Remote SensingRemote Sensing

Classification SystemsClassification Systems

1. Land Use and Land 1. Land Use and Land CoverCover

► Land use - reflects people's relation to the Land use - reflects people's relation to the environment environment

► Land cover - natural/artificial compositions Land cover - natural/artificial compositions at the surfaceat the surface

1. Land Use and Land Cover1. Land Use and Land Cover

► The USGS classification system (Anderson et al., The USGS classification system (Anderson et al., 1976)1976)

► most commonly used national classification most commonly used national classification system for remote sensing datasystem for remote sensing data

► for both satellite images and air photosfor both satellite images and air photos► based on land capability, vulnerability to based on land capability, vulnerability to

management, and potential usemanagement, and potential use

Anderson Classification Anderson Classification System System Level ILevel I

11 Urban or build-up land Urban or build-up land

22 Agricultural Agricultural

33 Rangeland Rangeland

44 Forest land Forest land

55 Water Water

66 Wetland Wetland

77 Barren land Barren land

88 Tundra Tundra

99 Perennial snow or ice Perennial snow or ice

Anderson System level IIAnderson System level IILevel ILevel I

1 Urban or built-up land1 Urban or built-up land

level IIlevel II

11 Residential11 Residential

12 Commercial and service12 Commercial and service

13 Industrial13 Industrial

14 Transportation, communications, and utilities14 Transportation, communications, and utilities

15 Industrial and commercial complex15 Industrial and commercial complex

16 Mixed urban or built-up land16 Mixed urban or built-up land

17 Other urban or built-up land 17 Other urban or built-up land

Anderson System level II ..Anderson System level II ..

2 Agricultural land2 Agricultural land

21 Cropland and pasture21 Cropland and pasture

22 Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and22 Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and

ornamental horticultural areasornamental horticultural areas

23 Confined feeding operations23 Confined feeding operations

24 Other agricultural land24 Other agricultural land

Anderson System level II ..Anderson System level II ..3 Rangeland3 Rangeland

31 Herbaceous rangeland 31 Herbaceous rangeland

32 Shrub and brush rangeland32 Shrub and brush rangeland

33 Mixed rangeland33 Mixed rangeland

4 Forest land4 Forest land

41 Deciduous forest land41 Deciduous forest land

42 Evergreen forest land42 Evergreen forest land

43 Mixed forest land43 Mixed forest land

Anderson System level II ..Anderson System level II ..5 Water5 Water

51 Streams and canals 51 Streams and canals

52 Lakes52 Lakes

53 Reservoirs 53 Reservoirs

54 Bays and estuaries54 Bays and estuaries

6 Wetland6 Wetland

61 Forested wetland61 Forested wetland

62 Nonforested wetland62 Nonforested wetland

Anderson System level II ..Anderson System level II ..7 Barren land 7 Barren land

71 Dry salt flats71 Dry salt flats

72 Beaches72 Beaches

73 Sandy areas other than beaches73 Sandy areas other than beaches

74 Bare exposed rock74 Bare exposed rock

75 Strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits75 Strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits

76 Transitional areas76 Transitional areas

77 Mixed barren land77 Mixed barren land

Anderson System level II ..Anderson System level II ..8 Tundra 8 Tundra

81 Shrub and brush tundra81 Shrub and brush tundra

82 Herbaceous tundra82 Herbaceous tundra

83 Bare ground tundra83 Bare ground tundra

84 Wet tundra84 Wet tundra

85 Mixed tundra85 Mixed tundra

9 Perennial snow or ice9 Perennial snow or ice

91 Perennial snowfields91 Perennial snowfields

92 Glaciers92 Glaciers

2. Classification Criteria2. Classification Criteria

► The interpretation accuracy of lulc categories The interpretation accuracy of lulc categories should be 85%+should be 85%+

► The accuracy of several categories should be The accuracy of several categories should be about equalabout equal

► Repeatable results should be obtainable by Repeatable results should be obtainable by different interpreters and sensing timedifferent interpreters and sensing time

► The system should be applicable over extensive The system should be applicable over extensive areasareas

► The categories should be used as surrogates for The categories should be used as surrogates for activitiesactivities

Classification Criteria ..Classification Criteria ..

► The system should be suitable for data obtained The system should be suitable for data obtained at different times of the year at different times of the year ► Subcategories can be obtained from finer scale Subcategories can be obtained from finer scale data data ► Aggregation of categories must be possible Aggregation of categories must be possible ► Comparison with future lulc should be possible Comparison with future lulc should be possible ► Multiple use of land should be recognized when Multiple use of land should be recognized when possiblepossible

2. .. 2. .. Minimum Areas and Image Minimum Areas and Image ResolutionResolution

Depend on Depend on ► the scale and resolution of the source datathe scale and resolution of the source data► the scale of data compilation or image the scale of data compilation or image interpretation interpretation ► the final scale of the map the final scale of the map ► no less than 0.25cm~0.5cm on a side on a mapno less than 0.25cm~0.5cm on a side on a map

2. .. 2. .. Expanded ClassificationsExpanded Classifications

► The USGS classification system is aimed at level I The USGS classification system is aimed at level I and II and II

► Level I and II are adequate for planning and Level I and II are adequate for planning and management management

► The two levels are adequate for monitoring lulc The two levels are adequate for monitoring lulc changes changes

► The system is open-ended and allows levels of The system is open-ended and allows levels of subcategoriessubcategories

Anderson System level III Anderson System level III 1 Urban or built-up land1 Urban or built-up land

11 Residential 11 Residential

111 Rural111 Rural

112 Low density112 Low density

113 High density113 High density

12 Commercial and service12 Commercial and service

121 Low impervious cover121 Low impervious cover

122 Medium impervious cover122 Medium impervious cover

123 High impervious cover123 High impervious cover

Anderson System level III Anderson System level III 1 Urban or built-up land1 Urban or built-up land

11 Residential 11 Residential

111 Single-family units111 Single-family units

112 Multifamily units112 Multifamily units

113 Mobile-home units113 Mobile-home units

114 Residential under construction114 Residential under construction

115 Other residential115 Other residential

Anderson System level VAnderson System level V1 Urban or built-up land1 Urban or built-up land

11 Residential 11 Residential …… ……

12 Commercial and service12 Commercial and service

121 Commercial121 Commercial

1211 Automotive (cars, trucks, motorcycles)1211 Automotive (cars, trucks, motorcycles)

12111 Dealership12111 Dealership

12112 Gas station12112 Gas station

12113 Junkyard12113 Junkyard

12114 Service or repair12114 Service or repair

http://aria.arizona.edu/slg/Vandriel.ppt

3. Plant Classification3. Plant Classification

► Floristic Floristic

- a botanical classification, e.g. - a botanical classification, e.g. specie, genus, familyspecie, genus, family

► Life form Life form

- physical form of plants, e.g. - physical form of plants, e.g. trees, shrubs, herbaceous trees, shrubs, herbaceous

Plant classification ..Plant classification ..

► The two systems may not relate to each otherThe two systems may not relate to each other► Remote sensing classification is more commonly Remote sensing classification is more commonly

based on life form based on life form ► Floristic classification is possible only when fine Floristic classification is possible only when fine

resolution image is available or in pure stand resolution image is available or in pure stand situation situation

► USGS, state agencies, and private vendors

► 1:24,000 DEM► 1:250,000 DEM

4. Digital Elevation 4. Digital Elevation ModelsModels

► Developed and distributed by USGS► A regular grid in UTM coordinate system►  A 7.5 by 7.5 minute coverage

4. (1) 1:24,000 DEM4. (1) 1:24,000 DEM

► Data are ordered from south to north in profiles that are ordered from west to east► A 30 by 30 meter spacing along and between profiles (spatial resolution)► The profiles do not always have the same number of elevation points► The measuring unit for the elevation is meter in most cases

1:24,000 DEM ..1:24,000 DEM ..

► The profiles do not always have the same number of elevation points

1:24,000 DEM ..1:24,000 DEM ..

► Developed by Defense Mapping Agency and distributed by USGS► A regular grid in geographical coordinate system► A 10 x 10 coverage► The measuring unit for the elevation is meter► The spacing along profiles is 3 arc-second (“spatial resolution”)

4. (2) 1:250,000 DEM4. (2) 1:250,000 DEM

► A 10 x 10 coverage► The spacing between and along profiles is 3 arc-second

4. (2) 1:250,000 DEM4. (2) 1:250,000 DEM

Contours and 3DContours and 3D

ElevationElevation

                                 

NIMA & NASANIMA & NASA

Slope Slope aspectaspect

Derived Derived from DEMfrom DEM                                  

Slope Slope angleangle

Derived Derived from DEMfrom DEM                                  

NIMA &NASANIMA &NASA                                 

3D3D

Color infrared composite of the IKONOS Color infrared composite of the IKONOS draped over the DEM as viewed from the west draped over the DEM as viewed from the west

side of the study area to the east from an side of the study area to the east from an elevation of 10,000 m, Xichang, Chinaelevation of 10,000 m, Xichang, China

Xu, University of Utah, Gong, UC-BerkeleyXu, University of Utah, Gong, UC-Berkeley

ReadingsReadings

► Chapter 4 Chapter 4 ► Jensen, J. Remote Sensing of the Jensen, J. Remote Sensing of the Environment- An Earth Resource Environment- An Earth Resource Perspective, 2007, Prentice Hall. Perspective, 2007, Prentice Hall.