remember: chromosomes occur in pairs. (homologous · pdf fileremember: chromosomes occur in...
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Remember: Chromosomes occur in pairs.
(homologous pairs)
Gen GANDA:
the different alleles of a gene occupy the same positions on each chromosome
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The ABO
blood system
• This is a controlled by a tri-allelic gene
• It can generate 6 genotypes
• The alleles control the production of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
• Two of the alleles are codominant to one another and both are dominant over the third
• Allele IA produces antigen A
• Allele IB produces antigen B
• Allele i produces no antigen
• About 30% of the genes are di-allelic, exist in two forms, (they have
two alleles)
• About 70% are mono-allelic, they only exist in one form and they
show no variation
• A very few are poly-allelic having more than two forms
GEN PADA MANUSIA:
Contoh: PADA MANUSIA, Sistim golongan darah ABO
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In this case both A and B are dominant to O (recessive).
A and B are codominant (both expressed)
So... there are four human blood typesAA, AO A blood type
BB ,BO B blood type
AB AB blood type
or
OO O blood type
Genotypes Phenotypes (Blood
types)
IA IA A
IA IB AB
IAi A
IB IB B
IBi B
ii O
What if you lack both A and B sugars?You are an ‘O’!
multiple alleles: A, B and O
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Sistem Golongan Darah A-B-O. (K. Landsteiner, 1868 –
1943)
Gen Asli I (Isoagglutinogen), :
1. Alelnya : Ia, Ib, I
2. Urutan dominan: Ia = Ib >i
Golongan
(Fenotip)
Genotip
A Ia Ia atau Ia i
B Ib Ib; atau Ib i
AB Ia Ib
O ii
Contoh: Gol A x Gol B
(Ia Ia; Ia I) x ( Ib Ib; Ib I)
1. Ia Ia x Ib Ib AB
2. Ia Ia x Ib I AB; A
3. Ia I x Ib I AB; B
4. Ia I x Ib I AB; A, B, O
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Donor-recipient compatibility
Recipient
Type A B AB O
A
Donor B
AB
O
= Agglutination
= Safe transfusion
Note:
• Type O blood may be transfused into all the other types = the universal donor.
• Type AB blood can receive blood from all the other blood types = the universal recipient.
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BASIC: ALEL DAN GEN GANDA
MonoHibrid pada Hewan:
Warna Rambut Hitam: (gen A):
AA (hitam) x aa (albino)
Aa (Hitam)
Gen A:
1 Kali mutasi : -- >alel a
Gen Ganda:
Bbrp kali mutasi---) bbrp alel: a1,a2,a3, dst
However, it is possible to have several
different allele possibilities for one gene.
Multiple alleles is when there are more than two
allele possibilities for a gene.
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A L E L G A N D A
Pengertian:
Gen (virgin) kalau bermutasi membentuk Alel ( A -- a)
Banyak Gen mengalami mutasi berulang-ulang, menimbulkan
banyak macam alel (lebih dari 2, disebut alel Ganda)
Contoh: Gen pigmentasi bulu kelinci (Gen C, pigmentasi hitam),
memiliki 3 alel:
1. c : albino (tak ada pigmentasi)
2. cch: pigmentasi terang, bulu pigmentasi gelap pada ujung
(Chinchilla)
3. ch: pigmentasi bagian ujung-ujung tubuh, bagian lain putih
(H= himalaya)
Urutan dominasi alel : C>cch>ch>c
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Certain types of rabbits…
…can either be brown, white, have a chinchilla pattern, or
have a himalayan pattern
C causes fully brown coat
cc causes albino (white)
cch causes a chinchilla pattern
ch causes a Himalayan pattern
The alleles are arranged in the following pattern
C > cch > ch > c
• Himalayan rabbit – color in certain parts of the body; dominant only to c; chc or chch
• Albino rabbit – no color – allele is recessive to all other alleles; cc
Full color rabbit – alleles are dominant to all others; CC, Ccch, Cch, or Cc
Chinchilla rabbit – partial defect in pigmentation
cch allele dominant to all other alleles except C; cchch, cchcch, or cchc
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Kelinci Gelap:
CC, Cc, Ccch, Cch
Kelinci lebih terang; Chinchila:
cch cchh; cch, ch; ccchc
Kelinci Himalaya:
c h ch; ch,c
Kelinci Albino:
cc
P; Cch Cch X Ch Ch
F1: Cch Ch X Cch Ch
F2: Cch Cch
Cch Ch
Cch Ch
Ch Ch
P ; CC x Cch Cch
F1 : C Cch x c c
F2: Cc
Cch c
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dominance
sex linkage
multiple alleles
d
Multiple alleles
Each gene locus can have more than 2 alleles.
An allele may be dominant to some alleles but recessive to others.
This situation produces more than 2 different phenotypes.
Each individual has 2 alleles present in their cells at any one time.
BB or Bb or
Bbl
blbl
bb or bbl
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Multiple gene inheritance
Cat coat colour is the result of the inheritance of a large number of different genes.
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Crossing Over dan Rekombinan
• Sometimes in meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange parts in a process called crossing-over.
• New combinations are obtained, called the crossover products.
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• Each synapsis is
made up of 2 pairs
of sister chromatids
• This matched set of
4 chromatids is
called a tetrad
MEIOSIS AND CROSSING OVER
Chromosomes are matched in
homologous pairs
Chromosomes
Centromere
Sister chromatids Figure 8.12
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21 Apr 2002 16
Crossing Over Basics• Occurs at One or More Points Along
Adjacent Homologues
• Points contact each other
• DNA is Exchanged
• Menaikkan var.Genetik
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/cross3.jpg
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• Crossing over is the exchange of
corresponding segments between two non-
sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
• Genetic recombination results from crossing
over during prophase I of meiosis
– This increases variation further
Crossing over further increases
genetic variability
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Recombination During Meiosis
Recombinant gametes
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Two Loci Inheritance
Recombinant
21A A
B B
a a
b b
A a
B b3 4
a a
b b
A a
b b5 6
A a
B b
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• How crossing over
leads to genetic
recombination
• Nonsister
chromatids break
in two at the same
spot
• The 2 broken
chromatids join
together in a new
way
Tetrad(homologous pair ofchromosomes in synapsis)
Breakage of homologous chromatids
Joining of homologous chromatids
Chiasma
Separation of homologouschromosomes at anaphase I
Separation of chromatids atanaphase II and completion of meiosis
Parental type of chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome
Gametes of four genetic types
1
2
3
4
Coat-colorgenes
Eye-colorgenes
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• A segment of one
chromatid has
changed places with
the equivalent
segment of its
nonsister homologue
• If there were no
crossing over meiosis
could only produce 2
types of gametes
Tetrad(homologous pair ofchromosomes in synapsis)
Breakage of homologous chromatids
Joining of homologous chromatids
Chiasma
Separation of homologouschromosomes at anaphase I
Separation of chromatids atanaphase II and completion of meiosis
Parental type of chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome
Gametes of four genetic types
1
2
3
4
Coat-colorgenes
Eye-colorgenes