renaissance and reformation

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EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND THE REFORMATION

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Page 1: Renaissance and Reformation

EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

AND THE REFORMATION

Page 2: Renaissance and Reformation

Goals and Objectives: Upon completion students should be able to:

1.Explain how political and economic conditions,resources, geographic locations and cultures have contributed to cooperation and conflict.

2.Describe the changes in Europe as a result of the early Renaissance.

Page 3: Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance the period from 1450-1600 called the Renaissance, which means rebirth. Italy had three things that fostered the Renaissance.

1.   Thriving cities2.   A wealthy merchant class3.   Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

Page 4: Renaissance and Reformation

The bubonic plague (1300’s) killed as many as 60% in some towns.

This cut back the number of laborers and thus increased the wages of those that remained.

Art was pursued by many of the wealthy.

Page 5: Renaissance and Reformation

1. Members of the wealthy class turned to controlling the

government by loaning money to the different leaders of the

government.

2. One family, the Medici, controlled Florence, not themselves but by giving money to the ruling council.

3. These ruling merchants supported the arts, which allowed a

rebirth of the classics.

Page 6: Renaissance and Reformation

The artists supported by the wealthy men, drew on the classic remains of the ancient Greek and Roman influences that surrounded the cities of Italy.

Page 7: Renaissance and Reformation

What new cultural features have emerged in the U.S. recently? Why have they grown?

What are the cultural centers of the U.S. today? Why are they the centers?

Are there values that could be categorized as uniquely American?

Page 8: Renaissance and Reformation

1. Study of the classics turned to Humanism, which focused on human potential and achievements.

2. Humanists encouraged and supported the study of classical educations such as history, literature, philosophy; known as the humanities.

Page 9: Renaissance and Reformation

Religious tradition focused on church ideas such a sacrifice and living in ordinary ways, focusing on being righteous.

The humanist in Italy enjoyed material luxuries, fine music, and tasty foods.

Secularism-worldly and concerned with the here and now.

Some church leaders became worldly by living in beautiful mansions, had lavish banquets and wore fine clothing.

Even popes of the Roman Catholic church became patrons of the arts, by buying a great deal of art to beautify the churches.

Page 10: Renaissance and Reformation

A renaissance man was one who strove to master all areas of study, they were educated and universal in abilities.

They mastered many different things and were witty

They studied the classics and knew literature and poetry.

Baldassare Castiglione

Author of the CourtierLeonardo da Vinci

Page 11: Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance woman knew the classics and was charming.

She would not seek fame of her abilities. Most women had no power, however one lady of

a ruling family married the ruler of another city-state. Isabella D’Este brought many different artists into her court thus promoting the spread of and acceptance of the art collection she acquired.

Isabella D’Este

Page 12: Renaissance and Reformation

Medieval artists used religious items to paint, whereas the artists of the renaissance started painting individuals (portraits)

The technique of perspective has three dimensions on a flat surface. Invented by architect: Brunelleschi

Page 13: Renaissance and Reformation

Showing images in the true form that they appear in rather than trying to change them for perfect images.

Michelangelo painted realistic images and Donatello sculpted to show natural postures and personality.

Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel -Raphael- School of Athens

Page 14: Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance writers did not write in the classical Latin, however he or she wrote in vernacular- his or her own language.

They wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects.

Page 15: Renaissance and Reformation

Music during the Middle Ages was mostly sacred and used only for worship.

Gregorian chants (Middle Ages) were one melody, unaccompanied singing (monophonic) of praise; usually sung by monks & priests during worship.

Music became secular (non-sacred) during the Renaissance and polyphony (more than one melodic line) was invented (School of Notre Dame); madrigals were developed.

Page 16: Renaissance and Reformation

Machiavelli advises rulers, by writing a political guidebook, The Prince.

He tells how a ruler can gain power and then maintain that power.

stated that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt.

To keep power a leader must be strong like lion and shrewd like fox. He wasn’t concerned with what is morally right, but what is politically effective.

“Absolute power corrupts absolutely!”

Is Machiavelli correct??

Page 17: Renaissance and Reformation

Women usually wrote about personal subjects, not politics.

Vittoria Colonna helped publish The Courtier.

Page 18: Renaissance and Reformation

Goals and Objectives: Upon completion, students should:

1.Explain the main reasons why the Renaissance spread to Northern. Europe.

2.Identify key contributors to the Northern Renaissance.

3.Explain the term “cultural diffusion” while providing examples.

Page 19: Renaissance and Reformation

Flanders became the center of the Northern Renaissance.

Population growth rebounded from the years of the plague and the 100 years war between France and England ended.

The rulers of England and France bought paintings of the artists to place in their palaces. (patrons)

The ideas and methods of the renaissance blended with the culture of the Northern Europeans and became uniquely Northern European.

Humanists looked at social reform based on Christian values.

Page 20: Renaissance and Reformation

Italy had a civil war and many of the writers and artists of Italy traveled north to get out of harm’s way. Thus spreading the classics to northern Europe.

The German painters took to painting in a style known as realism. Painting scenes or events as they truly were. He painted the monarchs of England.

Flemish painters used oil to display their individuality and worldly pleasures. Hans Holbein-

Henry VIII Jan Van Eyck- The WeddingAlbrecht Durer-The Adoration of the Magi

Page 21: Renaissance and Reformation

Christian humanists looked at the church believing it had failed to inspire people to live a Christian life.

Christian humanists tried to reform society including promoting the education of women.

Page 22: Renaissance and Reformation

Who are the people today who could be considered reformers?

What areas of reform do you see taking place today?

Who are the most influential people today in American society? How have they gained such influence?

Page 23: Renaissance and Reformation

Thomas More wrote a book entitled Utopia looking for a perfect world full of peace loving people in a land where greed, corruption, war and crime had been weeded out.

Page 24: Renaissance and Reformation

Many women could not read or write, Christine de Pizan was an exception.

She wrote in French, writing many books including short stories, biographies and manuals on military techniques.

She questioned why boys and girls were treated differently.

Page 25: Renaissance and Reformation

Considered the greatest playwright ever.

He used the classics as an inspiration.

Used the human soul to write about human flaws.

Page 26: Renaissance and Reformation

Chinese inventor Bi -Sheng invented a movable type but it was impractical.

Johan Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440 in Germany.

This was used to produce bibles, books and music. pamphlets.

Page 27: Renaissance and Reformation

New artistic ideas and techniques were practiced. The Church was challenged by secular ideas There was a rise of humanism Vernacularism led to more languages being

written A respect for the classics was restored. Literacy increased because of more available

books. Christian humanism spread in the north.

Page 28: Renaissance and Reformation
Page 29: Renaissance and Reformation

Goals and Objectives: Upon completion, students should:

1.Explain the reasons for the reformation:

2.Describe the impacts of the reformation.

3.Summarize the ways in which Europe changed as a result of the reformation.

4.Summarize the Elizabethan age.

Page 30: Renaissance and Reformation

Causes of the Reformation

Church Authority Challenged Secularism, individualism of Renaissance challenge Rulers challenge Church’s power Printing press spreads secular ideas Northern merchants resent paying church

taxes

Page 31: Renaissance and Reformation

Criticisms of the Catholic Church

• Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes• Poorly educated priests

Page 32: Renaissance and Reformation

• John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress Bible’s authority over clergy’s• Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are

vocal critics of the Church• Reading religious works, Europeans form

own opinions about Church

Page 33: Renaissance and Reformation

The “95 Theses” •Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences •Indulgence—a pardon releasing a person from penalty for a sin •In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking “pardon-merchants” •Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany •Luther launches the Reformation—a movement for religious reform• Reformation rejects pope’s authority

Page 34: Renaissance and Reformation

Luther’s Teachings• People can win salvation by good works

and faith• Christian teachings must be based on the

Bible, not the pope• All people with faith are equal, can

interpret Bible without priests

Page 35: Renaissance and Reformation

What traditional beliefs, customs, practices or laws are challenged in American society today?

What methods are being used to challenge these traditions?

Page 36: Renaissance and Reformation

The Pope’s Threat• Pope Leo X issues decree

threatening to excommunicate Luther (1520)

• Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away

• Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicated

Page 37: Renaissance and Reformation

The Emperor’s Opposition• Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor • He issues Edict of Worms (1521), declaring Luther a heretic• Luther and followers begin a separate religious group—Lutherans The Peasants’ Revolt• Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to serfdom (1524)• Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people die

Page 38: Renaissance and Reformation

Germany at War• Some princes side with Luther, become known as Protestants• Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to

Catholic Church• Peace of Augsburg (1555)—each prince can

decide religion of his state

The Peasants’ Revolt• Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to serfdom (1524).• Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people die.

Page 39: Renaissance and Reformation
Page 40: Renaissance and Reformation

Henry VIII Wants a Son

• Henry has only daughter, needs male heir to rule England.

• Henry wants a divorce; Pope refuses to annul—

invalidate- first marriage to Catherine of

Aragon of Spain.

The Reformation Parliament

• Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in

England.• Henry remarries,

becomes official head of England’s

Church.• Thomas More refuses to

go against Catholic Church

and is beheaded by Henry.

Page 41: Renaissance and Reformation

Thomas More spoke out against Henry VIII in 1534 and was arrested and executed.

The Act of Supremacy stated that England’s citizens must renounce the Pope’s authority and to accept Henry as the official leader of the Church of England or Anglican Church.

Henry died in 1547Henry>>>Edward

VI>>>Mary>>>>Elizabeth Henry VIII just 9 years old Catherine’s daughter Anne Boleyn’s

(Henry’s 2nd wife) died in 1547 ruled 6 years restored Catholicism daughter

Page 42: Renaissance and Reformation

The period from 1558-1603 is when Elizabeth 1st ruled England.

As Queen, she was a major patron of the arts in supporting poetry and music as well as literature.

Page 43: Renaissance and Reformation

Elizabeth I Faces Other Challenges• Some Protestants and Catholics oppose

Elizabeth• Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens England…resulted in battle with the

Armada…Sir Francis Drake.• Elizabeth’s need for money brings conflict

with Parliament

Page 44: Renaissance and Reformation

In 1559 Parliament officially set up the Anglican Church, making her the head of the church.

Elizabeth created reforms that appealed to both Catholics and Protestants, many catholic traditions continued but priests could marry.

Page 45: Renaissance and Reformation

Upon completion, students should:1.Identify the specific examples of

protestant growth in Europe.2.Describe the ways in which the

Catholic church responded to protestant expansion.

3.Summarize the reforms of the church

Page 46: Renaissance and Reformation

Religious theologian. Founder of Calvinist thought, ruler of Geneva.

His ideas would spread through Europe; One of the more powerful Christian reformers.

The idea that God has already decided who is to be saved, your actions really don’t matter (predestination or Fate).

Page 47: Renaissance and Reformation

More than just religious scholar, a leader as well.

Calvin ruled Geneva as a theocracy (a government based on religious laws)

Anyone who did not follow his rules were either banished or executed.

Page 48: Renaissance and Reformation

In Scotland Calvinism spread, followers were known as Presbyterians.

In France, Calvinists followers were called Huguenots.

Page 49: Renaissance and Reformation

St. Ignatius of Loyola

In 1522 he wrote Spiritual Exercises

Daily plan for meditation, prayer and study

Over time he gathered followers

In 1540 his followers were named an official religious order by the Pope, called Jesuits.

Page 50: Renaissance and Reformation

The “Jesuits” spread throughout Europe They created rigorous but EXCELLENT

schools Concentrated equally on classical works and

theology Spread Catholicism through Europe

Held off Protestant advancement in Poland and Southern Germany

Example of a Jesuit, private school in Miami: Belen Jesuit Preparatory School.

Page 51: Renaissance and Reformation

Pope Paul III Led the reformation

Investigated indulgences;

Reformation inside the Catholic Church called the Council of Trent.

Page 52: Renaissance and Reformation

The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final.

You need faith AND good works to get into Heaven

Indulgences were valid expression of faith, but false purchase of them was banned

Page 53: Renaissance and Reformation

Protestant churches flourished Formation of church schools and universities Church political authority declined in Europe

as monarchs and states gained power. Roots of the Enlightenment were formed as

people began to question other ideas long held by the Catholic church.