((/4 o '()i)ion(r, in)h( as(nc( o grav( as( o /iscr()ion, is )o 'r(s(n) h(r/((ns( in )h( )ria o )h( cas(.

!riina La oncing !h(cDsLa +((n)s o )h( oS(ns( n/(ra)as Paansa 22.%h((((n)s o )h( oS(ns( n/(r P22 ar( >a? )h( aDing, /raing an/issanc( o an4 ch(cD )o a''4 )oaccon) or or va( >? )h( aD(r,/ra(r or iss(r Dnos a) )h( )i(o iss( )ha) h( /o(s no) hav(sEci(n) n/s in or cr(/i) i)h )h(/ra(( anD or )h( 'a4(n) o sch ch(cD in 'on i)s

'r(s(n)(n) an/, >c? )h( ch(cD isss(;(n)4 /ishonor(/ 4 )h(/ra(( anD or insEci(nc4 o n/s or

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* #+!$N& &"H"#"$N.

619

H$L. 360, L 6, 2001

619

a)is)a vs. !or) o ''(as

cr(/i) or o/ hav( ((n/ishonor(/ or )h( sa( r(asonha/ no) )h( /ra(r, i)ho) an4vai/ r(ason, or/(r(/ )h( anD )os)o' 'a4(n).

#a( #a( #a( %h( nin()4>90?-/a4 '(rio/ is no) aong )h((((n)s in P 22.%h( nin()4>90?-/a4 '(rio/ is no) aong )h(s((((n)s. #(c)ion 2 o P 22 isc(ar )ha) a /ishonor(/ ch(cD'r(s(n)(/ i)hin )h( nin()4 >90?-/a4 '(rio/ cr(a)(s a 'ria aci('r(s')ion o Dno(/g( o insEci(nc4 o n/s, hich is an(ss(n)ia (((n) o )h( oS(ns(.

#inc( Dno(/g( invov(s a s)a)( o in/ /iEc) )o (s)aish, )h(s)a))( i)s( cr(a)(s a 'ria aci('r(s')ion o )h( (is)(nc( o )his (((n) ro )h( ac) o /raing, issing or aDing ach(cD, )h( 'a4(n) o hich asss(;(n)4 r(s(/ orinsEci(nc4 o n/s. %h( )(r'ria aci( (vi/(nc( /(no)(s(vi/(nc( hich, i n('ain(/ orncon)ra/ic)(/, is sEci(n) )o

ss)ain )h( 'ro'osi)ion i) s''or)sor )o (s)aish )h( ac)s, or )ocon)(raanc( )h( 'r(s')ion o innoc(nc( )o arran) a convic)ion.

#a( #a( #a( %h('r(s')ion in #(c. 2 is no) aconcsiv( 'r(s')ion )ha)or(cos(s or 'r(c/(s )h('r(s(n)a)ion o (vi/(nc( )o )h(con)rar4.%h( 'r(s')ion in #(c.2 is no) a concsiv( 'r(s')ion

)ha) or(cos(s or 'r(c/(s )h('r(s(n)a)ion o (vi/(nc( )o )h(con)rar4. N(i)h(r /o(s )h( )(r'ria aci( (vi/(nc( 'r(c/( )h('r(s(n)a)ion o o)h(r (vi/(nc( )ha)a4 sEci(n)4 'rov( )h((is)(nc( or Dno(/g( o insEci(nc4 o n/s or acD o



cr(/i). #r(4, )h( a is no) socircscri(/ as )o ii) 'roo o Dno(/g( (csiv(4 )o )h(/ishonor o )h( sB(c) ch(cD h(n'r(s(n)(/ i)hin )h( 'r(scri(/nin()4 >90? /a4 '(rio/.

#a( #a( #a( %h( on4cons(;(nc( o )h( air( )o'r(s(n) )h( ch(cD or 'a4(n)i)hin nin()4 >90? /a4s ro )h(/a)( s)a)(/ is )ha) )h(r( aris(s no'ria aci( 'r(s')ion o Dno(/g( o insEci(nc4 o n/s.") is (vi/(n) ro )h( or(going/(i(ra)ions )ha) )h( 'r(s')ionin #(c. 2 as in)(n/(/ )o acii)a)('roo o Dno(/g( an/ no) )oor(cos( a/issiii)4 o o)h(r(vi/(nc( )ha) a4 aso 'rov( schDno(/g(. %hs, )h( on4cons(;(nc( o )h( air( )o'r(s(n) )h( ch(cD or 'a4(n)i)hin nin()4 >90? /a4s ro )h(/a)( s)a)(/ is )ha) )h(r( aris(s no'ria aci( 'r(s')ion o Dno(/g( o insEci(nc4 o n/s.) )h( 'ros(c)ion a4 s)i 'rov(sch Dno(/g( )hrogh o)h(r(vi/(nc(. h()h(r sch (vi/(nc(is sEci(n) )o ss)ain 'roa(cas( )o :( )h( inora)ion isa//r(ss(/ )o )h( son/ /iscr()iono )h( !i)4 Pros(c)or an/ is aa))(r no) con)roa( 4c(r)iorari. Ia)is)a vs. !or) o ''(as, 360 #!R 618>2001?J

No. L-5952. F(rar4 18, 1985.*

$H"%$ R. #L$N, '()i)ion(r, vs.

$N. +RNN" !RQ PZ$,Pr(si/ing /g( o )h( !or) o Firs)"ns)anc( o RiCa, ranch XH""">K(Con !i)4?, $N. &+R$&$LF$ $R%"Q, Pr(si/ing /g( o )h( !or) o Firs) "ns)anc( o RiCa,ranch XXX" >K(Con !i)4? !"%F"#!L #+R"$ P$#%$L o K(Con!i)4 !$L. L"N$ &"+$ an/!$L. R$MN M&+LL,r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina Proc(/r( !(r)iorari nor/(r /(n4ing a o)ion )o ;ash or)o /isiss, hi( in)(roc)or4 can( )h( sB(c) o a '()i)ion orc(r)iorari in )h( in)(r(s) o ss)an)ia Bs)ic(.<%h(r( is no/is')ing )h( vai/i)4 an/ is/oo )h( r( invoD(/ 4 )h(

r(s'on/(n)s. o(v(r, i) is asor(cogniC(/ )ha), n/(r c(r)ainsi)a)ions, r(cors( )o )h(()raor/inar4 (ga r((/i(s o c(r)iorari, 'rohii)ion or an/as)o ;(s)ion )h( /(nia o a o)ion

)o ;ash is consi/(r(/ 'ro'(r in)h( in)(r(s) o Oor( (nigh)(n(/an/ ss)an)ia Bs)ic(A, as as so/(car(/ in Oa' v. L)(roA, .R. No.L-12669, 'ri 30, 1969.=

#a( or/s an/ Phras(s <Priaaci( (vi/(nc(= /(:n(/.%h( )(r<'ria aci( (vi/(nc(= /(no)(s(vi/(nc( hich, i n('ain(/ orncon)ra/ic)(/, is sEci(n) )oss)ain )h( 'ro'osi)ion i) s''or)sor )o (s)aish )h( ac)s, or )ocon)(raanc( )h( 'r(s')ion o innoc(nc( )o arran) a convic)ion.

%h( ;(s)ion rais(/ (or( s nois (r( )h( (vi/(nc(s agains) )h('()i)ion(r ncon)ra/ic)(/ an/ i )h(4 (r( n('ain(/ orncon)ra/ic)(/, o/ )h(4,s)an/ing aon(, sEci(n)4ov(rco( )h( 'r(s')ion o innoc(nc( an/ arran) hisconvic)ion@

#a( #a( +vi/(nc( )(s)ion4 on 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion hich is as(/ on )h(aE/avi)s o o)h(rs is h(arsa4 an/can har/4 ;ai4 as 'ria aci((vi/(nc(.#ch )(s)ion4, (ingas(/ on aE/avi)s o o)h(r'(rsons an/ 'r(4 h(arsa4, canhar/4 ;ai4 as 'ria aci((vi/(nc( o sv(rsion. ") sho/

no) hav( ((n giv(n cr(/(nc( 4)h( cor) in )h( :rs) 'ac(. (arsa4(vi/(nc(, h()h(r oB(c)(/ )o orno), has no 'roa)iv( va( as )h(aEan) co/ no) hav( ((n cross-(ain(/ on )h( ac)s s)a)(/)h(r(in. >#(( P(o'( v. Lainia, 115#!R 223 P(o'( v. Ha(ro, 112#!R 661?. Mor(ov(r,

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

39



H$L. 13, F+RR 18, 1985

39

#aonga vs. !rC Pa[o

as Hic)or Lov(4, his(, as'(rsona4 (ain(/ 4 )h( cor),)h(r( as no n((/ or )h()(s)ion4 o !o. &i(go. %hs, )h(in;(s) B/g( sho/ hav( con:n(/his inv(s)iga)ion )o Hic)or rnsLov(4, )h( so( i)n(ss hos()(s)ion4 ha/ a''ar(n)4i'ica)(/ '()i)ion(r in )h(oings hich (v(n)a4 (/ )o)h( :ing o )h( inora)ion.

#a( #(na)or #aonga canno) (h(/ 'roa4 gi)4 as (ing )h(as)(rin/ o )h( oinginci/(n)s in ;(s)ion 4 (r( visi)or con)ac) a/( 4 Hic)or rnsLov(4, r.%h( <con)ac) 'oin)=)h(or4 or ha) )h( '()i)ion(r cas)h( Ogi) 4 visi) or gi) 4associa)ion= )h(or4 is )oo )(nosa asis )o conc/( )ha) #(na)or#aonga as a (a/(r or

as)(rin/ o )h( oinginci/(n)s. %o in/ic) a '(rson si'4(cas( so( 'o))(rs,as;(ra/ing as visi)ors, hav(so(ho () in his hos( or oEc(o/ ( )o (s)aish a /ang(ros'r(c(/(n). %h( righ) o ci)iC(ns )o( s(cr( agains) as( o gov(rn(n)a 'roc(ss(s in criina'ros(c)ions o/ ( s(rios4n/(rin(/.

#a( Pr(s(nc( o Hic)or rnsLov(4, r. in a gro' 'ic)r( i)h#(n. #aonga is no) (nogh 'roo o criina cons'irac4.%h( 'r(s(nc(o Lov(4 in a gro' 'ic)r( )aD(na) Mr. Ra &aCaAs ir)h/a4 'ar)4 inLos ng((s h(r( #(na)or #aongaas a g(s) is no) 'roo o cons'irac4. s s)a)(/ 4 )h('()i)ion(r, in his an4 4(ars in )h()r(n) or/ o 'oi)ics, h( has'os(/ i)h a Din/s o '(o'( in

varios gro's an/ varios 'ac(san/ co/ no) 'ossi4 voch or)h(ir con/c). !o(n)ing on )h(a))(r, n(s'a'(r conis)

%(o/oro Ha(ncia s)a)(/ )ha)Fii'inos ov( )o 'os( i)hi'or)an) visi)ors an/ )h( 'ic)r('rov(s no)hing.

#a( #a(.") is iD(is('roa( )ha) a na)iona :gr( an/or(r 'oi)ician o #(na)or#aongaAs s)a)r( can ('(c)g(s)s an/ visi)ors o a Din/s )o( visi)ing his ho( or oEc(. " a

r(( or sv(rsiv( ha''(ns )o'os( i)h )h( '()i)ion(r or a gro''ic)r( a) a ir)h/a4 'ar)4 aroa/,or (v(n visi) hi i)h o)h(rs in hisho(, )h( '()i)ion(r /o(s no))h(r(4 (co( a r(( orsv(rsiv(, ch (ss a (a/(r o asv(rsiv( gro'. Mor( cr(/i(an/ s)rong(r (vi/(nc( is n(c(ssar4or an in/ic)(n). Non()h((ss,(v(n i ( /iscon) )h( as inLov(4As )(s)ion4 an/ /isiss )h(

r()a)ions an/ arg(n)s o )h('()i)ion(r, )h( 'ros(c)ion(vi/(nc( is s)i ina/(;a)( )o(s)aish a 'ria aci( :n/ing.

#a( !ons)i))iona La $'inion('r(ss(/ 4 #(n. #aonga o )h(iD(ihoo/ o a vio(n) s)rgg( i r(ors ar( no) ins)i))(/ is a

0

0

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

#aonga vs. !rC Pa[o

(gi)ia)( ((rcis( o r((/o o )hogh) an/ ('r(ssion.%h(

'ros(c)ion has no) co( ' i)h(v(n a sing( io)a o (vi/(nc(hich co/ 'osi)iv(4 inD )h('()i)ion(r )o an4 'roscri(/ac)ivi)i(s o )h( Mov((n) or Fr((Phii''in(s or an4 sv(rsiv(organiCa)ion (n)ion(/ in )h(co'ain). Lov(4 ha/ ar(a/4)(s)i:(/ )ha) /ring )h( 'ar)4 o or(r !ongr(ssan Ra &aCahich as a(g(/ )o hav( ((na))(n/(/ 4 a n(r o ((rs

o )h( MFP, no 'oi)ica ac)ion as)aD(n ) on4 'oi)ica /iscssion.Fr)h(ror(, )h( a(g(/ o'inion o )h( '()i)ion(r ao) )h( iD(ihoo/o a vio(n) s)rgg( h(r( in )h(Phii''in(s i r(ors ar( no)ins)i))(/, assing )ha) h( r(a4s)a)(/ )h( sa(, is no)hing ) a



(gi)ia)( ((rcis( o r((/o o )hogh) an/ ('r(ssion. No an/(s(rv(s 'nish(n) or his)hogh)s. !ogi)a)ionis 'o(nan(o (r()r. n/ as )h( a)(

s)ic( $iv(r . o(s s)a)(/ in

)h( cas( o .#. v. #chi(r, 279.#. 6, < i )h(r( is an4'rinci'( o )h( !ons)i))ion )ha)or( i'(ra)iv(4 cas ora))ach(n) )han an4 o)h(r i) is )h('rinci'( o r(( )hogh)no) r(()hogh) or )hos( ho agr(( i)hs ) r((/o or )h( )hogh) )ha)( ha)(.=

#a( #a( Fr((/o o ('r(ssion (nBo4s 'riac4 ov(ran4 o)h(r righ)s or r((/os.(hav( a/o')(/ )h( conc(') )ha)r((/o o ('r(ssion is a<'r((rr(/= righ) an/, )h(r(or(,s)an/s on a high(r (v( )hanss)an)iv( (conoic or o)h(ri(r)i(s. %h( 'riac4, )h( high(s)a)( accor/(/ r((/o o ('r(ssion is a n/a(n)a'os)a)( o or cons)i))ionas4s)(. >onCa(s v. !oissionon +(c)ions, 29 #!R 835?. s('ain(/ 4 s)ic( !ar/oCo inPaDo v. !onn(c)ic) >302 .#. 319?)his s) ( so (cas( )h((ssons o his)or4, o)h 'oi)icaan/ (ga, is)ra)( )ha) r((/o o )hogh) an/ s'((ch is )h(in/is'(nsa( con/i)ion o n(ar4(v(r4 o)h(r or o r((/o.Pro)(c)ion is (s'(cia4 an/a)(/or 'oi)ica /iscssions. %his !or)is 'ar)icar4 conc(rn(/ h(na(ga)ions ar( a/( )ha) r(s)rain)shav( ((n i'os(/ 'on (r(cri)iciss o gov(rn(n) an/ 'icoEcias. Poi)ica /iscssion is(ss(n)ia )o )h( asc(r)ain(n) o 'oi)ica )r)h. ") canno) ( )h(asis o criina in/ic)(n)s.

#a( #a( +'r(ssing iD(ihoo/o vio(nc( in )h( Phii''in(s is no)a 'roscri(/ ('r(ssion.%h(a(g(/ r(arD ao) )h( iD(ihoo/

o vio(n) s)rgg( n(ss r(orsar( ins)i))(/ is no) a )hr(a)agains) )h( gov(rn(n). Nor is i)(v(n )h( ninhii)(/, ros),cas)ic, or n'(asan)4 shar'a))acD hich is 'ro)(c)(/ 4 )h(garan)(( o r(( s'((ch.Par(n)h()ica4, )h( (rican cas(

o ran/(nrg v. $hio >395 .#.? s)a)(s )ha) )h( cons)i))ionagaran)((s o r(( s'((ch an/ r(('r(ss /o no) '(ri) a #)a)( )o or-

1

H$L. 13, F+RR 18, 1985

1

#aonga vs. !rC Pa[o

i/ or 'roscri( a/vocac4 o )h(s( o orc( or o a vioa)ion

(c(') h(r( sch a/vocac4 is/ir(c)(/ )o inci)ing or 'ro/cingiin(n) a(ss ac)ion an/ isiD(4 )o inci)( or 'ro/c( schac)ion. %h( or/s hich '()i)ion(ra(g(/4 s(/ accor/ing )o )h((s) r(co(c)ions o Mr. Lov(4 ar(igh) 4(ars aa4 ro sch )4'( o 'roscri(/ a/vocac4.

#a( #a( !riina La oing ission /ir(c)(/ )o a

'ar)icar ai4 /o(s no)cons)i))( sv(rsion.#ch as)a)((n) ho4 n(ga)(s an4'oi)ica4 o)iva)(/ or sv(rsiv(assign(n) hich Lov(4 ass''os(/ )o hav( ((ncoission(/ )o '(ror 'on )h(or/(rs o his co-accs(/ an/ hichas )h( v(r4 r(ason h4 )h(4 (r(charg(/ in )h( :rs) 'ac(.

#a( #a( #a( +vi/(nc(

h(r( 'ros(c)ion a/o')sr(s'on/(n)As )(s)ion4 as i)s on,i) (co(s on/ 4 r(s'on/(n)As/(cara)ions.") sho/ ( no)(/)ha) a)(r Lov(4As )(s)ion4, )h('ros(c)ion ani(s)(/ )o )h(cor) )ha) i) as a/o')ing hi as a'ros(c)ion i)n(ss. %h(r(or(, )h('ros(c)ion (ca( irr(v(rsi(4on/ 4 Lov(4As /iscai(rs on)h( i)n(ss s)an/, )ha) i) as no)his in)(n)ion <)o /o so( Din/ o

oing agains) )h( gov(rn(n)=an/ )ha) h( </i/ no) )r4 )oi'ica)( #aonga,= (s'(cia4 sinc(Lov(4 is )h( so( i)n(ss a/o')(/4 )h( 'ros(c)ion ho co/s''os(/4 (s)aish )h( inD()((n )h( '()i)ion(r an/ )h(oing inci/(n)s.



#a( #a( #a( Pr'os(s o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion.%h('r'os( o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is )o s(cr( )h(innoc(n) agains) has)4, aiciosan/ o''r(ssiv( 'ros(c)ion, an/ )o

'ro)(c) hi ro an o'(n an/'ic accsa)ion o cri(, ro)h( )ro(, ('(ns( an/ ani()4 o a 'ic )ria, an/ aso )o 'ro)(c))h( s)a)( ro s((ss an/('(nsiv( )rias. >%rocio v. Man)a,118 #!R 21 ci)ing ashi v.oncan, 71 Phi. 216?. %h( righ) )oa 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is as)a))or4 gran), an/ )o i)hho/ i)o/ ( )o )ransgr(sscons)i))iona /( 'roc(ss. >#((

P(o'( v. $an/asa, 25 #!R 277?o(v(r, in or/(r )o sa)is4 )h(/( 'roc(ss cas( i) is no) (nogh)ha) )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion iscon/c)(/ in )h( s(ns( o aDingsr( )ha) a )ransgr(ssor sha no)(sca'( i)h i'ni)4. 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion s(rv(s no) on4 )h('r'os(s o )h( #)a)(. Mor(i'or)an), i) is a 'ar) o )h(garan)((s o r((/o an/ air'a4 hich ar( ir)hrigh)s o a hoiv( in or con)r4. ") is, )h(r(or(,i'(ra)iv( 'on )h( :sca or )h(

B/g( as )h( cas( a4 (, )or(i(v( )h( accs(/ ro )h( 'aino going )hrogh a )ria onc( i) isasc(r)ain(/ )ha) )h( (vi/(nc( isinsEci(n) )o ss)ain a 'ria aci(

2

2

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

#aonga vs. !rC Pa[o

cas( or )ha) no 'roa( cas((is)s )o or a sEci(n) (i( as)o )h( gi) o )h( accs(/.)hogh )h(r( is no g(n(ra

ora or :(/ r( or )h(/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(sinc( )h( sa( s) ( /(ci/(/ in)h( igh) o )h( con/i)ions o)ainingin giv(n si)a)ions an/ i)s(is)(nc( /('(n/s )o a arg(/(gr(( 'on )h( :n/ing or o'iniono )h( B/g( con/c)ing )h(

(aina)ion, sch a :n/ing sho/no) /isr(gar/ )h( ac)s (or( )h(

B/g( nor rn con)(r )o )h( c(ar/ic)a)(s o r(asons >#(( La!h(is( Lacos)(, #.. v.F(rnan/(C, 129 #!R 391?. %h(

B/g( or :sca, )h(r(or(, sho/no) go on i)h )h( 'ros(c)ion in)h( ho'( )ha) so( cr(/i((vi/(nc( igh) a)(r )rn ' /ring)ria or )his o/ ( a agran)vioa)ion o a asic righ) hich )h(cor)s ar( cr(a)(/ )o 'ho/. ")(ars r('(a)ing )ha) )h( B/iciar4iv(s ' )o i)s ission 4 vi)aiCingan/ no) /(nigra)ing cons)i))ionarigh)s. #o i) has ((n (or(. ")sho/ con)in( )o ( so. >M(rca/o

v. !or) o Firs) "ns)anc( o RiCa,116 #!R 93?. I#aonga vs. !rCPa[o, 13 #!R 38>1985?J

.R. No. 8568. #(')((r 7,1989.*

K"N%"N #. &$R$ML, '()i)ion(r,vs. #N&"NN, $M&#MNN& #P+!"L PR$#+!%$R,r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina Proc(/r( Pr(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion n( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion agains) )h( '()i)ion(ris in or/(r R(asons.%h( '()i)ionis (ri)orios. n( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion o )h( charg( agains))h( '()i)ion(r is in or/(r no) on4(cas( )h( :rs) as a ni)4 ><a/(a/ i on )h( B/icia )r(( hichsho/ ( o''(/ oS an/ ho4/isr(gar/(/=nran vs. ;ino,

38 Phi. 29? ) aso (cas( )h(accs(/ /(an/s i) as his righ).Mor(ov(r, )h( charg( agains) hiha/ ((n chang(/, as /ir(c)(/ 4)h( $/san.

#a( #a( #a( s(nc( o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is no) agron/ )o ;ash )h( co'ain) orinora)ion.o(v(r, as )h(as(nc( o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is no) a gron/ )o

;ash )h( co'ain) or inora)ion>#(c. 3, R( 117, R(s o !or)?,)h( 'roc((/ings 'on schinora)ion in )h( #an/igana4ansho/ ( h(/ in a(4anc( an/ )h(cas( sho/ ( r(an/(/ )o )h(oEc( o )h( $/san or hi or



)h( #'(cia Pros(c)or )o con/c) a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion.

!ons)i))iona La !ivi #(rvic(La P()i)ion(r can righ)4 (charg(/ i)h having 'ar)ici'a)(/ ina sin(ss in vioa)ion o #(c. 13 o r). H"" o )h( !ons)i))ionR(asons !as( a) ar.%h(#an/igana4an in i)s or/(r o gs) 19, 1988 corr(c)4 os(rv(/)ha) <)h( 'r(s(nc( o a sign(//oc(n) (aring )h( signa)r( o accs(/ &oroa

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

355

H$L. 177, #+P%+M+R 7, 1989

355

&oroa vs. #an/igana4an

as 'ar) o )h( a''ica)ion )o i/ is no) a sin( ;a non= >nn( $, '.179, Roo?, or, )h( $/sanin/ica)(/ in his M(oran/W!(aranc( )o )h( #'(ciaPros(c)or, )ha) )h( '()i)ion(r <canrigh)4 ( charg(/ i)hhaving 'ar)ici'a)(/ in a sin(sshich ac) is aso)(4 'rohii)(/4 #(c)ion 13 o r)ic( H"" o )h(!ons)i))ion= (cas( <)h( &"%!r(ain(/ a ai4 cor'ora)ion inhich &oroa has a) (as) anin/ir(c) in)(r(s).= >''. 107-108,Roo.? #(c)ion 13, r)ic( H"" o )h(1987 !ons)i))ion 'rovi/(s )ha)<)h( Pr(si/(n), Hic(-Pr(si/(n), )h(((rs o )h( !ain() an/ )h(ir/(')i(s or assis)an)s sha no) /ring >)h(ir? )(nr(, /ir(c)4 or in/ir(c)4 'ar)ici'a)(in an4 sin(ss.= %h( cons)i))ionaan is siiar )o )h( 'rohii)ion in)h( !ivi #(rvic( La >P& No. 807,#(c. 36, s'ar. 2? )ha) <'rsi) o 'riva)( sin(ss i)ho) )h('(rission r(;ir(/ 4 !ivi #(rvic(R(s an/ R(ga)ions= sha ( agron/ or /isci'inar4 ac)ion

agains) an4 oEc(r or ('o4(( in)h( civi s(rvic(.

#a( #a( n)i-ra) an/!orr') Prac)ic(s c) #s'(nsionro oEc( '(n/(n)( i)( ''rov(/(av( o as(nc(, no) a ar )o'r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsion R(asons.#inc( )h( '()i)ion(r is aninc(n) 'ic oEcia charg(/ ina vai/ inora)ion i)h an oS(ns('nisha( n/(r )h( !ons)i))ionan/ )h( as >R 3019 an/ P&807?, )h( aAs coan/ )ha) h(<sha ( ss'(n/(/ ro oEc(='(n/(n)( i)( s) ( o(4(/. isa''rov(/ (av( o as(nc( is no) aar )o his 'r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsionor, as in/ica)(/ 4 )h( #oici)or(n(ra, an a''rov(/ (av(,h()h(r i) ( or a :(/ orin/(:ni)( '(rio/, a4 ( canc((/or shor)(n(/ a) i 4 )h(inc(n).

#a( #a( #a( #a(P()i)ion(rAs 'r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsionor s(v(n >7? on)hs,nr(asona( R(ason."n )h( cas(o arcia vs. %h( +(c)iv(#(cr()ar4, 6 #!R 1 >1962?, )his!or) or/(r(/ )h( i(/ia)(r(ins)a)((n) )o his 'osi)ion aschairan o )h( Na)iona #ci(nc(&(v(o'(n) oar/, o a'r(si/(n)ia a''oin)(( hos('r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsion ha/ as)(/or n(ar4 s(v(n >7? on)hs. #o(((rs o )h( !or) h(/ )ha) )h(ai '(rio/ o si)4 >60? /a4s'rovi/(/ in #(c)ion 35 o )h( !ivi

#(rvic( c) o 1959 >R('ic c)2260? as a''ica( )o )h('()i)ion(r. %h( o)h(rs (i(v(/,ho(v(r, )ha) )ha) '(rio/ a4 no)a''4 s)ric)4 )o cas(s o 'r(si/(n)ia a''oin)((s,n(v(r)h((ss, )h( 'r(v(n)iv(ss'(nsion sha ( ii)(/ )o ar(asona( '(rio/. $vios4, )h(!or) on/ )h( '()i)ion(rAs'r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsion or s(v(n>7? on)hs )o ( nr(asona(.

#a( #a( #a( #a( #a(P()i)ion(rAs 'r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsionhas (c((/(/ )h( r(asona(ai '(rio/ o 90 /a4s !as(a) ar.%h( '()i)ion(r h(r(in is no(ss (n)i)(/ )o siiar 'ro)(c)ion.



356

356

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

&oroa vs. #an/igana4an

#inc( his 'r(v(n)iv( ss'(nsionhas (c((/(/ )h( r(asona(ai '(rio/ o nin()4 >90?/a4s 'rovi/(/ in #(c)ion 2 o )h(!ivi #(rvic( &(cr(( o )h(Phii''in(s >P.&. 807?, i) sho/ no

( i)(/. I&oroa vs.#an/igana4an, 177 #!R35>1989?J

G.R. No. 143802. November 16,2001.*

REYN!"N T. #"!E#, $e%i%ioner,vs. #"N&'G"N("Y"N )4%&ivision+, M(&#M"N,-E-!E T/E -/'!'--'NE#and T/E!M" (ENEMER'T,

res$onden%s.

!riina Proc(/r( Pr(iinar4"nv(s)iga)ion %o /(n4 )h(accs(/As cai )o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion o/ ( )o /('riv(hi o )h( (asr( o his righ))o /( 'roc(ss.s )his !or)'oin)(/ o) in &)(r)(

GGGGGGGGGGGGGG

55 "i/.

56 #(( )h( o(r cor)As $r/(r/a)(/ anar4 , 2000 r(cor/s, '.5.

* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

29

29

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

#a(s vs. #an/igana4an

v. #an/igana4an, <I)Jh( 'r'os(o a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion or a'r(vios in;ir4 o so( Din/,(or( an accs(/ '(rson is 'ac(/on )ria, is )o s(cr( )h( innoc(n)agains) has)4, aicios an/o''r(ssiv( 'ros(c)ion an/ )o'ro)(c) hi ro an o'(n an/'ic accsa)ion o a cri(, ro)h( )ro(, ('(ns(s an/ ani()4o a 'ic )ria. ") is aso in)(n/(/)o 'ro)(c) )h( s)a)( ro having )ocon/c) s((ss an/ ('(nsiv()rias. hi( )h( righ) is s)a))or4ra)h(r )han cons)i))iona in i)sn/a(n), i) is a co'on(n) 'ar)o /( 'roc(ss in criina Bs)ic(.

%h( righ) )o hav( a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion con/c)(/ (or((ing on/ ov(r )o )ria or acriina oS(ns( an/ h(nc( ora4a) risD o incarc(ra)ion or so(o)h(r '(na)4, is no) a (r( oraor )(chnica righ) i) is ass)an)iv( righ). %o /(n4 )h(accs(/As cai )o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion o/ ( )o /('riv(hi o )h( (asr( o his righ))o /( 'roc(ss.=

#a( #a( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is a B/icia'roc((/ing n ac) (co(s a

B/icia 'roc((/ing h(n )h(r( isan o''or)ni)4 )o ( h(ar/ an/ or)h( 'ro/c)ion o an/ (ighing o (vi/(nc(, an/ a /(cision isr(n/(r(/ )h(r(on.)hogh a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is no) a

)ria an/ is no) in)(n/(/ )o sr')h( nc)ion o )h( )ria cor), i) isno) a casa aSair. %h( oEc(rcon/c)ing )h( sa( inv(s)iga)(sor in;ir(s in)o )h( ac)sconc(rning )h( coission o )h(cri( i)h )h( (n/ in vi( o /()(rining h()h(r or no) aninora)ion a4 ( 'r('ar(/agains) )h( accs(/. "n/((/,'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is in(S(c) a r(ais)ic B/icia a''raisa

o )h( (ri)s o )h( cas(. #Eci(n)'roo o )h( gi) o )h( accs(/s) ( a//c(/ so )ha) h(n )h(cas( is )ri(/, )h( )ria cor) a4no) ( on/ as a a))(r o a )oor/(r an ac;i))a. 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion has ((n ca(/ a

B/icia in;ir4. ") is a B/icia



'roc((/ing. n ac) (co(s a B/icia 'roc((/ing h(n )h(r( is

an o''or)ni)4 )o ( h(ar/ an/ or)h( 'ro/c)ion o an/ (ighing o (vi/(nc(, an/ a /(cision isr(n/(r(/ )h(r(on.

#a( #a( hi( )h(inv(s)iga)ing oEc(r, s)ric)4s'(aDing, is no) a <B/g(= 4 )h(na)r( o his nc)ions, h( is an/s) ( consi/(r(/ )o ( a ;asi-

B/icia oEc(r (cas( a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion isconsi/(r(/ a B/icia 'roc((/ing 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion sho/)h(r(or( ( scr'os4con/c)(/ so )ha) )h(cons)i))iona righ) )o i(r)4 o a'o)(n)ia accs(/ can ( 'ro)(c)(/ro an4 a)(ria /aag(.%h(a)hori)4 o a 'ros(c)or orinv(s)iga)ing oEc(r /4('o(r(/ )o 'r(si/( or )ocon/c) a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ionis no (ss )han a nici'a B/g( or(v(n a r(giona )ria cor) B/g(.hi( )h( inv(s)iga)ing oEc(r,s)ric)4 s'(aDing, is no) a <B/g(=4 )h( na)r( o his nc)ions, h( isan/ s) ( consi/(r(/ )o ( a;asi-B/icia oEc(r (cas( a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion isconsi/(r(/ a B/icia 'roc((/ing. 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion sho/)h(r(-

295

H$L. 369, N$H+M+R 16, 2001

295

#a(s vs. #an/igana4an

or( ( scr'os4 con/c)(/ so)ha) )h( cons)i))iona righ) )oi(r)4 o a 'o)(n)ia accs(/ can( 'ro)(c)(/ ro an4 a)(ria/aag(.

#a( #a( Fiing o a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion is an in)(gra 'ar)o )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion'ro'(r.%h( :ing o a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion is an in)(gra 'ar)o )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion'ro'(r. %h(r( is no /is')( )ha) )h("nora)ion as :(/ i)ho) :rs)

aSor/ing '()i)ion(r-accs(/ hisrigh) )o :( a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion. %h( /(nia )h(r(o is )an)aon) )o a /(nia o )h(righ) i)s( )o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion.

#a( arran) o rr(s) %h( )asDo /()(rining 'roa( cas( or'r'os(s o issing a arran) o arr(s) is a r(s'onsiii)4 hich is(csiv(4 r(s(rv(/ 4 )h(!ons)i))ion )o B/g(s."n )h(or/(r o 'roc(/r( or criinacas(s, )h( )asD o /()(rining'roa( cas( or 'r'os(s o issing a arran) o arr(s) is ar(s'onsiii)4 hich is (csiv(4r(s(rv(/ 4 )h( !ons)i))ion )o

B/g(s. P(o'( v. "n)ing c(ar4/(in(a)(/ )h( (a)r(s o )hiscons)i))iona an/a)(, viC 1.J %h(/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas( isa nc)ion o )h( B/g( i) is no) or)h( 'rovincia :sca or 'ros(c)or)o asc(r)ain. $n4 )h( B/g( an/)h( B/g( aon( aD(s )his/()(rina)ion 2.J %h( 'r(iinar4in;ir4 a/( 4 a 'ros(c)or /o(sno) in/ )h( B/g(. ") (r(4assis)s hi in aDing )h(/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(. ")is )h( r('or), )h( aE/avi)s, )h()ranscri')s o s)(nogra'hic no)(s, i an4, an/ a o)h(r s''or)ing/oc(n)s (hin/ )h( 'ros(c)orAsc(r)i:ca)ion hich ar( a)(ria inassis)ing )h( B/g( in his/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(an/ 3.J /g(s an/ 'ros(c)orsaiD( sho/ /is)ingish )h('r(iinar4 in;ir4 hich/()(rin(s 'roa( cas( or )h(issanc( o a arran) o arr(s) ro)h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion'ro'(r hich asc(r)ains h()h(r)h( oS(n/(r sho/ ( h(/ or )riaor ( r((as(/. I#a(s vs.#an/igana4an, 369 #!R293>2001?J

".M. No. RT0166. Mar21, 2006.*

'ME!&" #. ENR'5E,om$lainan%, vs. &GE"N"7!ET !. 7"M'N"&E,res$onden%.

/icia +)hics /g(s ross"gnoranc( o )h( La LacD o



conv(rsanc( i)h (ga 'rinci'(ssEci(n)4 asic an/ (((n)ar4cons)i))(s gross ignoranc( o )h(a.%his !or) has consis)(n)4h(/ )ha) acD o conv(rsanc( i)h(ga 'rinci'(s sEci(n)4 asic

an/ (((n)ar4 cons)i))(s grossignoranc( o )h( a. s ana/voca)( o Bs)ic( an/ a visi(r('r(s(n)a)ion o )h( a, a B/g(is ('(c)(/ )o ( 'ro:ci(n) in )h(in)(r'r()a)ion o or as.

#a( #a( #a( &iig(nc( inD(('ing '-)o-/a)( i)h )h(/(cisions o )h( #'r(( !or) is aco(n/a( vir)( o B/g(s an/,o cors(, ((rs o )h( ar.&iig(nc( in D(('ing '-)o-/a)(i)h )h( /(cisions o )his !or) is aco(n/a( vir)( o B/g(s an/,o cors(, ((rs o )h( ar.!o'r(h(n/ing )h( !or)As/(cisions is a /iS(r(n) a))(r,ho(v(r, or i) is in )his ar(a h(r(on(As co'()(nc( a4 ( )(s)(/an/ 'rov(n.

#a( #a( #a( %h( N( !o/(o /icia !on/c) or )h(Phii''in( /iciar4 r(;ir(s B/g(s)o ( (o/i(n)s o B/iciaco'()(nc( an/ /iig(nc(.%h(N( !o/( o /icia !on/c) or)h( Phii''in( /iciar4 r(;ir(s

B/g(s )o ( (o/i(n)s o B/icia co'()(nc( an/ /iig(nc(. %hos( ho acc(') )his (a)(/

'osi)ion o( )h( 'ic an/ )his!or) )h( aii)4 )o ( 'ro:ci(n) in)h( a an/ )h( /)4 )o ain)ain

'ro(ssiona co'()(nc( a) a)i(s. "n/((/, co'()(nc( is aarD o a goo/ B/g(. %his (a)(/'osi)ion (n)ais a o) o r(s'onsiii)i(s, or(os) o hichis 'ro:ci(nc4 in )h( a. $n(canno) s((D r(g( in a (r(crsor4 Dno(/g( o s)a))(s an/'roc(/ra r(s. R(s'on/(n) B/g(( shor) o )h(s( s)an/ar/s h(nh( ai(/ in his /)i(s )o oo(((n)ar4 a an/ )o D(('

ar(as) i)h 'r(vaiing Bris'r/(nc(. #(rvic( in )h( B/iciar4 invov(s con)inos s)/4

an/ r(s(arch ro (ginning )o(n/.

#a( #a( #a( /g(s ar(('(c)(/ )o ( '(rsoni:ca)ions o

Bs)ic( an/ )h( r( o a an/, assch, )o hav( or( )han Bs) a

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

99

H$L. 85, MR! 21, 2006

99

+nri;(C vs. !aina/(

o/ic ac;ain)anc( i)hs)a))(s an/ 'roc(/ra r(s.+ac)ing as )h(s( s)an/ar/s a4(, B/g(s ar( ('(c)(/ )o ('(rsoni:ca)ions o Bs)ic( an/ )h(r( o a an/, as sch, )o hav(or( )han Bs) a o/icac;ain)anc( i)h s)a))(s an/'roc(/ra r(s. +ss(n)ia )o (v(r4on( o )h( is ai)hn(ss )o )h(

as an/ ain)(nanc( o 'ro(ssiona co'()(nc(. /g(sar( no) coon in/ivi/as hos(gross (rrors <(n orgiv( an/ )i(org()s.= For h(n )h(4 /is'a4 an))(r acD o aiiari)4 i)h )h(r(s, )h(4 (ro/( )h( con:/(nc( o )h( 'ic in )h( co'()(nc( o orcor)s. #ch acD is gross ignoranc(o )h( a. H(ri4, air( )o ooasic (ga coan/s an/ r(scons)i))(s gross ignoranc( o )h(

a, o hich no on( is (cs(/,an/ sr(4 no) a B/g(.

/inis)ra)iv( La ''(as %h(cor)As 'o(r o a''(a)( r(vi( is/is)inc) ro an a/inis)ra)iv(a))(r, hich invov(s )h( ((rcis(o )h( cor)As 'o(r )o /isci'in(

B/g(s.R(s'on/(n) con)(n/s )ha)ins)(a/ o :ing )h( ins)an)/inis)ra)iv( !o'ain),co'ainan) sho/ hav( r(sor)(/)o B/icia r(cors(, iD( an a''(ao )h( $r/(r in ;(s)ion. ") sho/( r(i)(ra)(/ )ha) )h( cor)As'o(r o a''(a)( r(vi( is/is)inc) ro an a/inis)ra)iv(a))(r, hich invov(s )h( ((rcis(o )h( cor)As 'o(r )o /isci'in(



B/g(s. n a/inis)ra)iv( a))(r isn/(r)aD(n an/ 'ros(c)(/ so(4or )h( 'ic (ar( )ha) is, )oain)ain )h( ai)h an/ con:/(nc(o )h( '(o'( in )h( gov(rn(n).I+nri;(C vs. !aina/(, 85 #!R

98>2006?J

.R. No. 17350. gs) 13,2008.*

#P$#+# +RNL LNN VY%+R+N+ LNN,'()i)ion(rs, vs. %+ $N$RL+!$R% $F PP+L#, #P+!"LN"N+%++N% >19%? &"H"#"$N,!+ !"% V %+ $NY$N N&#N" NY"N!$RP$R%"$N, L%&., r(s'on/(n)s.

''(as ''(a ro B/g(n)s or:na or/(rs or r(so)ions o )h(!or) o ''(as is v(ri:(/ 4(ans o '()i)ion or r(vi( onc(r)iorari.%h(r( is n((/ )oa//r(ss, :rs), )h( iss( o )h(o/( o a''(a r(sor)(/ )o 4'()i)ion(rs (rn4 an/ Ya)h(r(n(.

%h( 'r(s(n) '()i)ion is on( or

c(r)iorari n/(r R( 65 o )h(R(vis(/ R(s o !or). No)ic( )ha)ha) is (ing assai(/ in )hisr(cors( is )h( /(cision an/r(so)ion o )h( !or) o ''(as/a)(/ 28 'ri 2006

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

** &(signa)(/ as an a//i)iona

((r in 'ac( o ssocia)( s)ic( R(n %. R(4(s hoconcrr(/ in )h( !or) o ''(as/(cision.

* %"R& &"H"#"$N.

185

H$L. 562, #% 13, 2008

185

aangaan vs. !or) o ''(as,#'(cia Nin()((n)h &ivision

an/ 29 n( 2006, r(s'(c)iv(4. %h(R(vis(/ R(s o !or), 'ar)icar4R( 5 )h(r(o, s'(ci:ca4'rovi/(s )ha) an a''(a 4c(r)iorari ro )h( B/g(n)s or:na or/(rs or r(so)ions o )h(

a''(a)( cor) is 4 v(ri:(/'()i)ion or r(vi( on c(r)iorari. "n)h( 'r(s(n) cas(, )h(r( is no;(s)ion )ha) )h( 28 'ri 2006&(cision an/ 29 n( 2006R(so)ion o )h( !or) o ''(asgran)ing )h( r(s'on/(n) #!As'()i)ion in !-.R. !+. #P No.00068 is ar(a/4 a /is'osi)ion on)h( (ri)s. %h(r(or(, o)h /(cisionan/ r(so)ion, iss(/ 4 )h( !or)o ''(as, ar( in )h( na)r( o a

:na /is'osi)ion o )h( cas( s()(or( i), an/ hich, n/(r R( 5,ar( a''(aa( )o )his !or) via aP()i)ion or R(vi( on !(r)iorari.

#a( !(r)iorari ") is (((n)ar4 inr((/ia a )ha) a ri) o c(r)iorari i no) iss( h(r( )h(r((/4 o a''(a is avaia( )o anaggri(v(/ 'ar)4.") is (((n)ar4in r((/ia a )ha) a ri) o c(r)iorari i no) iss( h(r( )h(r((/4 o a''(a is avaia( )o anaggri(v(/ 'ar)4. r((/4 isconsi/(r(/ <'ain, s'((/4 an/a/(;a)(= i i) i 'ro')4 r(i(v()h( '()i)ion(rs ro )h( inBrios(S(c)s o )h( B/g(n) an/ )h(ac)s o )h( o(r cor) or ag(nc4."n )his cas(, a''(a as no) on4avaia( ) aso a s'((/4 an/a/(;a)( r((/4. n/ hi( i) is)r( )ha) in accor/anc( i)h )h(i(ra s'iri) '(rva/ing )h( R(s o !or) an/ in )h( in)(r(s) o ss)an)ia Bs)ic(, )his !or) has,(or(, )r(a)(/ a '()i)ion orc(r)iorari as a '()i)ion or r(vi( onc(r)iorari, 'ar)icar4 i )h( '()i)ionor c(r)iorari as :(/ i)hin )h(r(g((n)ar4 '(rio/ i)hin hich)o :( a '()i)ion or r(vi( onc(r)iorari )his (c(')ion is no)a''ica( )o )h( 'r(s(n) ac)aii(.

#a( #a( rav( as( o /iscr()ion a4 aris( h(n a o(rcor) or )rina vioa)(s an/con)rav(n(s )h( !ons)i))ion, )h(a or (is)ing Bris'r/(nc(.(hav( 'r(vios4 r(/ )ha) grav(as( o /iscr()ion a4 aris( h(n



a o(r cor) or )rina vioa)(san/ con)rav(n(s )h( !ons)i))ion,)h( a or (is)ing Bris'r/(nc(.4 grav( as( o /iscr()ion is(an) sch ca'ricios an/hisica ((rcis( o B/g(n) as

is (;iva(n) )o acD o Bris/ic)ion. %h( as( o /iscr()ion s) (

grav(, as h(r( )h( 'o(r is((rcis(/ in an ari)rar4 or/(s'o)ic ann(r 4 r(ason o 'assion or '(rsona hos)ii)4 an/s) ( so 'a)(n) an/ gross as )oaon) )o an (vasion o 'osi)iv(/)4 or )o a vir)a r(sa )o'(ror )h( /)4 (nBoin(/ 4 or )oac) a) a in con)('a)ion o a.

%h( or/ <ca'ricios,= sa4 s(/

in )an/( i)h )h( )(r<ari)rar4,= conv(4s )h( no)ion

186

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o i an/ nr(asoning ac)ion. %hs, h(n s((Ding )h( corr(c)iv(

han/ o c(r)iorari, a c(ar shoingo ca'ric( an/ ari)rarin(ss in )h(((rcis( o /iscr()ion is i'(ra)iv(.

!riina Proc(/r( Pr(iinar4"nv(s)iga)ion 'r(iinar4

inv(s)iga)ion is no) a ;asi-B/icia'roc((/ing, an/ )h( &('ar)(n) o

s)ic( >&$? is no) a ;asi-B/iciaag(nc4 ((rcising a ;asi-B/icianc)ion h(n i) r(vi(s )h(:n/ings o a 'ic 'ros(c)orr(gar/ing )h( 'r(s(nc( o 'roa(cas(.") s) ( r(((r(/)ha) a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion isno) a ;asi-B/icia 'roc((/ing, an/)ha) )h( &$ is no) a ;asi-B/iciaag(nc4 ((rcising a ;asi-B/icia

nc)ion h(n i) r(vi(s )h(:n/ings o a 'ic 'ros(c)orr(gar/ing )h( 'r(s(nc( o 'roa(cas(. "n a)is)a v. !or) o ''(as, 360 #!R 618 >2001?, )his!or) h(/ )ha) a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is no) a ;asi-B/icia'roc((/ing, )hs I%Jh( 'ros(c)or

in a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion /o(sno) /()(rin( )h( gi) orinnoc(nc( o )h( accs(/. ( /o(sno) ((rcis( a/B/ica)ion nor r(-aDing nc)ions. Pr(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is (r(4 in;isi)oria,

an/ is o)(n )h( on4 (ans o /iscov(ring )h( '(rsons ho a4( r(asona4 charg(/ i)h a cri(an/ )o (na( )h( :sca )o 'r('ar(his co'ain) or inora)ion. ") isno) a )ria o )h( cas( on )h( (ri)san/ has no 'r'os( (c(') )ha) o /()(rining h()h(r a cri( has((n coi))(/ an/ h()h(r )h(r(is 'roa( cas( )o (i(v( )ha))h( accs(/ is gi)4 )h(r(o. hi()h( :sca aD(s )ha)

/()(rina)ion, h( canno) ( sai/ )o( ac)ing as a ;asi-cor), or i) is)h( cor)s, )ia)(4, )ha) 'ass

B/g(n) on )h( accs(/, no) )h(:sca.

#a( #a( /inis)ra)iv( LaKasi-/icia o/i(s /g(n)sor/s an/ Phras(s %hogh so(cas(s /(scri( )h( 'ic'ros(c)orAs 'o(r )o con/c) a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion as ;asi-

B/icia in na)r(, )his is )r( on4)o )h( ()(n) )ha), iD( ;asi-

B/icia o/i(s, )h( 'ros(c)or is anoEc(r o )h( ((c)iv( /('ar)(n)((rcising 'o(rs aDin )o )hos( o a cor), an/ )h( siiari)4 (n/s a))his 'oin) ;asi-B/icia o/4 isan organ o gov(rn(n) o)h(r )hana cor) an/ o)h(r )han a (gisa)r(hich aS(c)s )h( righ)s o 'riva)('ar)i(s )hrogh (i)h(r a/B/ica)ionor r(-aDing #inc( )h( &$ is no)a ;asi-B/icia o/4, #(c)ion 1,r)ic( H""" o )h( !ons)i))ion :n/sno a''ica)ion.%hogh so(cas(s /(scri( )h( 'ic'ros(c)orAs 'o(r )o con/c) a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion as ;asi-

B/icia in na)r(, )his is )r( on4)o )h( ()(n) )ha), iD(

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;asi-B/icia o/i(s, )h('ros(c)or is an oEc(r o )h(((c)iv( /('ar)(n) ((rcising'o(rs aDin )o )hos( o a cor),an/ )h( siiari)4 (n/s a) )his'oin). ;asi-B/icia o/4 is an

organ o gov(rn(n) o)h(r )han acor) an/ o)h(r )han a (gisa)r(hich aS(c)s )h( righ)s o 'riva)('ar)i(s )hrogh (i)h(r a/B/ica)ionor r(-aDing. ;asi-B/iciaag(nc4 '(rors a/B/ica)or4nc)ions sch )ha) i)s aar/s,/()(rin( )h( righ)s o 'ar)i(s, an/)h(ir /(cisions hav( )h( sa((S(c) as B/g(n)s o a cor).#ch is no) )h( cas( h(n a 'ic'ros(c)or con/c)s a 'r(iinar4

inv(s)iga)ion )o /()(rin( 'roa(cas( )o :( an "nora)ion agains)a '(rson charg(/ i)h a criinaoS(ns(, or h(n )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( is r(vi(ing )h( or(rAsor/(r or r(so)ions. "n )his cas(,sinc( )h( &$ is no) a ;asi-B/iciao/4, #(c)ion 1, r)ic( H""" o )h(!ons)i))ion :n/s no a''ica)ion.( )ha) as i) a4, )h( &$ r(c)i:(/)h( shor)n(ss o i)s :rs) r(so)ion4 issing a (ng)hi(r on( h(n i)r(sov(/ r(s'on/(n) #!As o)ionor r(consi/(ra)ion.

#a( #a( hi( 4 )h( na)r(o his oEc(, a 'ic 'ros(c)or isn/(r no co'sion )o :( a'ar)icar criina inora)ionh(r( h( is no) convinc(/ )ha) h(has (vi/(nc( )o 'ro' ' )h(av(r(n)s )h(r(o, or )ha) )h((vi/(nc( a) han/ 'oin)s )o a/iS(r(n) concsion, )h( 'ossiii)4o )h( coission o as(s on )h('ar) o )h( 'ros(c)or is no)/iscon)(/.%h( ((c)iv(/('ar)(n) o )h( gov(rn(n) isaccon)a( or )h( 'ros(c)ion o cri(s, i)s 'rinci'a oiga)ion(ing )h( ai)h ((c)ion o )h(as o )h( an/. n(c(ssar4co'on(n) o )h( 'o(r )o ((c)()h( as is )h( righ) )o 'ros(c)()h(ir vioa)ors, )h( r(s'onsiii)4 or

hich is )hrs) 'on )h( &$.(nc(, )h( /()(rina)ion o h()h(r or no) 'roa( cas((is)s )o arran) )h( 'ros(c)ion incor) o an accs(/ is consign(/an/ (n)rs)(/ )o )h( &$. n/ 4)h( na)r( o his oEc(, a 'ic'ros(c)or is n/(r no co'sion

)o :( a 'ar)icar criinainora)ion h(r( h( is no)convinc(/ )ha) h( has (vi/(nc( )o'ro' ' )h( av(r(n)s )h(r(o, or)ha) )h( (vi/(nc( a) han/ 'oin)s )oa /iS(r(n) concsion. ) )his is

no) )o /iscon) )h( 'ossiii)4 o )h( coission o as(s on )h('ar) o )h( 'ros(c)or. ") is (n)ir(4'ossi( )ha) )h( inv(s)iga)ing'ros(c)or has (rron(os4((rcis(/ )h( /iscr()ion o/g(/ inhi 4 a. %his, ho(v(r, /o(s no)r(n/(r his ac) a(na( )ocorr(c)ion an/ ann(n) 4 )h(()raor/inar4 r((/4 o c(r)iorari,as(n) an4 shoing o grav( as(o /iscr()ion aon)ing )o (c(ss

o Bris/ic)ion. n/ hi( i) is )his!or)As g(n(ra 'oic4 no) )oin)(r(r( in )h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga-

188

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)ions, (aving )h( inv(s)iga)ingoEc(rs sEci(n) /iscr()ion )o/()(rin( 'roa( cas(, ( hav(non()h((ss a/( so( (c(')ions)o )h( g(n(ra r(, sch as h(n)h( ac)s o )h( oEc(r ar( i)ho)

or in (c(ss o a)hori)4, r(s)ingro a grav( as( o /iscr()ion.)hogh )h(r( is no g(n(raora or :(/ r( or )h(/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(,sinc( )h( sa( s) ( /(ci/(/ in)h( igh) o )h( con/i)ions o)ainingin giv(n si)a)ions an/ i)s(is)(nc( /('(n/s )o a arg(/(gr(( 'on )h( :n/ing or o'iniono )h( B/g( con/c)ing )h((aina)ion, sch a :n/ing sho/

no) /isr(gar/ )h( ac)s (or( )h( B/g( >'ic 'ros(c)or? or rn

con)(r )o )h( c(ar /ic)a)(s o r(ason.

#a( #a( Proa( !as(rav( s( o &iscr()ion or/san/ Phras(s "n r(;iring <har/



ac)s an/ soi/ (vi/(nc(= as )h(asis or a :n/ing o 'roa(cas( )o ho/ )h( r(s'on/(n)sia( )o s)an/ )ria or )h( cri(co'ain(/ o, )h( &('ar)(n) o

s)ic( >&$? /isr(gar/(/ )h(

/(:ni)ion o 'roa( cas()ha) i)is a r(asona( gron/ o 'r(s')ion )ha) a a))(r is, ora4 (, (-on/(/, sch a s)a)(o ac)s in )h( in/ o )h('ros(c)or as o/ (a/ a '(rsono or/inar4 ca)ion an/ 'r/(nc()o (i(v(, or (n)(r)ain an hon(s)or s)rong ss'icion, )ha) a )hing isso Proa( cas( /o(s no) (an<ac)a an/ 'osi)iv( cas(= nor/o(s i) i'or) aso)( c(r)ain)4

%h( &('ar)(n) o s)ic(hisica4 an/ ca'ricios4((rcis(/ i)s /iscr()ion, aon)ing)o grav( as( o /iscr()ion, h(ni) r(ason(/ as i no (vi/(nc( asac)a4 'r(s(n)(/ 4 co'ainan)h(n in ac) )h( r(cor/s o )h(cas( (r( )((ing, or h(n i)/iscon)(/ )h( va( o schss)an)ia)ion h(n in ac) )h((vi/(nc( 'r(s(n)(/ as a/(;a)()o (ci)( in a r(asona( in/ )h('roaii)4 )ha) )h( r(s'on/(n)scoi))(/ )h( cri(Ws co'ain(/o.''4ing )h( or(going/is;isi)ion )o )h( 'r(s(n) '()i)ion,)h( r(asons o &$ or aEring )h(/isissa o )h( criinaco'ain)s or (s)aa an/Wor;ai:(/ (s)aa ar( /()(rina)iv(o h()h(r or no) i) coi))(/grav( as( o /iscr()ionaon)ing )o acD or (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion. "n r(;iring <har/ ac)san/ soi/ (vi/(nc(= as )h( asis ora :n/ing o 'roa( cas( )o ho/'()i)ion(rs (rn4 an/ Ya)h(r(n(ia( )o s)an/ )ria or )h( cri(co'ain(/ o, )h( &$ /isr(gar/s)h( /(:ni)ion o 'roa( cas()ha) i) is a r(asona( gron/ o 'r(s')ion )ha) a a))(r is, ora4 (, (-on/(/, sch a s)a)(o ac)s in )h( in/ o )h('ros(c)or as o/ (a/ a '(rsono or/inar4 ca)ion an/ 'r/(nc()o (i(v(, or (n)(r)ain an hon(s)or s)rong ss'icion, )ha) a )hing isso. %h( )(r /o(s no) (an<ac)a

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H$L. 562, #% 13, 2008

189


an/ 'osi)iv( cas(= nor /o(s i)i'or) aso)( c(r)ain)4. ") is(r(4 as(/ on o'inion an/r(asona( (i( )ha) is, )h( (i( )ha) )h( ac) or oissionco'ain(/ o cons)i))(s )h(oS(ns( charg(/. hi( 'roa(cas( /(an/s or( )han <ar(

ss'icion,= i) r(;ir(s <(ss )han(vi/(nc( hich o/ Bs)i4convic)ion.= (r(in, )h( &$r(ason(/ as i no (vi/(nc( asac)a4 'r(s(n)(/ 4 r(s'on/(n)#! h(n in ac) )h( r(cor/s o )h( cas( (r( )((ing or i)/iscon)(/ )h( va( o schss)an)ia)ion h(n in ac) )h((vi/(nc( 'r(s(n)(/ as a/(;a)()o (ci)( in a r(asona( in/ )h('roaii)4 )ha) '()i)ion(rs (rn4

an/ Ya)h(r(n( coi))(/ )h(cri(Ws co'ain(/ o. "n so /oing,)h( &$ hisica4 an/ca'ricios4 ((rcis(/ i)s/iscr()ion, aon)ing )o grav(as( o /iscr()ion, hich r(n/(r(/i)s r(so)ions a(na( )ocorr(c)ion an/ ann(n) 4 )h(()raor/inar4 r((/4 o c(r)iorari.

#a( #a( #a( %ha) )h(co'ainan) anD is s''os(/ )o

hav( no '(rsonai)4 )o :( an4criina co'ain) agains) )h(r(s'on/(n)s /o(s no) i'so ac)oc(ar )h( o 'ria aci( gi).Fro )h( aov(, )h( a(g(/circs)anc(s o )h( cas( a) araD( ' )h( (((n)s o as( o con:/(nc(, /(c(i) or ra/(n)(ans, an/ /aag( n/(r r). 315o )h( R(vis(/ P(na !o/( on(s)aa an/Wor ;ai:(/ (s)aa. %h(4giv( ris( )o )h( 'r(s')ion or

r(asona( (i( )ha) )h( oS(ns(o (s)aa has ((n coi))(/ an/,)hs, )h( :ing o an "nora)ionagains) '()i)ion(rs (rn4 an/Ya)h(r(n( is arran)(/. %ha)r(s'on/(n) #! is s''os(/ )ohav( no '(rsonai)4 )o :( an4criina co'ain) agains)



'()i)ion(rs (rn4 an/ Ya)h(r(n(/o(s no) i'so ac)o c(ar )h( o 'ria aci( gi). %h( sa( go(sor )h(ir asic /(nia o )h( ac)s oroissions co'ain(/ o or )h(ira))(') a) shi)ing )h( /o) )o )h(

'(rson o orD an/ )h(ir cai )ha)i)n(ss(s o r(s'on/(n) #! ar(gi)4 o arica)ing )h( ho(sc(nario. %h(s( ar( a))(rs o /((ns( )h(ir vai/i)4 n((/s )o ()(s)(/ in )h( crci( o a -on )ria. L(s) i) ( orgo))(n, )h('r(s(nc( or as(nc( o )h((((n)s o )h( cri( is(vi/(n)iar4 in na)r( an/ is aa))(r o /((ns(, )h( )r)h o hich can (s) ( 'ass(/ 'on

a)(r a -on )ria on )h((ri)s. Li)iga)ion i 'rov('()i)ion(rs (rn4 an/ Ya)h(r(n(Asinnoc(nc( i )h(ir /((ns( ( )r(.Iaangaan vs. !or) o ''(as,#'(cia Nin()((n)h &ivision, 562#!R 18>2008?J

.R. No. 17135. 4 30, 2008.*

N%$N %. R++#, '()i)ion(r, vs.P+RLNY #+!R"%"+#, "N!.,r(s'on/(n).

!riina Proc(/r( Pr(iinar4"nv(s)iga)ion Proa( !as(or/s an/ Phras(s Proa(cas(, or )h( 'r'os( o :ing acriina inora)ion, has ((n/(:n(/ as sch ac)s as ar(sEci(n) )o (ng(n/(r a (-on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri( has((n coi))(/ an/ )ha)

r(s'on/(n) is 'roa4 gi)4)h(r(oa :n/ing o 'roa(cas( n((/s on4 )o r(s) on(vi/(nc( shoing )ha) or( iD(4)han no) a cri( has ((ncoi))(/ 4 )h( ss'(c)s "n/()(rining 'roa( cas(, )h(av(rag( an (ighs ac)s an/circs)anc(s i)ho) r(sor)ing )o)h( caira)ions o )h( r(s o (vi/(nc( o hich h( has no)(chnica Dno(/g(h( r(i(s on

coon s(ns(.Proa( cas(,or )h( 'r'os( o :ing a criinainora)ion, has ((n /(:n(/ assch ac)s as ar( sEci(n) )o(ng(n/(r a (-on/(/ (i( )ha)a cri( has ((n coi))(/ an/)ha) r(s'on/(n) is 'roa4 gi)4)h(r(o. %h( )(r /o(s no) (an

<ac)a an/ 'osi)iv( cas(= nor/o(s i) i'or) aso)( c(r)ain)4. ")is (r(4 as(/ on o'inion an/r(asona( (i(. Proa( cas(/o(s no) r(;ir( an in;ir4 in)oh()h(r )h(r( is sEci(n) (vi/(nc(

)o 'rocr( a convic)ion. ") is(nogh )ha) i) is (i(v(/ )ha) )h(ac) or oission co'ain(/ o

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* %"R& &"H"#"$N.

519

cons)i))(s )h( oS(ns( charg(/. :n/ing o 'roa( cas( n((/son4 )o r(s) on (vi/(nc( shoing)ha) or( iD(4 )han no) a cri(has ((n coi))(/ 4 )h(ss'(c)s. ") n((/ no) ( as(/ onc(ar an/ convincing (vi/(nc( o gi), no) on (vi/(nc( (s)aishinggi) (4on/ r(asona( /o), an//(:ni)(4 no) on (vi/(nc((s)aishing aso)( c(r)ain)4 o

gi). "n /()(rining 'roa(cas(, )h( av(rag( an (ighsac)s an/ circs)anc(s i)ho)r(sor)ing )o )h( caira)ions o )h(r(s o (vi/(nc( o hich h( hasno )(chnica Dno(/g(. ( r(i(son coon s(ns(. ha) is/()(rin(/ is h()h(r )h(r( issEci(n) gron/ )o (ng(n/(r a(-on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri(has ((n coi))(/, an/ )ha) )h(accs(/ is 'roa4 gi)4 )h(r(o

an/ sho/ ( h(/ or )ria. ") /o(sno) r(;ir( an in;ir4 as )oh()h(r )h(r( is sEci(n) (vi/(nc()o s(cr( a convic)ion.

#a( #a( #a( %h(/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas(or )h( :ing o inora)ion in cor)is an ((c)iv( nc)ion, on( )ha)'ro'(r4 '(r)ains a) )h( :rs)ins)anc( )o )h( 'ic 'ros(c)oran/, )ia)(4, )o )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic(, ho a4 /ir(c) )h( :ing o )h( corr(s'on/ing inora)ion orov( or )h( /isissa o )h( cas(an/, n(ss a/( i)h grav(as( o /iscr()ion, :n/ings o )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( ar( no) sB(c))o r(vi(.%h(s( :n/ings o 'roa( cas( a i)hin )h(



Bris/ic)ion o )h( 'ros(c)or or:sca in )h( ((rcis( o ((c)iv('o(r, hich )h( cor)s /o no)in)(r(r( i)h n(ss )h(r( is grav(as( o /iscr()ion. %h(/()(rina)ion o i)s (is)(nc( i(s

i)hin )h( /iscr()ion o )h('ros(c)ing oEc(rs a)(rcon/c)ing a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion 'on co'ain) o anoS(n/(/ 'ar)4. %hs, )h( /(cisionh()h(r )o /isiss a co'ain) orno) is /('(n/(n) 'on )h( son//iscr()ion o )h( 'ros(c)ing :sca.( a4 /isiss )h( co'ain)or)hi)h, i h( :n/s )h( charg(insEci(n) in or or ss)anc( ori)ho) an4 gron/. $r h( a4

'roc((/ i)h )h( inv(s)iga)ion i )h( co'ain) in his vi( issEci(n) an/ in 'ro'(r or. %o('hasiC(, )h( /()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas( or )h( :ing o inora)ion in cor) is an ((c)iv(nc)ion, on( )ha) 'ro'(r4 '(r)ainsa) )h( :rs) ins)anc( )o )h( 'ic'ros(c)or an/, )ia)(4, )o )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic(, ho a4/ir(c) )h( :ing o )h(corr(s'on/ing inora)ion or ov(or )h( /isissa o )h( cas(.)ia)(4, h()h(r or no) aco'ain) i ( /isiss(/ is/('(n/(n) on )h( son/ /iscr()iono )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(. n/n(ss a/( i)h grav( as( o /iscr()ion, :n/ings o )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic( ar( no) sB(c) )o r(vi(.

520

#a( #a( #a( rav( s(o &iscr()ion or/s an/ Phras(s4 grav( as( o /iscr()ion is(an), sch ca'ricios an/hisica ((rcis( o B/g(n) asis (;iva(n) )o acD o Bris/ic)ion."n &.M. !onsnBi, "nc. v. +sg(rra,260 #!R 7 >1996?, ( /(:n(/grav( as( o /iscr()ion in )hisis( 4 grav( as( o /iscr()ion

is (an), sch ca'ricios an/hisica ((rcis( o B/g(n) asis (;iva(n) )o acD o Bris/ic)ion.

%h( as( o /iscr()ion s) (grav( as h(r( )h( 'o(r is((rcis(/ in an ari)rar4 or/(s'o)ic ann(r 4 r(ason o 'assion or '(rsona hos)ii)4 an/

s) ( so 'a)(n) an/ gross as )oaon) )o an (vasion o 'osi)iv(/)4 or )o a vir)a r(sa )o'(ror )h( /)4 (nBoin(/ 4 or )oac) a) a in con)('a)ion o a.

#a( #a( #a( Mo)ions orR(consi/(ra)ion %h( &('ar)(n)o s)ic( >&$? #(cr()ar4 is no)'r(c/(/ ro aDing in(r(nc(so ac) an/ concsions o ahich a4 ( /iS(r(n) ro,con)rar4 )o, or (v(n (n)ir(4aan/oning, )h( :n/ings a/( 4his n/(rs(cr()ar4 >)i(rr(C?a)hogh )h(4 (r( o)h ac(/ i)h)h( sa( (vi/(nc( an/ arg(n)s

%h( 'r'os( o a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion is 'r(cis(4 )or(;(s) )h( cor) or ;asi-B/iciao/4 )o )aD( a s(con/ ooD a) i)s(ari(r B/g(n) an/ corr(c) an4(rrors i) a4 hav( coi))(/)h(r(in.)hogh no n((vi/(nc( as 'r(s(n)(/ 4 )h('ar)i(s ro )h( )i( )h( :rs)R(so)ion as iss(/ 4 &$ s(c.)i(rr(C on 7 n( 2003 n)i )h(s(con/ R(so)ion as iss(/ 4&$ #(cr()ar4 &a)anong on &(c((r 200, )h( &$ #(cr()ar4is no) 'r(c/(/ ro aDingin(r(nc(s o ac) an/ concsionso a hich a4 ( /iS(r(n) ro,con)rar4 )o, or (v(n (n)ir(4aan/oning, )h( :n/ings a/( 4&$ s(c. )i(rr(C a)hogh )h(4(r( o)h ac(/ i)h )h( sa((vi/(nc( an/ arg(n)s. Firs), i)s) ( no)(/ )ha) &$ #(cr()ar4&a)anong iss(/ his R(so)iono &(c((r 200 'on )h( :ing4 P+RLNY o a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion o )h( R(so)ion/a)(/ 7 n( 2003 o &$ s(c.)i(rr(C (n)ir(4 /isissing i)sco'ain). %h( &(c((r 200R(so)ion, )h(r(or(, o &$#(cr()ar4 &a)anong as )h(r(s) o his ac)ing on, an/ gran)ingo, )h( o)ion or r(consi/(ra)iono P+RLNY. %h( 'r'os( o ao)ion or r(consi/(ra)ion is

'r(cis(4 )o r(;(s) )h( cor) or;asi-B/icia o/4 )o )aD( a s(con/ooD a) i)s (ari(r B/g(n) an/corr(c) an4 (rrors i) a4 hav(coi))(/ )h(r(in.

521



#a( #a( +;a Pro)(c)ion!as( hi( )h( righ) )o (;a'ro)(c)ion o )h( a r(;ir(s )ha)i)igan)s ar( )r(a)(/ in an (;aann(r 4 giving )h( )h( sa(righ)s n/(r siiar circs)anc(s,i) a4 no) ( '(rv(rs(4 s(/ )o

Bs)i4 /(sis)anc( 4 )h( a)hori)i(sro 'ros(c)ion o a criinacas(, Bs) (cas( no) a o )hos(ho ar( 'roa4 gi)4 )h(r(o (r( charg(/.+;a4 i)ho)(ri) is '()i)ion(rAs ass(r)ion )ha)'on /isissa o )h( charg(sagains) his co-r(s'on/(n) +s'iri),)hos( agains) hi s) iD(is( (/isiss(/. P()i)ion(r insis)s )ha) i )h( charg(s agains) an accs(/r(s) 'on )h( sa( (vi/(nc( s(/)o charg( a co-accs(/, )h(/isissa o )h( charg(s agains))h( or(r sho/ (n(:) )h( a))(r.

%his is a(/ r(asoning, av(ri)a( non s(;i)r. #Ec( i) )osa4 )ha) i) is in/i)a4 i)hin )h(/iscr()ion o )h( 'ros(c)or )o/()(rin( ho s) ( charg(/i)h ha) cri( or or ha)oS(ns(. "n ( v. &( L(on, 27#!R 652 >1995?, in hich )h('()i)ion(rs ;(s)ion(/ )h( non-incsion o aro in )h("nora)ion or ra'( i)h hoici/(:(/ agains) )h(, /(s'i)( aroAsa(g(/ cons'ira)oria 'ar)ici'a)ionin )h( cri( charg(/, )his !or)'rononc(/ )ha) I%Jh( 'ros(c)iono cri(s a''(r)ains )o )h(((c)iv( /('ar)(n) o gov(rn(n) hos( 'rinci'a 'o(ran/ r(s'onsiii)4 is )o s(( )ha) oras ar( ai)h4 ((c)(/. n(c(ssar4 co'on(n) o )his 'o(r)o ((c)( or as is )h( righ) )o'ros(c)( )h(ir vioa)ors. %h( righ))o 'ros(c)( v(s)s )h( 'ros(c)ori)h a i/( rang( o /iscr()ion)h( /iscr()ion o h()h(r, ha) an/ho )o charg(, )h( ((rcis( o hich /('(n/s on a sorgasoar/o ac)ors hich ar( (s)

a''r(cia)(/ 4 'ros(c)ors .hi( )h( righ) )o (;a 'ro)(c)iono )h( a r(;ir(s )ha) i)igan)s ar()r(a)(/ in an (;a ann(r 4giving )h( )h( sa( righ)s n/(rsiiar circs)anc(s, i) a4 no)( '(rv(rs(4 s(/ )o Bs)i4/(sis)anc( 4 )h( a)hori)i(s ro

'ros(c)ion o a criina cas(, Bs)(cas( no) a o )hos( ho ar('roa4 gi)4 )h(r(o (r(charg(/.

#a( #a( Pr(B/icia K(s)ionsor/s an/ Phras(s 'r(B/icia;(s)ion is /(:n(/ as on( hicharis(s in a cas( )h( r(so)ion o hich is a ogica an)(c(/(n) o )h(iss( invov(/ )h(r(in, an/ )h(cogniCanc( o hich '(r)ains )oano)h(r )rina %h( 'r(B/icia;(s)ion s) ( /()(rina)iv( o )h( cas( (or( )h( cor), ) )h(

Bris/ic)ion )o )r4 an/ r(sov( )h(;(s)ion s) ( o/g(/ in ano)h(rcor) or )rina %h( ra)iona((hin/ )h( 'rinci'( o 'r(B/icia;(s)ion is )o avoi/ )o conic)ing/(cisions. 'r(B/icia ;(s)ion is/(:n(/ as on( hich aris(s in acas( )h( r(so)ion o

522

hich is a ogica an)(c(/(n) o )h(iss( invov(/ )h(r(in, an/ )h(cogniCanc( o hich '(r)ains )o

ano)h(r )rina. %h( 'r(B/icia;(s)ion s) ( /()(rina)iv( o )h( cas( (or( )h( cor), ) )h(

Bris/ic)ion )o )r4 an/ r(sov( )h(;(s)ion s) ( o/g(/ in ano)h(rcor) or )rina. ") is a ;(s)ionas(/ on a ac) /is)inc) an/s('ara)( ro )h( cri(, ) soin)ia)(4 conn(c)(/ i)h i) )ha) i)/()(rin(s )h( gi) or innoc(nc(o )h( accs(/ an/ or i) )oss'(n/ )h( criina ac)ion, i)

s) a''(ar no) on4 )ha) sai/cas( invov(s ac)s in)ia)(4r(a)(/ )o )hos( 'on hich )h(criina 'ros(c)ion o/ (as(/, ) aso )ha) in )h(r(so)ion o )h( iss( or iss(srais(/ in )h( civi cas(, )h( gi) orinnoc(nc( o )h( accs(/ o/n(c(ssari4 ( /()(rin(/. ")co(s in)o 'a4 g(n(ra4 in asi)a)ion in hich a civi ac)ion an/a criina ac)ion ar( o)h '(n/ing

an/ )h(r( (is)s in )h( or(r aniss( hich s) ( 'r((')iv(4r(sov(/ (or( )h( criina ac)iona4 'roc((/, (cas( hoso(v(r)h( iss( rais(/ in )h( civi ac)ion isr(sov(/ o/ ( /()(rina)iv(

Bris () /( Br( o )h( gi) orinnoc(nc( o )h( accs(/ in )h(



criina cas(. %h( ra)iona( (hin/)h( 'rinci'( o 'r(B/icia ;(s)ionis )o avoi/ )o conic)ing/(cisions. IR(4(s vs. P(aranD#(cri)i(s, "nc., 560 #!R518>2008?J

.R. No. 178511. &(c((r ,2008.*

M. +L+N FL$R&+L"Q !. N-, FRN!"# #$N . N,NN Q$R& . N, an/H"!+N%+ . +N%$, '()i)ion(rs,vs. +&R&$ . N, r(s'on/(n).

!riina Proc(/r( Proa(

!as( or/s an/ Phras(s :n/ing o 'roa( cas( /o(s no)r(;ir( an in;ir4 in)o h()h(r)h(r( is sEci(n) (vi/(nc( )o'rocr( a convic)ioni) is (nogh)ha) i) is (i(v(/ )ha) )h( ac) oroission co'ain(/ o cons)i))(s)h( oS(ns( charg(/.Proa(cas(, or 'r'os(s o :ing acriina inora)ion, has ((n/(:n(/ as sch ac)s as ar(sEci(n) )o (ng(n/(r a (-

on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri( has((n coi))(/ an/ )ha)r(s'on/(n) is 'roa4 gi)4)h(r(o. ") is sch a s)a)( o ac)s in)h( in/ o )h( 'ros(c)or aso/ (a/ a '(rson o or/inar4ca)ion an/ 'r/(nc( )o (i(v( or(n)(r)ain an hon(s) or s)rongss'icion )ha) a )hing is so. %h()(r /o(s no) (an <ac)a or'osi)iv( cas(= nor /o(s i) i'or)aso)( c(r)ain)4. ") is (r(4

as(/ on o'inion an/ r(asona((i(. %hs, a :n/ing o 'roa(cas( /o(s no) r(;ir( an in;ir4in)o h()h(r )h(r( is sEci(n)(vi/(nc( )o 'rocr( a convic)ion. ")is (nogh )ha) i) is (i(v(/ )ha))h( ac) or oission co'ain(/ o cons)i))(s )h( oS(ns( charg(/.Pr(cis(4, )h(r( is a )ria or )h(r(c(')ion o 'ros(c)ionAs (vi/(nc(in s''or) o )h( charg(.=

!riina La +v(r4 cri( is/(:n(/ 4 i)s (((n)s, i)ho)hich )h(r( sho/ (a) )h( os)no criina oS(ns(."n or/(r)ha) 'roa( cas( )o :( acriina cas( a4 ( arriv(/ a), orin or/(r )o (ng(n/(r )h( (-on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri( has

((n coi))(/, )h( (((n)s o )h( cri( charg(/ sho/ ('r(s(n). %his is as(/ on )h('rinci'( )ha) (v(r4 cri( is/(:n(/ 4 i)s (((n)s, i)ho)hich )h(r( sho/ (a) )h( os)

no criina oS(ns(.

!or'ora)ion La #)ocDho/(rAsRigh) o "ns'(c)ion %h(s)ocDho/(rAs righ) o ins'(c)ion o )h( cor'ora)ionAs ooDs an/r(cor/s is as(/ 'on )h(iron(rshi' o )h( ass()s an/'ro'(r)4 o )h( cor'ora)ion, ) )h(ins'(c)ion has )o ( g(ran( )o hisin)(r(s) as a s)ocD-

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* %"R& &"H"#"$N.

130

ho/(r, an/ has )o ( 'ro'(r an/a in charac)(r an/ no) iniica)o )h( in)(r(s) o )h( cor'ora)ion.

"n oDong(i, r. v. #(cri)i(s an/+chang( !oission, 89 #!R336 >1979?, )his !or) ('ain(/)h( ra)iona( (hin/ as)ocDho/(rAs righ) )o ins'(c)cor'ora)( ooDs, )o i) %h(s)ocDho/(rAs righ) o ins'(c)ion o )h( cor'ora)ionAs ooDs an/r(cor/s is as(/ 'on )h(iron(rshi' o )h( ass()s an/'ro'(r)4 o )h( cor'ora)ion. ") is,)h(r(or(, an inci/(n) o on(rshi'

o )h( cor'ora)( 'ro'(r)4, h()h(r)his on(rshi' or in)(r(s) ()(r(/ an (;i)a( on(rshi', a(n(:cia on(rshi', or a ;asi-on(rshi'. %his righ) is 'r(/ica)(/'on )h( n(c(ssi)4 o s(-'ro)(c)ion. ") is g(n(ra4 h(/ 4aBori)4 o )h( cor)s )ha) h(r()h( righ) is gran)(/ 4 s)a))( )o)h( s)ocDho/(r, i) is giv(n )o hias sch an/ s) ( ((rcis(/ 4hi i)h r(s'(c) )o his in)(r(s) as a

s)ocDho/(r an/ or so( 'r'os(g(ran( )h(r()o or in )h( in)(r(s)o )h( cor'ora)ion. "n o)h(r or/s,)h( ins'(c)ion has )o ( g(ran()o )h( '()i)ion(rAs in)(r(s) as as)ocDho/(r, an/ has )o ( 'ro'(ran/ a in charac)(r an/ no)iniica )o )h( in)(r(s) o )h(



cor'ora)ion. "n R('ic v.#an/igana4an, 199 #!R 39>1991?, )h( !or) /(car(/ )ha) )h(righ) )o ins'(c) an/Wor (ain( )h(r(cor/s o a cor'ora)ion n/(r#(c)ion 7 o )h( !or'ora)ion !o/(

is circscri(/ 4 )h( ('r(ssii)a)ion con)ain(/ in )h(scc((/ing 'roviso, hich s)a)(s)ha) I"J) sha ( a /((ns( )o an4ac)ion n/(r )his s(c)ion )ha) )h('(rson /(an/ing )o (ain( an/co'4 (c(r')s ro )h(cor'ora)ionAs r(cor/s an/ in)(shas i'ro'(r4 s(/ an4inora)ion s(cr(/ )hrogh an4'rior (aina)ion o )h( r(cor/s orin)(s o sch cor'ora)ion or o

an4 o)h(r cor'ora)ion, or as no)ac)ing in goo/ ai)h or or a(gi)ia)( 'r'os( in aDing his/(an/.

#a( #a( !riina LaHioa)ion o #(c)ion 7 o )h(!or'ora)ion !o/( +((n)s."nor/(r )h(r(or( or )h( '(na'rovision n/(r #(c)ion 1 o )h(!or'ora)ion !o/( )o a''4 in a cas(o vioa)ion o a s)ocDho/(r or((rAs righ) )o ins'(c) )h(cor'ora)( ooDsWr(cor/s as'rovi/(/ or n/(r #(c)ion 7 o )h( !or'ora)ion !o/(, )h( ooing(((n)s s) ( 'r(s(n) Firs). /ir(c)or, )rs)((, s)ocDho/(r or((r has a/( a 'rior /(an/in ri)ing or a co'4 o (c(r')sro )h( cor'ora)ionAs r(cor/s orin)(s #(con/. n4 oEc(r orag(n) o )h( conc(rn(/ cor'ora)ionsha r(s( )o ao )h( sai//ir(c)or, )rs)((, s)ocDho/(r or((r o )h( cor'ora)ion )o(ain( an/ co'4 sai/ (c(r')s

%hir/. " sch r(sa is a/('rsan) )o a r(so)ion or or/(r o )h( oar/ o /ir(c)ors or

131

)rs)((s, )h( iaii)4 n/(r )hiss(c)ion or sch ac)ion sha (

i'os(/ 'on )h( /ir(c)ors or)rs)((s ho vo)(/ or schr(sa an/, For)h. h(r( )h(oEc(r or ag(n) o )h( cor'ora)ions()s ' )h( /((ns( )ha) )h( '(rson/(an/ing )o (ain( an/ co'4(c(r')s ro )h( cor'ora)ionAsr(cor/s an/ in)(s has

i'ro'(r4 s(/ an4 inora)ions(cr(/ )hrogh an4 'rior(aina)ion o )h( r(cor/s orin)(s o sch cor'ora)ion or o an4 o)h(r cor'ora)ion, or as no)ac)ing in goo/ ai)h or or a

(gi)ia)( 'r'os( in aDing his/(an/, )h( con)rar4 s) (shon or 'rov(/.

#a( #a( #a( s)i4ing!ircs)anc(s !riina Proc(/r(Pr(iinar4 "nv(s)iga)ions "n acriina co'ain) or vioa)ion o #(c)ion 7 o )h( !or'ora)ion !o/(,)h( /((ns( o i'ro'(r s( oro)iv( is in )h( na)r( o a

Bs)i4ing circs)anc( )ha) o/(on(ra)( )hos( ho rais( an/ ar(a( )o 'rov( )h( sa( " Bs)i4ingcircs)anc(s ar( cai(/ as a/((ns(, )h(4 sho/ a) (as) (rais(/ /ring 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion)h( consi/(ra)ionan/ /()(rina)ion o Bs)i4ingcircs)anc(s as a /((ns( is ar((van) sB(c) o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion."n a criinaco'ain) or vioa)ion o #(c)ion7 o )h( !or'ora)ion !o/(, )h(/((ns( o i'ro'(r s( or o)iv(is in )h( na)r( o a Bs)i4ingcircs)anc( )ha) o/ (on(ra)()hos( ho rais( an/ ar( a( )o'rov( )h( sa(. ccor/ing4,h(r( )h( cor'ora)ion /(ni(sins'(c)ion on )h( gron/ o i'ro'(r o)iv( or 'r'os(, )h(r/(n o 'roo is )aD(n ro )h(shar(ho/(r an/ 'ac(/ on )h(cor'ora)ion. %his (ing )h( cas(, i)o/ ( i'ro'(r or )h('ros(c)or, /ring 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion, )o r(s( or ai )oa//r(ss )h( /((ns( o i'ro'(rs( or o)iv(, giv(n i)s ('r(sss)a))or4 r(cogni)ion. "n )h( 'as)( hav( /(car(/ )ha) i Bs)i4ingcircs)anc(s ar( cai(/ as a/((ns(, )h(4 sho/ hav( a) (as)((n rais(/ /ring 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion hich s())(s )h(vi( )ha) )h( consi/(ra)ion an/

/()(rina)ion o Bs)i4ingcircs)anc(s as a /((ns( is ar((van) sB(c) o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion.

#a( #a( #a( #a( #a(#a( "n )h( a''raisa o )h( cas('r(s(n)(/ )o hi or r(so)ion, )h(



/)4 o a 'ros(c)or is or( )o /o Bs)ic( an/ (ss )o 'ros(c)(.

'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is in(S(c) a r(ais)ic B/icia a''raisao )h( (ri)s o )h( cas( sEci(n)'roo o )h( gi) o )h( criina

r(s'on/(n) s) ( a//c(/ so)ha) h(n )h( cas( is )ri(/, )h( )riacor) a4 no) ( on/, as aa))(r o a, )o or/(r an ac;i))a.)hogh a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is

132

no) a )ria an/ is no) in)(n/(/ )osr' )h( nc)ion o )h( )ria cor),i) is no) a casa aSair )h( oEc(rcon/c)ing )h( sa( inv(s)iga)(sor in;ir(s in)o )h( ac)sconc(rning )h( coission o )h(cri( i)h )h( (n/ in vi( o /()(rining h()h(r or no) aninora)ion a4 ( 'r('ar(/agains) )h( accs(/. )(r a, )h('r'os( o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is no) on4 )o/()(rin( h()h(r )h(r( issEci(n) gron/ )o (ng(n/(r a(-on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri(has ((n coi))(/ an/ )h(r(s'on/(n) )h(r(in is 'roa4gi)4 )h(r(o an/ sho/ ( h(/or )ria i) is Bs) as ( or )h('r'os( o s(cring )h( innoc(n)agains) has)4, aicios an/o''r(ssiv( 'ros(c)ion, an/ )o'ro)(c) hi ro an o'(n an/'ic accsa)ion o a cri(, ro)h( )ro(, ('(ns( an/ ani()4 o a 'ic )ria. Mor( i'or)an)4, in

)h( a''raisa o )h( cas( 'r(s(n)(/)o hi or r(so)ion, )h( /)4 o a'ros(c)or is or( )o /o Bs)ic(an/ (ss )o 'ros(c)(.

#a( #a( #a( #a( #a(#a( &( Proc(ss 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is )h( crcia si(v( in)h( criina Bs)ic( s4s)( hichs'(s or an in/ivi/a )h(/iS(r(nc( ()((n on)hs i no)4(ars o agoniCing )ria an/

'ossi4 Bai )(r, on )h( on( han/,an/ '(ac( o in/ an/ i(r)4, on)h( o)h(r &( 'roc(ss r(;ir(s)ha) an in;ir4 in)o )h( o)iv((hin/ a s)ocDho/(rAs a))(') a)ins'(c)ion sho/ ( a/( (v(n/ring )h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ions)ag(, Bs) as soon as '()i)ion(rs

s() ' )h( /((ns( o i'ro'(r s(an/ o)iv(. 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is )h( crcia si(v( in)h( criina Bs)ic( s4s)( hichs'(s or an in/ivi/a )h(/iS(r(nc( ()((n on)hs i no)

4(ars o agoniCing )ria an/'ossi4 Bai )(r, on )h( on( han/,an/ '(ac( o in/ an/ i(r)4, on)h( o)h(r. %hs, ( hav(charac)(riC(/ )h( righ) )o a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion as no) a(r( ora or )(chnica righ) ) ass)an)iv( on(, oring 'ar) o /( 'roc(ss in criina Bs)ic(. &('roc(ss, in )h( ins)an) cas(,r(;ir(s )ha) an in;ir4 in)o )h(o)iv( (hin/ +/ar/oAs a))(')

a) ins'(c)ion sho/ hav( ((na/( (v(n /ring )h( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion s)ag(, Bs) as soon as'()i)ion(rs s() ' )h( /((ns( o i'ro'(r s( an/ o)iv(. Ing-a4a vs. ng, 573 #!R129>2008?J

.R. Nos. 156399-00. n( 27,2008.*

H"!%$R $#+ %N , '()i)ion(r, vs. $FF"!+ $F %+ $M&#MN,P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,#N&"NN >#P+!"L&"H"#"$N?, !RL$# #. !! $F

%+ N%"$NL R+ $F"NH+#%"%"$N, R$M+$ %.!PL$N, L+$NR& &+ H+R,N& &+NN"# . FN, r(s'on/(n)s.

!(r)iorari or/s an/ Phras(srav( s( o &iscr()ion %h(

<grav( as( o /iscr()ion= as/(:n(/ 4 Bris'r/(nc( is )h(<ca'ricios an/ hisica ((rcis(o B/g(n) as is (;iva(n) )o acDo Bris/ic)ion, or an ((rcis( o 'o(r in an ari)rar4 an/ /(s'o)icann(r 4 r(ason o 'assion or'(rsona hos)ii)4, or an ((rcis( o

B/g(n) so 'a)(n) an/ gross as )oaon) )o an (vasion o a 'osi)iv(/)4 or )o a vir)a r(sa )o'(ror )h( /)4 (nBoin(/, or )o ac)

in a ann(r no) a) a incon)('a)ion o a.=( cari4a) )h( o)s() )ha) )h( 'r(s(n)'()i)ion is :(/ n/(r #(c)ion 1,R( 65 o )h( R(vis(/ R(s o !or) hos( sco'( o r(vi( isii)(/ )o )h( ;(s)ion as )h(or/(r 4 )h( )rina, oar/ or



oEc(r ((rcising B/icia or ;asi B/icia nc)ions r(n/(r(/ i)ho)

or in (c(ss o Bris/ic)ion or i)hgrav( as( o /iscr()ionaon)ing )o acD o or

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

7

7

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

4 vs. $Ec( o )h( $/san

(c(ss o Bris/ic)ion@ %h( <grav(as( o /iscr()ion= )ha) )h('()i)ion(r a(g(s in )his cas( is/(:n(/ 4 Bris'r/(nc( )o ( a<ca'ricios an/ hisica ((rcis(o B/g(n) as is (;iva(n) )o acD

o Bris/ic)ion, or IanJ ((rcis( o 'o(r in an ari)rar4 an/ /(s'o)icann(r 4 r(ason o 'assion or'(rsona hos)ii)4, or an ((rcis( o

B/g(n) so 'a)(n) an/ gross as )oaon) )o an (vasion o a 'osi)iv(/)4 or )o a vir)a r(sa )o'(ror )h( /)4 (nBoin(/, or )o ac)in a ann(r no) a) a incon)('a)ion o a.=

&( Proc(ss !riina Proc(/r(Pr(iinar4 "nv(s)iga)ions %h(righ) )o hav( a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion con/c)(/ (or((ing on/ or )ria an/ (or((ing ('os(/ )o )h( risD o incarc(ra)ion an/ '(na)4 is no) a(r( ora or )(chnica righ)i) isa ss)an)iv( righ) %o /(n4 )h(accs(/As cai )o a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is )o /('riv( hi o )h( (asr( o his righ) )o /('roc(ss. 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is h(/ (or( anaccs(/ is 'ac(/ on )ria )o s(cr()h( innoc(n) agains) has)4,aicios, an/ o''r(ssiv('ros(c)ion )o 'ro)(c) hi ro ano'(n an/ 'ic accsa)ion o acri(, as ( as ro )h( )ro(,

('(ns(s, an/ ani()4 o a 'ic)ria. ") is aso in)(n/(/ )o 'ro)(c))h( s)a)( ro having )o con/c)s((ss an/ ('(nsiv( )rias. hi()h( righ) is s)a))or4 ra)h(r )hancons)i))iona, i) is a co'on(n) o

/( 'roc(ss in a/inis)(ringcriina Bs)ic(. %h( righ) )o hav( a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ioncon/c)(/ (or( (ing on/ or)ria an/ (or( (ing ('os(/ )o)h( risD o incarc(ra)ion an/'(na)4 is no) a (r( ora or)(chnica righ) i) is a ss)an)iv(righ). %o /(n4 )h( accs(/As cai)o a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is )o/('riv( hi o )h( (asr( o his righ) )o /( 'roc(ss.

#a( #a( #a( s in a cor)'roc((/ing, a(i) i)h a''ro'ria)(a/Bs)(n)s (cas( i) is(ss(n)ia4 s)i an a/inis)ra)iv('roc((/ing in hich )h( 'ros(c)oror inv(s)iga)ing oEc(r is a ;asi-

B/icia oEc(r 4 )h( na)r( o hisnc)ions, a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion is sB(c) )o )h(r(;ir((n)s o o)h ss)an)iv(an/ 'roc(/ra /( 'roc(ss %h((v( o scr)in4 )ha) s) ( a/(in 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion issEci(n) 'roo o )h( gi) o )h(accs(/ so )ha) h(n )h( cas( is)ri(/, )h( )ria cor) a4 no) (on/ as a a))(r o a )o or/(ran ac;i))a.s in a cor)'roc((/ing >a(i) i)h a''ro'ria)(a/Bs)(n)s (cas( i) is(ss(n)ia4 s)i an a/inis)ra)iv('roc((/ing in hich )h( 'ros(c)oror inv(s)iga)ing oEc(r is a ;asi-

B/icia oEc(r 4 )h( na)r( o hisnc)ions?, a 'r(iinar4

75

H$L. 556, N+ 27, 2008

75


inv(s)iga)ion is sB(c) )o )h(r(;ir((n)s o o)h ss)an)iv(an/ 'roc(/ra /( 'roc(ss. %hisvi( a4 ( (ss s)ric) in i)sora)ion )han ha) ( h(/ in!oBangco, r. v. P!, () a., 190



#!R 226 >1990?, h(n ( sai/ ")s) ( n/(r)aD(n in accor/anc(i)h )h( 'roc(/r( 'rovi/(/ in#(c)ion 3, R( 112 o )h( 1985R(s o !riina Proc(/r(. %his'roc(/r( is )o ( os(rv(/ in

or/(r )o assr( )ha) a '(rsonn/(rgoing sch 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion i ( aSor/(/ /('roc(ss. )hogh sch a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is no) a)ria an/ is no) in)(n/(/ )o sr')h( nc)ion o )h( )ria cor), i) isno) a casa aSair. %h( oEc(rcon/c)ing )h( sa( inv(s)iga)(sor in;ir(s in)o )h( ac)sconc(rning )h( coission o )h(cri( i)h )h( (n/ in vi( o

/()(rining h()h(r or no) aninora)ion a4 ( 'r('ar(/agains) )h( accs(/. "n/((/, a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion is in(S(c) a r(ais)ic B/icia a''raisao )h( (ri)s o )h( cas(. #Eci(n)'roo o )h( gi) o )h( accs(/s) ( a//c(/ so )ha) h(n )h(cas( is )ri(/, )h( )ria cor) a4no) ( on/ as a a))(r o a )oor/(r an ac;i))a. 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion has )h(n ((n ca(/a B/icia in;ir4. ") is a B/icia'roc((/ing. n ac) (co(s

B/icia h(n )h(r( is o''or)ni)4)o ( h(ar/ an/ or )h( 'ro/c)ionan/ (ighing o (vi/(nc(, an/ a/(cision is r(n/(r(/ )h(r(on, )( coon4 r(cogniC( )h( n((/or )h( os(rvanc( o /( 'roc(ss.( iD(is( 4 agr(( i)h!oBangco in )(rs o )h( (v( o scr)in4 )ha) s) ( a/(( /ono) ('(c) )h( rigoros s)an/ar/so a criina )ria, ) <IsJEci(n)'roo o )h( gi) o )h( accs(/s) ( a//c(/ so )ha) h(n )h(cas( is )ri(/, )h( )ria cor) a4no) ( on/ as a a))(r o a )oor/(r an ac;i))a.=

#a( #a( ng %ia4 &oc)rin(ng %ia4 v. !or) o "n/s)riaR(a)ions, 69 Phi. 635 >190?,/(:n(s )h( asic /( 'roc(ss

sa(gar/s in a/inis)ra)iv('roc((/ings)ha) )h( /(cision >4an a/inis)ra)iv( o/4? s) (r(n/(r(/ on )h( (vi/(nc('r(s(n)(/ a) )h( h(aring, or a)(as) con)ain(/ in )h( r(cor/ an//iscos(/ )o )h( 'ar)i(s aS(c)(/$n4 4 con:ning )h(

a/inis)ra)iv( )rina )o )h((vi/(nc( /iscos(/ )o )h( 'ar)i(s,can )h( a))(r ( 'ro)(c)(/ in )h(irrigh) )o Dno an/ (() )h( cas(agains) )h(."n igh) o )h( /('roc(ss r(;ir((n), )h( s)an/ar/s

)ha) a) )h( v(r4 (as) ass( gr(a)a)(riai)4 an/ signi:canc( ar()hos( (nncia)(/ in )h( (a/ingcas( o ng %ia4 v. !or) o "n/s)ria R(a)ions, 69 Phi. 635>190?. %his cas( ins)rc)iv(4 )(ssin /(:ning )h( asic /('roc(ss sa(gar/s ina/inis)ra)iv( 'roc((/ings)ha))h( /(cision

76

76

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&


>4 an a/inis)ra)iv( o/4? s)

( r(n/(r(/ on )h( (vi/(nc('r(s(n)(/ a) )h( h(aring, or a)(as) con)ain(/ in )h( r(cor/ an//iscos(/ )o )h( 'ar)i(s aS(c)(/on4 4 con:ning )h(a/inis)ra)iv( )rina )o )h((vi/(nc( /iscos(/ )o )h( 'ar)i(s,can )h( a))(r ( 'ro)(c)(/ in )h(irrigh) )o Dno an/ (() )h( cas(agains) )h( i) sho/ no),ho(v(r, /()rac) ro )h()rinaAs /)4 )o ac)iv(4 s(( )ha)

)h( a is (norc(/, an/ or )ha)'r'os(, )o s( )h( a)horiC(/(ga ()ho/s o s(cring (vi/(nc(an/ inoring i)s( o ac)sa)(ria an/ r((van) )o )h(con)rov(rs4.

#a( #a( "n )h( hi(rarch4 o righ)s, )h( i o Righ)s )aD(s'r(c(/(nc( ov(r )h( righ) o )h(#)a)( )o 'ros(c)(, an/ h(n(igh(/ agains) (ach o)h(r, )h(

sca(s o Bs)ic( )i) )oar/s )h(or(r.( canno) agr(( i)h )h($/sanAs 'osi)ion )ha) )h('()i)ion(r sho/ con)rov(r) )h(i/(n)i:ca)ion /oc(n)s (cas()h(4 ar(a/4 or 'ar) o )h(r(cor/s o )h( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion, having ((n



in)ro/c(/ in varios inci/(n)s o !ri. !as( No. 26558 )h(n '(n/ingi)h )h( #an/igana4an. %h( r(cos(s) )o a /(:ni)ion o )h( in)(r-r(a)ionshi' ()((n r(cor/s o a'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion an/ )h(

criina cas( )o hich i) r(a)(s is#(c)ion 8 >?, R( 112 o )h(R(vis(/ R(s o !or) hich'rovi/(s )ha) )h( r(cor/ o )h('r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion, h()h(rcon/c)(/ 4 a B/g( or a'ros(c)or, sha no) or 'ar) o )h( r(cor/ o )h( cas( )h( cor),on i)s on ini)ia)iv( or on o)ion o an4 'ar)4, a4 or/(r )h('ro/c)ion o )h( r(cor/ or an4 o i)s 'ar)s h(n n(c(ssar4 in )h(

r(so)ion o )h( cas( or an4inci/(n) )h(r(in, or h(n i) isin)ro/c(/ as an (vi/(nc( in )h(cas( 4 )h( r(;(s)ing 'ar)4. %hisr(, ho(v(r, r(a)(s )o )h( s( o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion r(cor/s in)h( criina cas( no s'(ci:c'rovision in )h( R(s (is)sr(gar/ing )h( r(v(rs( si)a)ion. (ar( )hs gi/(/ in )his r(gar/ 4)h( asic /( 'roc(ss r(;ir((n))ha) )h( righ) )o Dno an/ )o (()a cas( r(;ir(s )ha) a '(rson (4 inor(/ o )h( '(r)in(n) an/a)(ria ac)s ni;( )o )h( in;ir4)o hich h( is ca(/ as a 'ar)4r(s'on/(n). n/(r )hisr(;ir((n), r(asona(o''or)ni)4 )o con)(s) (vi/(nc( ascri)ica as )h( i/(n)i:ca)ion/oc(n)s sho/ hav( ((n giv(n)h( '()i)ion(r a) )h(#an/igana4an-or/(r(/'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion as 'ar) o )h( ac)s h( s) con)rov(r)o)h(ris(, )h(r( is no)hing )ocon)rov(r) as )h( r/(n o (vi/(nc( i(s i)h )h( on( hoass(r)s )ha) a 'roa( cas((is)s. %h( $/sanAs air( in)his r(gar/ )ain)(/ i)s :n/ings o 'roa( cas( i)h grav( as( o /iscr()ion )ha) (S(c)iv(4 ni:(s)h(. ( canno) avoi/ )hisconcsion n-

77

H$L. 556, N+ 27, 2008

77


/(r )h( cons)i))iona )ris )ha) in)h( hi(rarch4 o righ)s, )h( i o Righ)s )aD(s 'r(c(/(nc( ov(r )h(righ) o )h( #)a)( )o 'ros(c)(, an/h(n (igh(/ agains) (ach o)h(r,)h( sca(s o Bs)ic( )i) )oar/s )h(or(r. I4 vs. $Ec( o )h($/san, 556 #!R 73>2008?J

.R. Nos. 92319-20. $c)o(r 2,1990.*

+&R&$ M. !$N!$, R.,'()i)ion(r, vs. PR+#"&+N%"L!$MM"##"$N $N $$&

$H+RNM+N% >P!? N& $N.FRN!"#!$ ". !H+Q in hisca'aci)4 as #oici)or (n(ra, an/)h( $N. $M&#MN,r(s'on/(n)s, MR" !LR L.L$R+% an/ $#+ R. +L+QR,

R., in)(rv(nors.

!riina Proc(/r( Pr(iinar4"nv(s)iga)ion Pr(si/(n)ia!oission on oo/ ov(rn(n)+(c)iv( $r/(r Nos. 1 V 1 %h(

P! has )h( 'o(r )o inv(s)iga)(an/ 'ros(c)( i-go))(n (a)hcas(s o )h( or(r Pr(si/(n), hisr(a)iv(s an/ associa)(s, an/ gra)an/ corr') 'rac)ic(s cas(s )ha)a4 ( assign(/ 4 )h( Pr(si/(n))o )h( P! %h( P!]s 'o(r )oinv(s)iga)( inc/(s )h( a)hori)4)o con/c) 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ions.Fro )h( or(going'rovisions o a, 'ar)icar4#(c)ions 2>? an/ 3>a? o +(c)iv(

$r/(r No. 1 an/ #(c)ions 1 an/ 2 o +(c)iv( $r/(r No. 1, i) is c(ar)ha) )h( P! has )h( 'o(r )oinv(s)iga)( an/ 'ros(c)( sch i-go))(n (a)h cas(s o )h( or(rPr(si/(n), his r(a)iv(s an/associa)(s, an/ gra) an/ corr')'rac)ic(s cas(s )ha) a4 (assign(/ 4 )h( Pr(si/(n) )o )h(P! )o ( :(/ i)h )h(#an/igana4an. No /o), )h(a)hori)4 )o inv(s)iga)( ()(n/(/

)o )h( P! inc/(s )h( a)hori)4)o con/c) a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion. %hs, )h(

%ano/a4an os) )h( (csiv(a)hori)4 )o con/c) )h('r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion o )h(s()4'(s o cas(s 4 )h( 'roga)iono )h( sai/ +(c)iv( $r/(r Nos. 1



an/ 1 h(r(4 )h( P! asv(s)(/ concrr(n) Bris/ic)ion i)h)h( %ano/a4an )o con/c) sch'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion an/ )o'ros(c)( sai/ cas(s (or( )h(#an/igana4an. %h( 'o(r o )h(

P! )o con/c) a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion o )h(aor((n)ion(/ )4'(s o cas(s has((n r(cogniC(/ 4 )his !or) ina)aan #hi'4ar/ an/ +ngin((ring!o. "nc. >#+!$? vs. P!.

#a( #a( #a( #a($/san Pic $Ec(rsR('ic c) 6770 %h( a)hori)4 o )h( $/san )o inv(s)iga)(oS(ns(s invoving 'ic oEc(rs isno) (csiv( ) is concrr(n) i)ho)h(r siiar4 a)horiC(/ ag(nci(so )h( gov(rn(n) iD( )h( P!.n/(r #(c)ion 15>1? o R('ic c)No. 6770 aor(ci)(/, )h($/san has 'riar4

Bris/ic)ion ov(r cas(s cogniCa(4 )h( #an/igana4an so )ha) i)a4 )aD( ov(r a) an4 s)ag( roan4 inv(s)iga)or4 ag(nc4 o )h(

GGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

227

H$L. 190, $!%$+R 2, 1990

227

!oBangco, r. vs. Pr(si/(n)ia!oission on oo/ ov]).

gov(rn(n), )h( inv(s)iga)ion o sch cas(s. %h( a)hori)4 o )h($/san )o inv(s)iga)(oS(ns(s invoving 'ic oEc(rs or('o4((s is no) (csiv( ) isconcrr(n) i)h o)h(r siiar4a)horiC(/ ag(nci(s o )h(gov(rn(n). #ch inv(s)iga)or4ag(nci(s r((rr(/ )o inc/( )h(P! an/ )h( 'rovincia an/ ci)4'ros(c)ors an/ )h(ir assis)an)s,)h( s)a)( 'ros(c)ors an/ )h(

B/g(s o )h( nici'a )ria cor)san/ nici'a circi) )ria cor)s. "n

o)h(r or/s, )h( aor(s)a)(/'rovision o )h( a has o'(n(/ ')h( a)hori)4 )o con/c)'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion o oS(ns(s cogniCa( 4 )h(#an/igana4an )o a inv(s)iga)or4

ag(nci(s o )h( gov(rn(n) /4a)horiC(/ )o con/c) a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion n/(r #(c)ion 2, R(112 o )h( 1985 R(s o !riinaProc(/r( i)h )h( on4;ai:ca)ion )ha) )h( $/sana4 )aD( ov(r a) an4 s)ag( o schinv(s)iga)ion in )h( ((rcis( o his'riar4 Bris/ic)ion.

#a( #a( #a( #a( &(Proc(ss #inc( )h( P! ha/ar(a/4 on/ a 'ria aci( cas(agains) )h( '()i)ion(r an/in)(rv(nors h(n i) cas(/ )h(s(;(s)ra)ion o )h( 'ro'(r)i(s an/)h( issanc( o )h( r((C( or/(r o )h( 'ro'(r)i(s o '()i)ion(r, i)canno) 'ossi4 con/c) )h('r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion o sai/criina co'ain)s i)h )h( ^co/n()rai)4 o an i'ar)ia B/g(^ asi) has 'r(B/g(/ )h( a))(r.%h(!or) canno) cos( i)s (4(s )o )h(garing ac) )ha) in (ari(rins)anc(s, )h( P! ha/ ar(a/4on/ a 'ria aci( cas( agains))h( '()i)ion(r an/ in)(rv(norsh(n, ac)ing iD( a B/g(, i) cas(/)h( s(;(s)ra)ion o )h( 'ro'(r)i(san/ )h( issanc( o )h( r((C(or/(r o )h( 'ro'(r)i(s o '()i)ion(r. %h(r(a)(r, ac)ing as aa (norc(r, in coaora)ion i)h)h( #oici)or (n(ra, )h( P!ga)h(r(/ )h( (vi/(nc( an/ 'on:n/ing cog(n) asis )h(r(or :(/)h( aor(s)a)(/ civi co'ain).!ons(;(n)4 )h( #oici)or (n(ra:(/ a s(ri(s o criinaco'ain)s. ") is /iEc) )o iagin(ho in )h( con/c) o sch'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion )h( P!co/ (v(n aD( a )rn ao) an/)aD( a 'osi)ion con)ra/ic)or4 )o i)s(ari(r :n/ings o a 'ria aci(cas( agains) '()i)ion(r an/

in)(rv(nors. %his as/(ons)ra)(/ in )h( n/( has)(i)h hich ".#. Nos. 7 an/ 75 asinv(s)iga)(/ an/ )h( inora)ions(r( :(/ in cor) (v(n as )h('()i)ion(r an/ in)(rv(nors;(s)ion(/ i)s a)hori)4, invoD(/)h( /(nia o /( 'roc(ss an/



'ro')4 inor(/ )h( P! o ,)h( :ing o )his '()i)ion. "n orcriina Bs)ic( s4s)(, )h( a(norc(r ho con/c)(/ )h(criina inv(s)iga)ion, ga)h(r(/ )h((vi/(nc( an/ )h(r(a)(r :(/ )h(

co'ain) or )h( 'r'os( o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion canno) (ao(/ )o con/c) )h( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion o his on co'ain).") is )o sa4 )h( (as) ari)rar4 an/nBs). ") is in sch ins)anc(s )ha)( sa4 on( canno) ( ^a'ros(c)or an/ B/g( a) )h( sa()i(.^ aving ga)h(r(/ )h((vi/(nc( an/ :(/ )h( co'ain) asa

228

228

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

!oBangco, r. vs. Pr(si/(n)ia!oission on oo/ ov]).

a (norc(r, h( canno) (('(c)(/ )o han/( i)hi'ar)iai)4 )h( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion o his on co'ain),)his )i( as a 'ic 'ros(c)or.

%h( circs)anc(s o )h( ins)an)'()i)ion ar( (v(n ors(. %o r('(a),)h( P! an/ )h( #oici)or (n(ra:n/ing a 'ria aci( asis :(/ acivi co'ain) agains) '()i)ion(ran/ in)(rv(nors a(ging

ss)an)ia4 )h( sa( i(ga orcriina ac)s sB(c) o )h(ss(;(n) criina co'ain)s )h(#oici)or (n(ra :(/ i)h )h(P! or 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion.hi( os)(nsi4, i) is on4 )h(#oici)or (n(ra ho is )h(co'ainan) in )h( criina cas(s:(/ i)h )h( P!, in r(ai)4 )h(P! is an ni/(n)i:(/ co-co'ainan). Mor(ov(r, h(n )h(P! iss(/ )h( s(;(s)ra)ion an/

r((C( or/(rs agains) '()i)ion(r]s'ro'(r)i(s, i) as on )h( asis o a'ria aci( :n/ing )ha) )h( sa((r( i-go))(n an/Wor (r(ac;ir(/ in r(a)ion )o )h( i(ga/is'osi)ion o cocon) (v4 n/s.

%hs, )h( !or) :n/s )ha) )h( P!canno) 'ossi4 con/c) )h(

'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion o sai/criina co'ain)s i)h )h( ^co/n()rai)4 o an i'ar)ia B/g(,^ asi) has 'r(B/g(/ )h( a))(r. // )o)his )h( ac) )ha) )h(r( ar( an4si)s :(/ 4 '()i)ion(r an/ )h(

in)(rv(nors agains) )h( P! an/vic( v(rsa. I!oBangco, r. vs.Pr(si/(n)ia !oission on oo/ov])., 190 #!R 226>1990?J

.R. No. 16538. gs) 9, 2010.*

M+%R$P$L"%N NY an/ %R#%!$MPN, '()i)ion(r, vs. R$+L"$R+N&$ an/ $#+ !.&RN&+,** r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina La +s)aa Nova)ion!riina iaii)4 or (s)aa is no)aS(c)(/ 4 a co'rois( ornova)ion o con)rac)."n a ca)(nao cas(s, i) as r(/ )ha) criinaiaii)4 or (s)aa is no) aS(c)(/ 4a co'rois( or nova)ion o con)rac). "n FiraCa v. P(o'(, 518#!R 681 >2007? an/ R(c(r/o v.P(o'(, 93 #!R 517 >2006?, )his!or) r(/ )ha) in a cri( o

(s)aa, r(irs((n) or (a)(/'a4(n) )o )h( oS(n/(/ 'ar)4 o )h( on(4 sin/(/ 4 )h(accs(/ /o(s no) ()ingish )h(criina iaii)4 o )h( a))(r. (aso h(/ in P(o'( v. Mor(no, 31#!R 556 >1999?, an/ in P(o'( v.La/(ra, 3 #!R 67 >2000?, )ha)<criina iaii)4 or (s)aa is no)aS(c)(/ 4 co-

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* F"R#% &"H"#"$N.

** #o()i(s r((rr(/ )o as os( !.n/ran(/a an/ os( !. /ran(/a ino)h(r 'ar)s o )h( r(cor/s.

89

H$L. 627, #% 9, 2010

89

M()ro'oi)an anD an/ %rs)!o'an4 vs. R(4na/o



'rois( or nova)ion o con)rac), ori) is a 'ic oS(ns( hich s) ('ros(c)(/ an/ 'nish(/ 4 )h(ov(rn(n) on i)s on o)ion(v(n )hogh co'()( r('ara)ionsho/ hav( ((n a/( o )h(

/aag( sS(r(/ 4 )h( oS(n/(/'ar)4.= #iiar4 in )h( cas( o M()ro'oi)an anD an/ %rs)!o'an4 v. %on/a, 338 #!R 25>2000?, ci)(/ 4 '()i)ion(r, ( h(/)ha) in a cri( o (s)aa,r(irs((n) o or co'rois(as )o )h( aon) isa''ro'ria)(/,a)(r )h( coission o )h( cri(,aS(c)s on4 )h( civi iaii)4 o )h(oS(n/(r, an/ no) his criinaiaii)4.

#a( !riina Proc(/r(Proa( !as( Pr(iinar4"nv(s)iga)ion &(:ni)ion o Proa(!as( (n(ra4, a 'ic'ros(c)or is aSor/(/ a i/(a)i)/( o /iscr()ion in )h( con/c)o a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion+c(')ion.<Proa( cas( is/(:n(/ as sch ac)s an/circs)anc(s )ha) i (ng(n/(r a(-on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri(has ((n coi))(/ an/ )ha) )h(r(s'on/(n) is 'roa4 gi)4)h(r(o an/ sho/ ( h(/ or)ria.= (n(ra4, a 'ic'ros(c)or is aSor/(/ a i/(a)i)/( o /iscr()ion in )h( con/c)o a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion. 4a4 o (c(')ion, ho(v(r, B/iciar(vi( is ao(/ h(r( r(s'on/(n)has c(ar4 (s)aish(/ )ha) )h('ros(c)or coi))(/ grav( as(o /iscr()ion )ha) is, h(n h( has((rcis(/ his /iscr()ion <in anari)rar4, ca'ricios, hisica or/(s'o)ic ann(r 4 r(ason o 'assion or '(rsona hos)ii)4,'a)(n) an/ gross (nogh as )oaon) )o an (vasion o a 'osi)iv(/)4 or vir)a r(sa )o '(ror a/)4 (nBoin(/ 4 a.= %(s)(/agains) )h(s( gi/(in(s, ( :n/)ha) )his cas( as n/(r )h((c(')ion ra)h(r )han )h( g(n(ra

r(.#a( #a( #a( #a( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion or )h('r'os( o /()(rining )h((is)(nc( o 'roa( cas( is <no)a 'ar) o )h( )ria= :n/ing o 'roa( cas( /o(s no) r(;ir( an

in;ir4 in)o h()h(r )h(r( issEci(n) (vi/(nc( )o 'rocr( aconvic)ion.%h( :n/ings o )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( in ss)aining)h( /isissa o )h( !o'ain) ar(a))(rs o /((ns( (s) () )o )h(

)ria cor)As /(i(ra)ion an/con)('a)ion a)(r con/c)ing )h()ria o )h( criina cas(. %o('hasiC(, a 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion or )h( 'r'os( o /()(rining )h( (is)(nc( o 'roa( cas( is <no) a 'ar) o )h()ria. an/ (has)iv('r(s(n)a)ion o )h( 'ar)i(sA(vi/(nc( is no) r(;ir(/, ) on4sch as a4 (ng(n/(r a (-gron/(/ (i( )ha) an oS(ns( has

((n coi))(/ an/ )ha) )h(accs(/ is 'roa4 gi)4 )h(r(o.= <:n/ing o 'roa( cas( /o(sno) r(;ir( an

90

90

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

M()ro'oi)an anD an/ %rs)!o'an4 vs. R(4na/o

in;ir4 in)o h()h(r )h(r( issEci(n) (vi/(nc( )o 'rocr( aconvic)ion. ") is (nogh )ha) i) is(i(v(/ )ha) )h( ac) or oissionco'ain(/ o cons)i))(s )h(oS(ns( charg(/.=

#a( #a( #a( #a( %h('r(s(nc( or as(nc( o )h((((n)s o )h( cri( is(vi/(n)iar4 in na)r( an/ is aa))(r o /((ns( )ha) a4 ('ass(/ 'on o )h( a -on)ria on )h( (ri)s."n )h( cas( a)ar, as ana4C(/ 4 )h( 'ros(c)or,a 'ria aci( cas( o (s)aa (is)sagains) r(s'on/(n)s. s '(rs(/ 4h(r, )h( ac)s as 'r(s(n)(/ in )h(

!o'ain)-E/avi) o )h( a/i)orar( r(asona( (nogh )o (ci)(h(r (i( )ha) r(s'on/(n)s ar(gi)4 o )h( cri( co'ain(/ o."n n/r(s v. s)ic( #(cr()ar4!(vas, 60 #!R 38 >2005?, (ha/ occasion )o r( )ha) )h(<'r(s(nc( or as(nc( o )h(



(((n)s o )h( cri( is(vi/(n)iar4 in na)r( an/ is aa))(r o /((ns( )ha) a4 ('ass(/ 'on a)(r a -on )riaon )h( (ri)s.=

#a( #a( Pros(c)ion o $S(ns(s Pic 'ros(c)ors, no))h( 'riva)( co'ainan), ar( )h(on(s oig(/ )o ring or)h (or()h( a )hos( ho hav()ransgr(ss(/ i).#Ec( i) )o sa4)ha) i) is in/i)a4 i)hin )h(/iscr()ion o )h( 'ros(c)or )o/()(rin( ho s) ( charg(/i)h ha) cri( or or ha)oS(ns(. Pic 'ros(c)ors, no) )h('riva)( co'ainan), ar( )h( on(soig(/ )o ring or)h (or( )h(a )hos( ho hav( )ransgr(ss(/i).

#a( #a( #a( %h( a aD(si) a (ga /)4 or 'ros(c)ingoEc(rs )o :( )h( charg(s agains)hoso(v(r )h( (vi/(nc( a4sho )o ( r(s'onsi( or )h(oS(ns(.#(c)ion 2, R( 110 o )h(R(s o !or) an/a)(s )ha) acriina ac)ions s) (co(nc(/ (i)h(r 4 co'ain) orinora)ion in )h( na( o )h(P(o'( o )h( Phii''in(s agains) a'(rsons ho a''(ar )o (r(s'onsi( )h(r(or. %hs )h( aaD(s i) a (ga /)4 or'ros(c)ing oEc(rs )o :( )h(charg(s agains) hoso(v(r )h((vi/(nc( a4 sho )o (r(s'onsi( or )h( oS(ns(. %h('ro'(r r((/4 n/(r )h(

circs)anc(s h(r( '(rsons hoogh) )o ( charg(/ (r( no)inc/(/ in )h( co'ain) o )h('riva)( co'ainan) is /(:ni)(4no) )o /isiss )h( co'ain) ) )oinc/( )h( in )h( inora)ion.IM()ro'oi)an anD an/ %rs)!o'an4 vs. R(4na/o, 627 #!R88>2010?J

No. L-53373. n( 30, 1987.*

MR"$ FL. !R+#P$, '()i)ion(r, vs.$N. L+$&+R"$ L. M$L,Pr(si/ing /g(, !"R!"% !R"M"NL!$R% $F L!+N !"%, 9)h

/icia &is)., %+ P+$PL+ $F %+P"L"PP"N+#, r('r(s(n)(/ 4 )h(#$L"!"%$R +N+RL, R"!R&$%"#%, +% L., r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina Proc(/r( cor) )ha)gran) a o)ion o )h( :sca )o/isiss a cas( coi)s no (rroran/ )h( :scaAs vi( )h(r(on, in acash o vi(s i)h )h( B/g( orco'ainan), sho/ nora4

'r(vai.%hs, a :sca ho asDs or)h( /isissa o )h( cas( orinsEci(nc4 o (vi/(nc( hasa)hori)4 )o /o so, an/ !or)s )ha)gran) )h( sa( coi) no (rror.

%h( :sca a4 r(-inv(s)iga)( acas( an/ ss(;(n)4 ov( or)h( /isissa sho/ )h( r(-inv(s)iga)ion sho (i)h(r )ha) )h(/((n/an) is innoc(n) or )ha) hisgi) a4 no) ( (s)aish(/(4on/ r(asona( /o). "n a

cash o vi(s ()((n )h( B/g(ho /i/ no) inv(s)iga)( an/ )h(:sca ho /i/, or ()((n )h(:sca an/ )h( oS(n/(/ 'ar)4 or )h(/((n/an), )hos( o )h( :scaAssho/ nora4 'r(vai. $n )h(o)h(r han/, n(i)h(r an inBnc)ion,'r(iinar4 or :na nor a ri) o 'rohii)ion a4 ( iss(/ 4 )h(!or)s )o r(s)rain a criina'ros(c)ion (c(') in )h( ()r((

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* +N N!.

63

H$L. 151, N+ 30, 1987

63

!r(s'o vs. Mog

cas( h(r( i) is n(c(ssar4 or )h(!or)s )o /o so or )h( or/(r4a/inis)ra)ion o Bs)ic( or )o'r(v(n) )h( s( o )h( s)rong aro )h( a in an o''r(ssiv( an/vin/ic)iv( ann(r.

#a( $nc( an inora)ion is :(/in cor), )h( cor)As 'rior'(rission s) ( s(cr(/ i :sca an)s )o r(inv(s)iga)( )h(cas(.%h( 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ion con/c)(/ 4 )h(:sca or )h( 'r'os( o



/()(rining h()h(r a 'ria aci(cas( (is)s arran)ing )h('ros(c)ion o )h( accs(/ is)(rina)(/ 'on )h( :ing o )h(inora)ion in )h( 'ro'(r cor). "n)rn, as aov( s)a)(/, )h( :ing o

sai/ inora)ion s()s in o)ion )h(criina ac)ion agains) )h( accs(/in !or). #ho/ )h( :sca :n/ i)'ro'(r )o con/c) a r(inv(s)iga)iono )h( cas(, a) sch s)ag(, )h('(rission o )h( !or) s) (s(cr(/. )(r sch r(inv(s)iga)ion)h( :n/ing an/ r(co(n/a)ionso )h( :sca sho/ ( si))(/ )o)h( !or) or a''ro'ria)( ac)ion.hi( i) is )r( )ha) )h( :sca has)h( ;asi B/icia /iscr()ion )o

/()(rin( h()h(r or no) acriina cas( sho/ ( :(/ incor) or no), onc( )h( cas( ha/ar(a/4 ((n rogh) )o !or)ha)(v(r /is'osi)ion )h( :sca a4(( sho/ ( 'ro'(r in )h( cas()h(r(a)(r sho/ ( a//r(ss(/ or)h( consi/(ra)ion o )h( !or), %h(on4 ;ai:ca)ion is )ha) )h( ac)iono )h( !or) s) no) i'air )h(ss)an)ia righ)s o )h( accs(/,or )h( righ) o )h( P(o'( )o /('roc(ss o a.

#a( #a(.h()h(r )h(accs(/ ha/ ((n arraign(/ or no)an/ h()h(r i) as /( )o ar(inv(s)iga)ion 4 )h( :sca or ar(vi( 4 )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(h(r(4 a o)ion )o /isiss assi))(/ )o )h( !or), )h( !or)in )h( ((rcis( o i)s /iscr()ion a4gran) )h( o)ion or /(n4 i) an/r(;ir( )ha) )h( )ria on )h( (ri)s'roc((/ or )h( 'ro'(r/()(rina)ion o )h( cas(,

#a( h(r( )h( cor) r(s(s )ogran) )h( :scaAs o)ion )o /isiss,inc/ing a cas( h(r( )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( or/(r(/ )h(:sca )o ov( )o /isiss )h( cas(,)h( :sca sho/ con)in( )oa''(ar in )h( cas( a)hogh h(a4 )rn ov(r )h( 'r(s(n)a)ion o

(vi/(nc( )o )h( 'riva)( 'ros(c)or.o(v(r, on( a4 asD, i )h( )riacor) r(s(s )o gran) )h( o)ion )o/isiss :(/ 4 )h( :sca 'on )h(/ir(c)iv( o )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(i )h(r( no) ( a vac in )h('ros(c)ion@ s)a)( 'ros(c)or )ohan/( )h( cas( canno) 'ossi4 (

/(signa)(/ 4 )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( ho /o(s no) (i(v( )ha)

)h(r( is a asis or 'ros(c)ion norcan )h( :sca ( ('(c)(/ )ohan/( )h( 'ros(c)ion o )h( cas()h(r(4 /(4ing )h( s'(rior or/(r

o )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(. %h(ans(r is si'(. %h(

6

6

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

!r(s'o vs. Mog

ro( o )h( :sca or 'ros(c)or as( a Dno is )o s(( )ha) Bs)ic( is/on( an/ no) n(c(ssari4 )o s(cr()h( convic)ion o )h( '(rsonaccs(/ (or( )h( !or)s. %hs, ins'i)( o his o'inion )o )h( con)rar4,i) is )h( /)4 o )h( :sca )o'roc((/ i)h )h( 'r(s(n)a)ion o (vi/(nc( o )h( 'ros(c)ion )o )h(

!or) )o (na( )h( !or) )o arriv(a) i)s on in/('(n/(n) B/g(n)as )o h()h(r )h( accs(/ sho/( convic)(/ or ac;i))(/. %h(:sca sho/ no) shirD ro )h(r(s'onsiii)4 o a''(aring or )h(P(o'( o )h( Phii''in(s (v(nn/(r sch circs)anc(s ch(ss sho/ h( aan/on )h('ros(c)ion o )h( cas( (aving i))o )h( han/s o a 'riva)('ros(c)or or )h(n )h( (n)ir(

'roc((/ings i ( n an/ voi/. %h( (as) )ha) )h( :sca sho/ /ois )o con)in( )o a''(ar or )h('ros(c)ion a)hogh h( a4 )rnov(r )h( 'r(s(n)a)ion o )h((vi/(nc( )o )h( 'riva)( 'ros(c)or) s)i n/(r his /ir(c)ion an/con)ro. I!r(s'o vs. Mog, 151#!R 62>1987?J

.R. No. 188197. gs) 3, 2010.*

L+$NR&$ . FL$R+#, '()i)ion(r,vs. $N. RL #. $NQL+Q, in hisca'aci)4 as #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(,an/ ++N+ L"M, r(s'on/(n)s.

!riina Proc(/r( /inis)ra)iv(La +has)ion o /inis)ra)iv(R((/i(s %h(r( is no)hing in



!r(s'o v. Mog, 235 Phi. 65, 76>1987?, )ha) ars )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( ro r(vi(ing r(so)ionso his sor/ina)(s in an a''(a or'()i)ion or r(vi( in criina cas(s)h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( as

(r(4 a/vis(/ )ha), as ar as'rac)ica(, h( sho/ no) )aD(cogniCanc( o an a''(a h(n )h(co'ain) or inora)ion is ar(a/4:(/ in cor), a r( )ha) is aso )r(i)h r(s'(c) )o a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion (or( )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( R(vi(,h()h(r on a''(a or on o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion, as an ac) o s'(rvision an/ con)ro 4 )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( ov(r )h(

'ros(c)ors, :n/s asis in )h(/oc)rin( o (has)ion o a/inis)ra)iv( r((/i(s hichho/s )ha) is)aD(s, as(s orn(gig(nc( coi))(/ in )h( ini)ias)('s o an a/inis)ra)iv( ac)ivi)4or 4 an a/inis)ra)iv( ag(nc4a4 ( corr(c)(/ 4 high(ra/inis)ra)iv( a)hori)i(s, an/ no)/ir(c)4 4 cor)s."n )his cas(, ona '()i)ion or r(vi(, )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic( on/ 'roa( cas( or$)h(r &(c(i)s agains) Li )hs,)h( 'ro'(r "nora)ion as :(/ in!or) 'rsan) )o )h( /ir(c)iv( o )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(. 'on :ingo )h( "nora)ion, )h( M%!!ac;ir(/ Bris/ic)ion ov(r )h( cas(.Li :(/ a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion o )h( Ma4 31,2006 R(so)ion o )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic(. %h(r( as no)hing'roc(/ra4 in:r in )his cors( o ac)ion inasch as )h(r( is no)hingin !r(s'o )ha) ars )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( ro r(vi(ing r(so)ionso his sor/ina)(s in an a''(a or'()i)ion or r(vi( in criinacas(s. %h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( as(r(4 a/vis(/ in !r(s'o )ha), asar as 'rac)ica(, h( sho/ no))aD( cogniCanc( o an a''(a h(n)h( co'ain) or inora)ion isar(a/4 :(/ in cor). %his is aso)r( i)h r(s'(c) )o a o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion (or( )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic(. R(vi(,h()h(r on a''(a or on o)ion orr(consi/(ra)ion, as an ac) o s'(rvision an/ con)ro 4 )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( ov(r )h('ros(c)ors, :n/s asis in )h(/oc)rin( o (has-

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* #+!$N& &"H"#"$N.

662

662

#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

For(s vs. onCa(s

)ion o a/inis)ra)iv( r((/i(shich ho/s )ha) is)aD(s, as(sor n(gig(nc( coi))(/ in )h(ini)ia s)('s o an a/inis)ra)iv(ac)ivi)4 or 4 an a/inis)ra)iv(ag(nc4 a4 ( corr(c)(/ 4 high(ra/inis)ra)iv( a)hori)i(s, an/ no)/ir(c)4 4 cor)s. s a r(, on4a)(r a/inis)ra)iv( r((/i(s ar((has)(/ a4 B/icia r(cors( (ao(/. "n an4 cas(, )h( gran) o ao)ion )o /isiss or a o)ion )o

i)h/ra )h( inora)ion, hich)h( 'ros(c)ion a4 :( a)(r )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( r(v(rs(s )h(:n/ing o 'roa( cas(, issB(c) )o )h( /iscr()ion o )h(cor).

#a( No)i)hs)an/ing )h('(n/(nc4 o )h( "nora)ion (or()h( Mnici'a %ria !or) in !i)i(s>M%!!?, (s'(cia4 consi/(ring )h(r(v(rsa 4 )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(

o his (ari(r R(so)ion, a '()i)ionor c(r)iorari n/(r R( 65 o )h(R(s o !or), anchor(/ on )h(a(g(/ grav( as( o /iscr()ionaon)ing )o (c(ss or acD o

Bris/ic)ion on )h( 'ar) o #(cr()ar4o s)ic(, r(ains an avaia(r((/4 )o )h( aggri(v(/ 'ar)4 %h(/(cision h()h(r )o /isiss )h(cas( or no) r(s)s on )h( son//iscr()ion o )h( )ria cor) h(r()h( "nora)ion as :(/ /(s'i)( ar(so)ion 4 )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( )o i)h/ra )h( inora)ionor )o /isiss )h( cas(, an/ no)(v(n i )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( isaEr(/ 4 )h( high(r cor)s.(ish )o 'oin) o) )ha),no)i)hs)an/ing )h( '(n/(nc4 o )h( "nora)ion (or( )h( M%!!,



(s'(cia4 consi/(ring )h( r(v(rsa4 )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic( o hisMa4 31, 2006 R(so)ion, a '()i)ionor c(r)iorari n/(r R( 65 o )h(R(s o !or), anchor(/ on )h(a(g(/ grav( as( o /iscr()ion

aon)ing )o (c(ss or acD o Bris/ic)ion on )h( 'ar) o #(cr()ar4

o s)ic(, as an avaia( r((/4)o For(s as an aggri(v(/ 'ar)4. "n)h( '()i)ion or c(r)iorari, )h( !or)o ''(as is no) (ing asD(/ )ocas( )h( /isissa o )h( cas( in)h( )ria cor), ) on4 )o r(sov()h( iss( o h()h(r )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic( ac)(/ i)h grav( as( o /iscr()ion in (i)h(r aEring orr(v(rsing )h( :n/ing o 'roa(

cas( agains) )h( accs(/. ) s)i)h( r( s)an/s)h( /(cisionh()h(r )o /isiss )h( cas( or no)r(s)s on )h( son/ /iscr()ion o )h()ria cor) h(r( )h( "nora)ionas :(/. s Bris/ic)ion asar(a/4 ac;ir(/ 4 )h( M%!!, )his

Bris/ic)ion is no) os) /(s'i)( ar(so)ion 4 )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( )o i)h/ra )h( inora)ionor )o /isiss )h( cas(,no)i)hs)an/ing )h( /((r(n) orss'(nsion o )h( arraign(n) o )h( accs(/ an/ r)h(r'roc((/ings, an/ no) (v(n i )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic( is aEr(/ 4)h( high(r cor)s.

663

H$L. 626, #% 3, 2010

663

For(s vs. onCa(s

#a( %h( )ria cor) is no) on/)o a/o') )h( r(so)ion o )h(#(cr()ar4 o s)ic(, in s'i)( o (ing aEr(/ 4 )h( a''(a)(cor)s, sinc( i) is an/a)(/ )oin/('(n/(n)4 (vaa)( or ass(ss)h( (ri)s o )h( cas( an/ i) a4

(i)h(r agr(( or /isagr(( i)h )h(r(co(n/a)ion o )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic(r(ianc( on )h(r(so)ion o )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( aon( o/ ( ana/ica)ion o )h( )ria cor)As /)4an/ Bris/ic)ion )o /()(rin( a'ria aci( cas(.") (ars

s)r(ssing )ha) )h( )ria cor) is no)on/ )o a/o') )h( r(so)ion o )h( #(cr()ar4 o s)ic(, in s'i)( o (ing aEr(/ 4 )h( a''(a)(cor)s, sinc( i) is an/a)(/ )oin/('(n/(n)4 (vaa)( or ass(ss

)h( (ri)s o )h( cas( an/ i) a4(i)h(r agr(( or /isagr(( i)h )h(r(co(n/a)ion o )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic(. R(ianc( on )h(r(so)ion o )h( #(cr()ar4 o

s)ic( aon( o/ ( ana/ica)ion o )h( )ria cor)As /)4an/ Bris/ic)ion )o /()(rin( a'ria aci( cas(. %hs, )h( )riacor) a4 aD( an in/('(n/(n)ass(ss(n) o )h( (ri)s o )h(cas( as(/ on )h( aE/avi)s an/

con)(r-aE/avi)s, /oc(n)s, or(vi/(nc( a''(n/(/ )o )h("nora)ion )h( r(cor/s o )h('ic 'ros(c)or hich )h( cor)a4 or/(r )h( a))(r )o 'ro/c((or( i) or an4 (vi/(nc( ar(a/4a//c(/ (or( )h( cor) 4 )h(accs(/ a) )h( )i( )h( o)ion is:(/ 4 )h( 'ic 'ros(c)or. %h()ria cor) sho/ aD( i)sass(ss(n) s('ara)(4 an/in/('(n/(n)4 o )h( (vaa)ion o )h( 'ros(c)ion or o )h( #(cr()ar4o s)ic(. %his ass(ss(n) sho/( (o/i(/ in )h( ri))(n or/(r/is'osing o )h( o)ion )o /isissor )h( o)ion )o i)h/ra )h(inora)ion. IFor(s vs. onCa(s,626 #!R 661>2010?J

.R. No. 17897. n( 26, 2013.*

H"R"N" &+ L$# #N%$#-&"$, as

a)horiC(/ r('r(s(n)a)iv( o .#.+K"%"+#, L%&., an/ +#%&L+##+%#, L%&., '()i)ion(r, vs. %+$N$RL+ !$R% $F PP+L#,

&+ RM$N #. !"$, in hisca'aci)4 as Pr(si/ing /g( o ranch 7, R(giona %ria !or),$onga'o !i)4, an/ %"M$% .&+#M$N&, r(s'on/(n)s.

.R. No. 179079. n( 26, 2013.*

P+$PL+ $F %+ P"L"PP"N+#,'()i)ion(r, vs. %"M$% .&+#M$N&, r(s'on/(n).

R((/ia La !riina Proc(/r(Proa( !as( &()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas( a4 ( (i)h(r((c)iv( or B/icia %h( :rs) is



a/( 4 )h( 'ic 'ros(c)or,/ring a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion,h(r( h( is giv(n roa/ /iscr()ion)o /()(rin( h()h(r 'roa(cas( (is)s or )h( 'r'os( o :ing a criina inora)ion in

cor) %h( s(con/ is on( a/( 4)h( B/g( )o asc(r)ain h()h(r aarran) o arr(s) sho/ ( iss(/agains) )h(accs(/._&()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas( a4 ( (i)h(r((c)iv( or B/icia. %h( :rs) isa/( 4 )h( 'ic 'ros(c)or,/ring a 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion,h(r( h( is giv(n roa/ /iscr()ion)o /()(rin( h()h(r 'roa(cas( (is)s or )h( 'r'os( o

:ing a criina inora)ion incor).

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* #+!$N& &"H"#"$N.

615

H$L. 699, N+ 26, 2013

615

&( Los #an)os-&io vs. !or) o ''(as

h()h(r or no) )ha) nc)ion has((n corr(c)4 /ischarg(/ 4 )h('ic 'ros(c)or, i.(., h()h(r orno) h( has a/( a corr(c)asc(r)ain(n) o )h( (is)(nc( o

'roa( cas( in a cas(, is aa))(r )ha) )h( )ria cor) i)s( /o(s no) an/ a4 no) (co'((/ )o 'ass 'on. %h(s(con/ is on( a/( 4 )h( B/g( )oasc(r)ain h()h(r a arran) o arr(s) sho/ ( iss(/ agains) )h(accs(/. "n )his r(s'(c), )h( B/g(s) sa)is4 his( )ha), on )h(asis o )h( (vi/(nc( si))(/,)h(r( is a n(c(ssi)4 or 'acing )h(accs(/ n/(r cs)o/4 in or/(r no)

)o rs)ra)( )h( (n/s o Bs)ic(. " )h( B/g(, )h(r(or(, :n/s no'roa( cas(, )h( B/g( canno)( orc(/ )o iss( )h( arr(s)arran). No)a4, sinc( )h( B/g( isar(a/4 /)4-on/ )o /()(rin()h( (is)(nc( or non-(is)(nc( o 'roa( cas( or )h( arr(s) o )h(

accs(/ i(/ia)(4 'on )h(:ing o )h( inora)ion, )h( :ingo a o)ion or B/icia/()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas((co(s a (r( s'(ri)4, i no)a /(i(ra)( a))(') )o c) shor)

)h( 'roc(ss 4 asDing )h( B/g( )o(igh in on )h( (vi/(nc( i)ho) a-on )ria.

#a( #a( #a( B/g( is no)on/ 4 )h( r(so)ion o )h('ic 'ros(c)or ho con/c)(/)h( 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion an/s) his( asc(r)ain ro )h(a))(rAs :n/ings an/ s''or)ing/oc(n)s h()h(r 'roa( cas((is)s or )h( 'r'os( o issing aarran) o arr(s)._") (ars )os)r(ss )ha) a B/g( is no) on/ 4)h( r(so)ion o )h( 'ic'ros(c)or ho con/c)(/ )h('r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion an/ s)his( asc(r)ain ro )h( a))(rAs:n/ings an/ s''or)ing /oc(n)sh()h(r 'roa( cas( (is)s or)h( 'r'os( o issing a arran) o arr(s). %his 'r(roga)iv( is gran)(/4 no (ss )han )h( !ons)i))ionhich 'rovi/(s )ha) <no arran) o arr(s) sha iss( (c(') 'on'roa( cas( )o ( /()(rin(/'(rsona4 4 )h( B/g( a)(r(aina)ion n/(r oa)h oraEra)ion o )h( co'ainan) an/)h( i)n(ss(s h( a4 'ro/c(.=hi( a B/g(As /()(rina)ion o 'roa( cas( is g(n(ra4con:n(/ )o )h( ii)(/ 'r'os( o issing arr(s) arran)s, #(c)ion5>a?, R( 112 o )h( R(vis(/ R(so !riina Proc(/r( ('ici)4s)a)(s )ha) a B/g( a4i(/ia)(4 /isiss a cas( i )h((vi/(nc( on r(cor/ c(ar4 ais )o(s)aish 'roa( cas(.

#a( #a( $nc( )h( inora)ionis :(/ i)h )h( cor) an/ )h( B/g('roc((/s i)h his 'rior/ia )asD o (vaa)ing )h( (vi/(nc( on r(cor/,h( a4 (i)h(r >a? iss( a arran)o arr(s), i h( :n/s 'roa(

cas( >? i(/ia)(4 /isiss )h(cas(, i )h( (vi/(nc(

616

616



#PR+M+ !$R% R+P$R%#NN$%%+&

&( Los #an)os-&io vs. !or) o ''(as

on r(cor/ c(ar4 ais )o (s)aish'roa( cas( an/ >c? or/(r )h('ros(c)or )o si) a//i)iona(vi/(nc(, in cas( h( /o)s )h((is)(nc( o 'roa( cas(._"n)his r(gar/, so as no) )o )ransgr(ss)h( 'ic 'ros(c)orAs a)hori)4, i)s) ( s)r(ss(/ )ha) )h( B/g(As/isissa o a cas( s) ( /on(on4 in c(ar-c) cas(s h(n )h((vi/(nc( on r(cor/ 'ain4 ais )o(s)aish 'roa( cas( )ha) ish(n )h( r(cor/s r(a/i4 shoncon)rov(r)(/, an/ )hs,(s)aish(/ ac)s hichnis)aDa4 n(ga)( )h( (is)(nc(o )h( (((n)s o )h( cri(charg(/. $n )h( con)rar4, i )h((vi/(nc( on r(cor/ shos )ha),or( iD(4 )han no), )h( cri(charg(/ has ((n coi))(/ an/)ha) r(s'on/(n) is 'roa4 gi)4o )h( sa(, )h( B/g( sho/ no)/isiss )h( cas( an/ )h(r(on,or/(r )h( 'ar)i(s )o 'roc((/ )o)ria. "n /o) cas(s, ho(v(r,)h( a''ro'ria)( cors( o ac)iono/ ( )o or/(r )h( 'r(s(n)a)iono a//i)iona (vi/(nc(. "n o)h(ror/s, onc( )h( inora)ion is :(/i)h )h( cor) an/ )h( B/g('roc((/s i)h his 'rior/ia )asD o (vaa)ing )h( (vi/(nc( on r(cor/,h( a4 (i)h(r >a? iss( a arran)o arr(s), i h( :n/s 'roa(

cas( >? i(/ia)(4 /isiss )h(cas(, i )h( (vi/(nc( on r(cor/c(ar4 ais )o (s)aish 'roa(cas( an/ >c? or/(r )h( 'ros(c)or)o si) a//i)iona (vi/(nc(, incas( h( /o)s )h( (is)(nc( o 'roa( cas(.

#a( #a( B/g(As /iscr()ion)o /isiss a cas( i(/ia)(4 a)(r)h( :ing o )h( inora)ion in cor)is a''ro'ria)( on4 h(n )h( air(

)o (s)aish 'roa( cas( can (c(ar4 in(rr(/ ro )h( (vi/(nc('r(s(n)(/ an/ no) h(n i)s(is)(nc( is si'4 /o)._L(s)i) ( isconc(iv(/, )ria B/g(s i/o ( )o r(((r )ha) h(n a'(rc(iv(/ ga' in )h( (vi/(nc((a/s )o a <n(i)h(r )his nor )ha)=

concsion, a 'r'os( r(so)iono )h( aigi)4 is 'r((ra( ov(ra /o) /isissa o )h( cas(.H(ri4, a B/g(As /iscr()ion )o/isiss a cas( i(/ia)(4 a)(r)h( :ing o )h( inora)ion in cor)

is a''ro'ria)( on4 h(n )h( air()o (s)aish 'roa( cas( can (c(ar4 in(rr(/ ro )h( (vi/(nc('r(s(n)(/ an/ no) h(n i)s(is)(nc( is si'4 /o). )(ra, i) canno) ( ('(c)(/ )ha) 'on)h( :ing o )h( inora)ion in cor))h( 'ros(c)or o/ hav( ar(a/4'r(s(n)(/ a )h( (vi/(nc(n(c(ssar4 )o s(cr( a convic)ion o )h( accs(/, )h( oB(c)iv( o a'r(vios4-con/c)(/ 'r(iinar4

inv(s)iga)ion (ing (r(4 )o/()(rin( h()h(r )h(r( issEci(n) gron/ )o (ng(n/(r a(-on/(/ (i( )ha) a cri(has ((n coi))(/ an/ )ha) )h(r(s'on/(n) is 'roa4 gi)4)h(r(o an/ sho/ ( h(/ or )ria.I&( Los #an)os-&io vs. !or) o ''(as, 699 #!R 61>2013?J

.R. No. 160316. #(')((r 2,2013.*

R$#L"N& PNQLN, RN&LLPNQLN an/ R"N"+RPNQLN, '()i)ion(rs, vs.M"!+L ML"+L . PL% an/R+N PL%, r(s'on/(n)s.

R((/ia La !riina Proc(/r(Pr(iinar4 "nv(s)iga)ionPros(c)ors %h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion or )h(

'r'os( o /()(rining )h((is)(nc( o 'roa( cas( is anc)ion )ha) (ongs )o )h( 'ic'ros(c)or.%h( (-(s)aish(/r( is )ha) )h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4 inv(s)iga)ion or )h('r'os( o /()(rining )h((is)(nc( o 'roa( cas( is anc)ion )ha) (ongs )o )h( 'ic'ros(c)or. #(c)ion 5, R( 110 o )h( R(s o !or), as a(n/(/,'rovi/(s #(c)ion 5. ho s)

'ros(c)( criina ac)ion.criina ac)ions (i)h(r co(nc(/4 co'ain) or 4 inora)ionsha ( 'ros(c)(/ n/(r )h(/ir(c)ion an/ con)ro o a 'ic'ros(c)or. "n cas( o h(av4 orDsch(/( o )h( 'ic 'ros(c)oror in )h( (v(n) o acD o 'ic



'ros(c)ors, )h( 'riva)( 'ros(c)ora4 ( a)horiC(/ in ri)ing 4 )h(!hi( o )h( Pros(c)ion $Ec( or)h( R(giona #)a)( Pros(c)or )o'ros(c)( )h( cas( sB(c) )o )h(a''rova o )h( cor). $nc( so

a)horiC(/ )o 'ros(c)( )h(criina ac)ion, )h( 'riva)('ros(c)or sha con)in( )o'ros(c)( )h( cas( ' )o (n/ o )h()ria (v(n in )h( as(nc( o a 'ic'ros(c)or, n(ss )h( a)hori)4 isr(voD(/ or o)h(ris( i)h/ran.

%h( 'ros(c)ion o cri(s i(s i)h)h( ((c)iv( /('ar)(n) o )h(gov(rn(n) hos( 'rinci'a 'o(ran/ r(s'onsiii)4 is )o s(( )ha) )h(as o )h( an/ ar( ai)h4

((c)(/. < n(c(ssar4 co'on(n)o )his 'o(r )o ((c)( )h( as is)h( righ) )o 'ros(c)( )h(irvioa)ors.= #ccinc)4, )h( 'ic'ros(c)or is giv(n a roa//iscr()ion )o /()(rin( h()h(r'roa( cas( (is)s an/ )ocharg( )hos( ho h( (i(v(s )ohav( coi))(/ )h( cri( an/sho/ ( h(/ or )ria.

#a( #a( #a( %h( #'r((!or) consi/(rs i) a son/ B/icia'oic4 )o r(rain ro in)(r(ring in)h( con/c) o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ions an/ )o (av( )h(&('ar)(n) o s)ic( a i/(a)i)/( o /iscr()ion in )h(/()(rina)ion o ha) cons)i))(ssEci(n) (vi/(nc( )o (s)aish'roa( cas( or )h( 'ros(c)iono )h(

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG * %"R& &"H"#"$N.

27

H$L. 70, #+P%+M+R 2, 2013

27

PnCaan vs. Pa)a

s''os(/ oS(n/(rs.%h( !or)consi/(rs i) a son/ B/icia 'oic4)o r(rain ro in)(r(ring in )h(con/c) o 'r(iinar4inv(s)iga)ions an/ )o (av( )h( &$a i/( a)i)/( o /iscr()ion in )h(

/()(rina)ion o ha) cons)i))(ssEci(n) (vi/(nc( )o (s)aish'roa( cas( or )h( 'ros(c)iono )h( s''os(/ oS(n/(rs. %h( r(is as(/ no) on4 'on )h( r(s'(c)or )h( inv(s)iga)or4 an/

'ros(c)or4 'o(rs gran)(/ 4 )h(!ons)i))ion )o )h( ((c)iv(/('ar)(n) ) 'on 'rac)icai)4as (.

#a( #a( #a( %h( #'r((!or) i no) in)(r(r( in )h(:n/ings o )h( &('ar)(n) o

s)ic( >&$? #(cr()ar4 on )h(insEci(nc4 o )h( (vi/(nc('r(s(n)(/ )o (s)aish 'roa(cas( n(ss i) is shon )ha) )h(;(s)ion(/ ac)s (r( /on( in aca'ricios an/ hisica ((rcis(o B/g(n) (vi/(ncing a c(arcas( o grav( as( o /iscr()ionaon)ing )o acD or (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion.%h( r( is )ha) )his!or) i no) in)(r(r( in )h(:n/ings o )h( &$ #(cr()ar4 on)h( insEci(nc4 o )h( (vi/(nc('r(s(n)(/ )o (s)aish 'roa(cas( n(ss i) is shon )ha) )h(;(s)ion(/ ac)s (r( /on( in aca'ricios an/ hisica ((rcis(o B/g(n) (vi/(ncing a c(arcas( o grav( as( o /iscr()ionaon)ing )o acD or (c(ss o

Bris/ic)ion. rav( as( o /iscr()ion, )hs <(ans schca'ricios an/ hisica ((rcis(o B/g(n) as is (;iva(n) )o acDo Bris/ic)ion.= %h( 'ar)4 s((Ding)h( ri) o c(r)iorari s) (s)aish)ha) )h( &$ #(cr()ar4 ((rcis(/his ((c)iv( 'o(r in an ari)rar4an/ /(s'o)ic ann(r, 4 r(ason o 'assion or '(rsona hos)ii)4, an/)h( as( o /iscr()ion s) ( so'a)(n) an/ gross as o/ aon))o an (vasion or )o a nia)(rar(sa )o '(ror )h( /)4(nBoin(/ or )o ac) in con)('a)iono a. IPnCaan vs. Pa)a, 70#!R 26>2013?J

.R. No. 18301. gs) 7, 2013.*

%+ L F"RM $F !H+QM"RN& N& #+$!+,r('r(s(n)(/ 4 i)s Fon/ingPar)n(r, FRN!"#!$ ". !H+Q,'()i)ion(r, vs. %%. $#+"N !.FR", r(s'on/(n).



R((/ia La !riina Proc(/r(&isissa o c)ions n/(r #(c)ion5>a? o )h( R(vis(/ R(s o !riina Proc(/r(, a )ria cor)

B/g( a4 i(/ia)(4 /isiss acriina cas( i )h( (vi/(nc( on

r(cor/ c(ar4 ais )o (s)aish'roa( cas(._n/(r #(c)ion5>a? o )h( R(vis(/ R(s o !riina Proc(/r(, a )ria cor)

B/g( a4 i(/ia)(4 /isiss acriina cas( i )h( (vi/(nc( onr(cor/ c(ar4 ais )o (s)aish'roa( cas(. ") s),ho(v(r, ( os(rv(/ )ha) )h(

B/g(As 'o(r )o i(/ia)(4/isiss a criina cas( o/ on4( arran)(/ h(n )h( acD o

'roa( cas( is c(ar. "n &( Los#an)os-&io v. !, 699 #!R 61>2013?, )h( !or) iin(/ )ha) ac(ar-c) cas( o acD o 'roa(cas( (is)s h(n )h( r(cor/sr(a/i4 sho ncon)rov(r)(/, an/)hs, (s)aish(/ ac)s hichnis)aDa4 n(ga)( )h( (is)(nc(o )h( (((n)s o )h( cri(charg(/.

#a( #a( ris/ic)ion cor)_ or an4 o i)s oEc(rs or )ha)a))(r _ hich has no Bris/ic)ionov(r a 'ar)icar cas( has noa)hori)4 )o ac) a) a)h(r(in._#inc( i) is ('ici)4r(;ir(/ )ha) )h( sB(c) issanc(( a/( i)hin )h( sco'( o as'(rior a)hori)4As Bris/ic)ion, i)canno) )h(r(or( ( /o)(/ )ha))h( s(con/ (((n) o )h( cri( o $'(n &iso(/i(nc( /o(s no) (is).L(s) i) ( isn/(rs)oo/, a cor) _or an4 o i)s oEc(rs or )ha) a))(r_ hich has no Bris/ic)ion ov(r a'ar)icar cas( has no a)hori)4 )oac) a) a )h(r(in. "n )his igh), i)canno) ( arg(/ )ha) ))4. Friaha/ ar(a/4 coi))(/ )h( cri(as(/ on )h( 'r(is( )ha) )h(!or)As 'rononc((n) as )oranch 203As acD o Bris/ic)ionca( on4 a)(r )h( ac). H(ri4,ranch 203As acD o Bris/ic)ion

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

* #+!$N& &"H"#"$N.

259

H$L. 703, #% 7, 2013

259

%h( La Fir o !hav(C Miran/aan/ s(och( vs. Fria

( accor/(/ )('ora (ga(is)(nc( in or/(r )o in/ic) ))4.

Fria or )h( cri( sh( s)an/s )o ('ros(c)(/.

#a( #a( #a( rav( s(o &iscr()ion ") is (-s())(/ )ha)an ac) o a cor) or )rina canon4 ( consi/(r(/ as i)h grav(as( o /iscr()ion h(n sch ac)is /on( in a <ca'ricios orhisica ((rcis( o B/g(n) asis (;iva(n) )o acD o

Bris/ic)ion.=_"n :n(, as(/ on )h(

aov(-s)a)(/ r(asons, )h( !or)ho/s )ha) no grav( as( o /iscr()ion can ( a))ri)(/ )o )h(M%! as corr(c)4 on/ 4 )h( R%!.") is (-s())(/ )ha) an ac) o acor) or )rina can on4 (consi/(r(/ as i)h grav( as( o /iscr()ion h(n sch ac) is /on( ina <ca'ricios or hisica ((rcis(o B/g(n) as is (;iva(n) )o acDo Bris/ic)ion.= %h( as( o /iscr()ion s) ( so 'a)(n) an/

gross as )o aon) )o an <(vasiono a 'osi)iv( /)4 or )o a vir)ar(sa )o '(ror a /)4 (nBoin(/4 a, or )o ac) a) a incon)('a)ion o a, as h(r( )h('o(r is ((rcis(/ in an ari)rar4an/ /(s'o)ic ann(r 4 r(ason o 'assion an/ hos)ii)4.=!ons(;(n)4, )h( /isissa o !riina !as( No. 600 or acD o 'roa( cas( is h(r(4ss)ain(/. I%h( La Fir o !hav(C

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