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Remote Sensing Techniques for Geological Mapping

with special reference to ornamental stones

N.S.Gadagkar

Director

Remote Sensing and Aerial Surveys

GSI, Bengaluru

Remote sensing concepts-Data products

Elements of Image Interpretation and

Newer technologies in Image analysis and interpretation

I

III

II

VI

Image analysis for geological mapping

Contents of presentation

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ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM

OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING : LISS PAN,LANDSAT,ASTER

THERMAL REMOTE SENSING : LS-TM-TIR,ASTER

MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING : SAR, SLAR

GEOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT REGIONS OF

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Wavelength

region

Wavelength

(nm) rangeMineralogy

Associated

molecular feature

VNIR 400-1100 Fe and Mn oxides, rare

earths

Crystal field

absorption, charge

transfer absorption

SWIR 1100-2500

Hydroxyls, carbonates,

sulphates, micas,

amphiboles

Al(OH)2, Fe(OH)2,

Mg(OH)2, NH4, SO4

absorption, CO3

TIR 8000-14000 Carbonates, silicates Si-O bond distortion

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Satellite Data products used in GSI

IRS-IC RESOURCESAT LISS –III 23.5m Spatial resolution

Freely downloadable from Bhuvan Portal of NRSC

CartoDEM for DEM applications

IRS-IC RESOURCESAT LISS –IV 5.8M Spatial Reoluation

LANDSAT 7 ETM + (8 band data) from USGS/Glovis with

30m Resolution

LANDSAT 8 OLI (11 band data) from USGS/H/Glovis with

30m resolution

ASTER (14 band data) of Japan Space System purchased

through NRSC 15/30M resolution

• Tone

• Colour True Colour and False colour

• Texture

• Pattern . 1Drainage 2.Erosional 3.Vegetation 4.Outcrop

• Shape

• Size

• Association

• Landform & Landuse

ELEMENTS OF PHOTO/ IMAGE INTERPRETATION

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Image Resolution

The 4 ‘R’s of remote sensing imagery

1. Spatial Resolution

2. Radiometric Resolution

3. Spectral Resolution

4. Temporal Resolution

1. Spatial Resolution

• refers to the size of the smallest possible feature

that can be sensed

IRS 1C/D – 5.8m (PAN)

IKONOS – 1m (PAN)

RESOURCESAT – 5.8m (xs)

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The finer the radiometric resolution of a sensor, the moresensitive it is to detect small differences in reflected oremitted energy.

2. Radiometric Resolution

0 255 0 127 0 63

The number of brightness levels which the sensor can record

3. Spectral Resolution

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Piecewise linear stretch Gaussian stretch

Histogram equalization

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True colour Image of part of Cuddapah basin

Spectrally enhanced image

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Decorrelated stretch

Lithological mapping from TM Imagery Part of

Chitradurga Schist Belt.

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Lithological mapping from IRS Imagery Part of

Ramagiri Schist Belt and surrounding area

IRS-LISS-III FCC SE of Nagpur

TADOBA-ANDHERI TIGER

RESERVE

NAWARGAON

CHIMUR

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IRS-LISS-III FCC SE of Nagpur for sheet 55P/6 &10

Pengangas

Gneisses

Gondwanas

Lineament Fabric in part of Chandrapur dist, Maharashtra 55P/6 &10

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IRS-L3-FCC of part of SAUSARS Maharashtra

DEM IMAGE FROM SRTM DATA OVERLAID WITH TOPOSHEET & GEOLOGICAL MAP OF

PART OF SAUSAR BELT /TBG FOR SHEET 55O/2 ,3,10&11

Saleghat

Bhandetal

SonpurChandakpur

Dhavalpur

Mugnapal

Surewani

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Landsat ETM RGB = 432 Landsat ETM RGB = 532

Deccan

Traps

Nagpur-Wardha area Maharashtra

Granite outcrop with convex slope

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Exfoliation in Syenite

Granites with vertical joints

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Dongargarh Granite, Amgaon,

Gondia Dist

Dongargarh Granite near Amgaon,Gondia

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Deccan basaltic flows near Pune

Andesite flow

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Pitepani Andesites near Duggipar,Gondia,Maharashta

Typical Schist Belt Topography

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Schistose rock exposure

Surface level phyllite rocks

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NATIONAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND

LINEAMENT MAPPING (NGLM) ON 1:50,000

SCALE USING SATELLITE DATA

GSI-ISRO Collaborative Project

National Geomorphological and Lineament

mapping (NGLM)

All India state level mosaicked NGLM geodatabase

covering 4913 sheets completed (excluding 199 sheets

in J&K) during 2009-2014.

Online Map Service developed by Geodata Division,

CHQ in GSI Portal for viewing and querying geodatabase

of NGLM. (http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in)

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GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND LINEAMENT MAP

Geomorphological and lineament map for Wardha area , 55L

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Geomorphlogical and Lineament Map for parts of

Chitradurga Schist belt- 57B

140 30

0

140 00

760 00 760 45

760 45

Newer Technologies in use

ASTER for Shortwave and

Thermal Infrared windows

for geological mapping

Hyperspectral Imaging

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Iron oxide concentration –Note the occurrence on land surface

ETM+ Band 5/4 ratioed image showing Iron oxide concentration

in parts of Sakolis sheets 55P/5& 9

790 15’79 0 45’

200 45’

790 45’

210 00’

Band Ratioed Outputs for identifying mineral clusters

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Clay mineral concentration in alluvium

ETM+ Band ratioed 5/7 image showing clay mineral

concentration in sheets 55P/5& 9

790 15’79 0 45’

200 45’

790 45’210 00’

Clay and Iron oxide cluster zones in Sakolis

from Band ratioed ETM+ data

790 15’ 79 0 45’

200 45’

790 45’

210 00’

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The science of acquiring digital imagery ofearth materials in many narrow contiguousspectral bands.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

What is it?

Also referred to as imaging spectrometry.

Differs from conventional remote sensing in that it

covers many narrowly defined spectral channels,

where as, conventional remote sensing looks at several

broadly defined spectral regions.

CONCEPTS

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Hyperspectral sensors

AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL

• AVIRIS – NASA -224 – 0.4 TO 2.5

( 10 NM, 20M SP,12 KM SWATH SNR

500:1)

• HYDICE – NAVAL RESEARCH LAB-

210 – 0.4 TO 2.5

• DIAS –GERMAN – 79 – VISBLE –TIR

• HYMAP – ITRES RESEACH LIMITED –

200 – VISIBLE TO THERMAL

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Sensor

Lamp

White Panel

ASD Spectroradiometr

Laptop

Laboratory Set up of Hyperspectral Remote sensing

Reflectance spectra of clay minerals and micas contains distinctive absorption

features (T shaped symbols) due to the bending of Al-OH and Mg-OH bonds. Such

features help in discriminating between such minerals of hydrothermal and

sedimentary process.

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Reflectance spectra of carbonates contains distinctive

absorption features (T shaped symbols) due to

vibrational transitions related to C-O bonds. Most

distinctive features is near 2.35 microns, which helps

in discriminating between carbonates and clays.

Lab spectra of few rockktypes of Sakoli belt

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Serpentinite: Absorption

point at: 1391 nm, 1980 nm,

2107 nm, 2140 nm, 2328

nm

Microphotograph of

Serpentinite

Hornblendite: absorption

feature at: 1379 nm, 1907

nm, 2305 nm, 2385 nm

Microphotograph of

Hornblendite

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Talc-Tremolite-Serpentine

schist: Absorption at: 1394

nm, 1910 nm, 2325 nm

Microphotograph of Talc-

Tremolite-Serpentine schist

Tonalitic rock: Absorption

feature at: 1408 nm, 1920

nm, 2205 nm.

Microphotograph of

Tonalitic Rock

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Field signature collection

Chitradurga Granite

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Argillite

Metabasalt

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Metabasalt

JN Kote Granite

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Spectra of J.N.Kote Granite

Spectra of Marble

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Spectra of Dolomite

Mineral abundance map around Dighori Moti & Sakra village (55 P/13)

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Granitoids identified through Crosta Technique:

G

G-Granite

G

G

Cultivated land

Forest Cover

Cultivated land

Cultivated land

SUMMING UP

Remote sensing and image analysis can be effectively utilised to

map the litho types.

Lineament fabric from satellite data product can be used for

assessing the density and frequency of fracture/joint system to

evaluate the dimensional stones in terms of their suitability.

Geomorphological map can be used for study of landforms and

their correlatibity with granitoids/basic rocks/carbonates

/quartzites.

The hyperspectral data can be used for mapping the compositional

variations in granitoids and to map different carbonate

rocks dolomites/calcitic types.

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Thank youThank you

Geological MapTernary Image Map

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HUNGUND-MUDHOL AREA,

PARTS OF KARNATAKA

The aeromagnetic map clearly brought

out the extensions of the Hungund-

Kustigi Schist belt in N-W direction under

the Kaladgi sediments

Significant Uranium anomalies around

Nidagundi

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Volcanic flow of Rhyolite

exposed near Markandi temple

in Waingangā river bed

Flow banding within Rhyolite exposed

near Shankarpur village

Photo-micrograph of Rhyolite

Landsat

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Wavelength

(micromete

rs)

Resolution

(meters)

Band 1 0.45-0.52 30

Band 2 0.52-0.60 30

Band 3 0.63-0.69 30

Band 4 0.77-0.90 30

Band 5 1.55-1.75 30

Band 6 10.40-12.50 60 * (30)

Band 7 2.09-2.35 30

Band 8 .52-.90 15

Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+)

BandsWavelength

(micrometers)

Resolution

(meters)

Band 1 - Coastal

aerosol0.43 - 0.45 30

Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30

Band 3 - Green 0.53 - 0.59 30

Band 4 - Red 0.64 - 0.67 30

Band 5 - Near

Infrared (NIR)0.85 - 0.88 30

Band 6 - SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30

Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30

Band 8 -

Panchromatic0.50 - 0.68 15

Band 9 - Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30

Band 10 - Thermal

Infrared (TIRS) 110.60 - 11.19 100

Band 11 - Thermal

Infrared (TIRS) 2 11.50 - 12.51 100

Landsat 8

Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor