remediating contaminated groundwater with slow-release ... · green zones = very dense silty clays...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Remediating Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater with an Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System
Steve Comfort – University of Nebraska
International Petroleum Environmental Conference
San Antonio, Texas,
October 8th, 2019
![Page 2: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
Field Results
Nebraska
Why Use Air?Direct-Push, Aerated, Oxidant Delivery System
![Page 3: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
Steve Comfort
Professor of Soil and
Water Chemistry,
School of Natural
Resources
University of Nebraska (UNL)
Research Questions1. What happens to Organic Chemicals Once Released into the
Soil-Water Environment?
2. How Can We Remediate Contaminated Soil and Water?
Visual MODFLOW
![Page 4: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chemical Oxidation Treatments
• Fenton’s Reaction (OH)
• Permanganate
• Persulfate
• Ozone
Chemical Reduction Treatments
• Zerovalent Iron (Fe0)
• Dithionite (Redox barrier)
• Fe(II)
Pesticides
• Atrazine
• Cyanazine
• Metolachlor
• Dicamba
• Dinoseb
Explosives
• RDX, TNT, HMX
PAHs
NAPLs
• TCE, PCE, TCA
• BTEX
1,4-Dioxane
Soil Treatments
Groundwater Treatment
Contaminants-Remedial Treatments Performed at UNL
![Page 5: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Development of Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System
![Page 6: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How Aerated, Direct-Push Oxidant Candles were Developed
Background/Timeline:
• 2005 – Federal Earmark Grant - “Developing Innovative Treatments for Contaminated Soil and Water”
• 2009 – Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy (NDEE) Cozad Landfill TCE Contaminated Groundwater
TCE
Dual PhasePoplar Trees
Ditches
Dual Phase
Poplar
Trees
Ditches
![Page 7: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How Aerated, Direct-Push Oxidant Candles were Developed
Background/Timeline:
• 2005 – Federal Earmark Grant - “Developing Innovative Treatments for Contaminated Soil and Water”
• 2009 – Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy (NDEE) Cozad Landfill TCE Contaminated Groundwater
• 2009 - Extensive sampling/surveying finds VOCs located in low permeable zones of aquifer
All Contamination Confined to “Orange” Zone
Orange andGreen Zones= Very Dense Silty Clays
Blue = Sandy
Colored
Layers =
Different
Textures
![Page 8: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Injecting Liquids Into Low Permeable Zones
Low Permeable “Orange”
ZoneTCE
Plume
Formationmay not readily accept liquids
Previous Project
![Page 9: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Background/Timeline (continued):
• 2010 – Manufactured “oxidant candles” and inserted into formation to intercept contaminant plume (Mark Christenson – lead graduate student).
Aerated, Direct-Push Oxidant Candles
Permanganate
candles
Wax + Permanganate
Oxidant Candle
In Water
![Page 10: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mark Christenson
President - AirLift Environmental, LLC
Steve Comfort
Professor, Soil and Water Chemistry
University of Nebraska
STTR: Phase I (2013)
Phase II (2015)
Patent (2018)
Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System (2012 Present)
![Page 11: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Modular Oxidant Delivery System
Drive Point w/Oxidant Manifold Compressor
![Page 12: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Why Use Air?
With
Aeration
![Page 13: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Airlift PumpGerman engineer Carl Emanuel Löscher in 1797
Air
Compressor
![Page 14: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Time-lapse video of
5-foot Permanganate
Candles placed in
water tanks, with and
without aeration
Density-
FlowAir Bubbled Up
Inside Screen
“Reloadable Design”
Airlift Pump with
Oxidant Candles
![Page 15: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Double-Screened
Aerated Oxidant Candle
3-5 min ~25 min
Aeration – Induced
CirculationClear Double-
Screens with Dye
Air Supply
Line
1.83 m
4
3 2
1
![Page 16: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Radius of Influence
Side View
Top View
?
Aquifer
![Page 17: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Radius of InfluenceIf Advection is low, ROI will Continue to Grow
2 h 6 h 12 h 24 h
Aerated
Miniature
Double
Screen
Candle
35.6 cm30.5
cm
Aquifer
![Page 18: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Radius of Influence
12 h 12 h
Seepage velocity will influence drive point spacing
![Page 19: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Field Results
Nebraska
![Page 20: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Refuse Cell
Phyto-Remediation
Volatilization Lagoons
Dual Phase Extraction
Permeable Reactive Barrier-Oxidant Candles®
Groundwater Flow
#1 Landfill-Cozad, NE
![Page 21: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Groundwater Flow
Up Gradient
In Barrier
Down GradientAerated Permanganate Candle
Barrier
![Page 22: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
#2 Textron-Lincoln, NE• Source Zone Treatment
• Oxidant Candle: Persulfate
• “Reloadable” Drive Points inserted by Direct-Push
• Site: Industrial/Manufacturing
• Contamination: BTEX
• Aquifer: Fine Sands and Clay
Results from Grid Sampling
Small Business
STTR (Phase II)
![Page 23: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Installing Reloadable Direct-Push Oxidant Delivery System
Hollow Stem
Auger (5 ‘)
Drive Down
3” Rod
Bento
nite
Add
Cap and
Bentonite
Sand
Install Flush-
Mounted
casing
Sand
Insert oxidant
Candle with air and
vent lines
Oxid
ant
Candle
Add Outer
Chamber
Remove
Rod/Auger
Sand
![Page 24: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
#2 Textron (BTEX Site, Lincoln, NE)
Drive Points
Monitoring
Well
21 Drive Points
Screened 10-20 ft. bgs
![Page 25: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
#2 Textron (BTEX Site, Lincoln, NE)
Drive Points
Monitoring
Well
21 Drive Points
Screened 10-20 ft. bgs
![Page 26: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
#2 Textron (BTEX Site, Lincoln, NE)
Drive Points
Monitoring
Well
21 Drive Points
Screened 10-20 ft. bgs
![Page 27: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
#2 Textron (BTEX Site, Lincoln, NE)
Drive Points
Monitoring
Well
21 Drive Points
Screened 10-20 ft. bgs
![Page 28: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
#2 Textron (BTEX Site, Lincoln, NE)
Drive Points
Monitoring
Well
21 Drive Points
Screened 10-20 ft. bgs
![Page 29: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
#3 Konecky (BTEX Site)
MW-23
MW-9
MW-17
MW-20
Groundwater
Flow
100%
Reduction
in 8 months
92%
Reduction in 8
months
Compressors (2)
~300 ft.
Treatment:
Persulfate Oxidant
Candles + Fe0
Summary:
16 Drive points
4 separate source areas
![Page 30: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Traditional ISCO versus Aerated Oxidant Candles
![Page 32: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Comparing Liquid ISCO with Oxidant Candles
During Transport
Oxidant Candles
Liquid oxidant
Density Flow
Liquid Oxidant
Similar Permanganate Added
But Better Distribution with
Candles
![Page 33: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Truths and Misconceptions
![Page 34: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Truths and Misconceptions1.Oxidant candles must be spaced 3 feet apart.
Aeration allows
Wider spacing
Based on Diffusion, First Field Site used
Close Spacing.
First Candles were inserted into
Low permeable Silty Clay
(Aeration not Considered)
Cozad Site (2010)
![Page 35: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Truths and Misconceptions
1. Oxidant candles must be spaced 3 feet apart.
2. Oxidant candles must be scraped each year.
Original 3” Permanganate
Oxidant Candles
Added Anti-Scaling
Agent
1-Year New
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Time (d)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/L
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Cu
mu
lati
ve R
ele
ase
(C
/Co
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
B. Persulfate
A. Permanganate
Wax-less Candles
![Page 36: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Truths and Misconceptions
1. Oxidant candles must be spaced 3 feet apart.
2. Oxidant candles must be scraped each year.
3. Oxidant candles do not apply enough oxidant mass
Initial Design (2012)
Reloadable Design Allows Oxidant to be Replenished as Needed
“Easy” Oxidant Replacement
Reloadable Design (2016)
Air Line
![Page 37: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Laboratory Scale Containerized Waste (IDW) Field Drive Points
PFAS Related Research
![Page 38: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Contact / More Information
AirLift Environmental, LLC
5900 N. 58th Street, Suite #5
Lincoln, NE 68507
(402) 467-6422
Mark Christenson
(402) 617-0434
James Reece
(402)-770-1870
Website: http://airliftenvironmental.com/
Aerated, Direct-Push Oxidant Delivery System
![Page 39: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Questions?
![Page 40: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Backup Slides
![Page 41: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Patent
Christenson, M., Comfort, S.D.
2018. Modular Oxidant Delivery
System. United States Patent.
Patent No. US 9,925,574 B2.
March 27, 2018.
This patent was submitted by NUtech
Ventures.
Aerated, Direct-Push Oxidant Delivery System
![Page 42: Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with Slow-Release ... · Green Zones = Very Dense Silty Clays Blue = Sandy Colored Layers = Different ... Steve Comfort Professor, Soil and Water](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071117/6004110a65d6306ce918c993/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Volume Injected
5% 10% 20%