renaissance and reformation renaissance:1350-1500 reformation:1500-1600

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Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

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Section 1: Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” It was an age of recovery from the disasters of the Middle Ages such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power. Also, there was a high regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve.

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Page 1: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance:1350-1500Reformation:1500-1600

Page 2: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Black Death• Renaissance began at end of Black Death

–Plague in which 1/3 of Europe’s population died

Page 3: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Section 1: Renaissance• Renaissance means “rebirth”• It was an age of recovery from

the disasters of the Middle Ages such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power.

• Also, there was a high regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve.

Page 4: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Italian City-states • The Renaissance began in

Italy.– The major cities of influence

were Rome, Milan, Venice, and Florence.

– Each of these cities played crucial role in politics.

– Niccolo Machiavelli’s book The Prince became one of the most influential works on political power.• He believed that a ruler should keep

his power by whatever means necessary.

Page 5: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• Renaissance Society– During the Middle Ages, society

was divided into 3 categories. These categories continued with the Renaissance• Nobility: 2 – 3% of the population;

held important political posts and were advisers to the king

• Clergy: church officials• Peasants and Townspeople: most of

the population were in this classification; urban poverty increased throughout Europe

Page 6: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• Family and Marriage– Parents carefully arranged

marriages to strengthen business or family ties

– A father’s authority over his children was absolute until he died or formally freed them. Therefore, the age of adulthood varied from early teens to the late twenties.

Page 7: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600
Page 8: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Section 2: The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance• Italian Renaissance Humanism

– Emphasis on the individual – Studied things like grammar,

poetry, philosophy, and history• Vernacular Literature

– Writers began to write in the language spoken in their own regions (vernacular)

– Dante and Geoffrey Chaucer helped make vernacular literature more popular

Page 9: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• Education– The humanist movement had a

huge effect on education.– Humanists wrote books on

education and opened schools.• They stressed in importance of

history, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music, and physical education.

• Humanist education was a preparation for life as well as creating great scholars and complete citizens.

Page 10: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Printing Press• Johnannes Gutenberg• Movable metal type• Printed BIBLE first in 1455

Page 11: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• The Arts– Perspective allowed painters to

create the illusion of three dimensions

– Masters of the High Renaissance• Leonardo da Vinci• Raphael• Michelangelo• Donatello

Page 12: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600
Page 13: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation• Religious

reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups

• Desiderius Erasmus criticized the abuses in the Church in his work, The Praise of Folly.

Page 14: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• Prior to the Reformation, clergy were:– more concerned with politics and

worldly interests– concerned with money and

advanced their personal careers and wealth

– failing to meet the needs of their followers

– sold indulgences

Page 15: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Martin Luther• On October 31,

1517, Luther nailed a list of Ninety-five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany.

• Thousands of copies were printed and spread to all parts of Germany.

Page 16: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• In January of 1521, the Church excommunicated him.

• The Edict of Worms made him an outlaw within the empire.

Page 17: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Peace of Augsburg• formally accepted

division of Christianity in Germany

• German states could choose between Catholicism & Lutheranism

• No choice for individuals, but German ruler could choose for his people

Page 18: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Spread of Lutheranism• While in hiding, Luther gained

the support of German rulers who established state churches that followed Luther’s teachings.

• Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

Page 19: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600
Page 20: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response• Division among

the Protestants appeared throughout Europe.

• In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli pushed for religious reform:– Removal of

relics and paintings

– New sermons that replaced Catholic mass

Page 21: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• After Zwingli died in battle, John Calvin took leadership of the reformation in Switzerland.

• The thought of predestination became one of the major differences among the protestant faiths.

Page 22: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

• In England, King Henry VIII sought a divorce from his wife.

• At his request, Parliament broke from the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church.

Page 23: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

The Anabaptists• Viewed as radical• Believed in

– Adult baptism– Equality/freedom– Complete separation of church

& state

*Many came as Pilgrims to United States

Page 24: Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance:1350-1500 Reformation:1500-1600

Catholic Reformation• The Catholic Church went through a

period of reform that gave it new strength and allowed it to regain what it lost.– The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) took a

vow of obedience to the Pope and helped spread the Catholic teachings.

– The Papacy rededicated itself to the people

– The Council of Trent reaffirmed the Catholic teachings• Faith and good works needed for salvation• Seven sacraments upheld• Clerical celibacy affirmed• Use of indulgences strengthened