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Page 1: Renaissance and Reformation Section 1. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Renaissance: an introduction - YouTubeThe Renaissance: an introduction

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

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• The Renaissance: an introduction - YouTube

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Click the icon to play Listen to History audio.

Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

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Main Idea

In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance.

The Italian Renaissance

Changes in Society

• Decreased population-why?

• Surplus agriculture-why?

• So what is the result?

• City-states emerge

• Specialized areas-England,wool; Germany,wheat

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Michelangelo’s painting was different from the art of the Middle Ages, and only one way in which European society began changing after the 1300s.

Changes in Society

The Beginning of the Renaissance

• 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare

• Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life

• Decrease in population led to:

– Increase in food production

– Decline in food prices

– More money to spend

– Specialization in products

• Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy

• Italy divided into several large city-states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south

• Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states

• Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts

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Milan, Florence• Milan, west of Venice, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons

• Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth

• Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth

Venice• access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade

• Shipbuilding prospered

• Wealthy Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art”

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Find the Main Idea

How did society and cities change in the 1300s?

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As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.”

• Italians who could read looked for more information

• Searched libraries, found lost texts

New World of Ideas

• As they read, began to think about philosophy, art, science in different ways

• Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve

Different Viewpoints

Renaissance Ideas

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RootsHumanities

Humanism

• Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture

• Characteristics of good education• Scholastic education gave way to

classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek

• Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism

• Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment

• Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature• Historians believe Renaissance

began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch

• Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin

• Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy

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• Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious• Church no longer served as source of stability, peace• Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was

secular, was worldly rather than spiritual

• Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities.

Service

• Ideal Renaissance man came to be “universal man,” accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations.

Renaissance Man

Secular Writers

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How to Rule• Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book• Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments

should rule in The Prince

Examples of Renaissance Men

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Machiavelli

Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states

• Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” • Advises rulers to separate morals from politics

– Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism– Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power,

even if cruel

• Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior

• Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy

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Scientific Challenges• Science soon became

important avenue of inquiry

• Church’s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe

Earth, Sun• Nicholas Copernicus said Sun

was center of universe

• Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun

Science of the Renaissance

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Draw Conclusions

What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance?

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Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible.

The arts a reflection of the new humanist spiritMedieval artists—idealized and symbolic representationsRenaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature

• artists worked for

• The church

• whoever paid them

• governments

Patrons of the Arts

Renaissance Art

• Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists

• Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others

Competition Among Patrons

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• Religious paintings focused on personality

• Humanist interest in classical learning, human nature

• Building design reflected humanist reverence for Greek, Roman culture

• Classical architecture favored

Classical Influence

• Studied perspective, 3-dimensional objects

• Experimented with using color to portray shapes, textures

• Subject matter changed= artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from Greek, Roman myths

Artists Methods

Styles and Techniques

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• Highly talented in all fields • His paintings still studied and admired• Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes• His interests, enthusiasm boundless

• Studied anatomy

• won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body

• Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality

Michelangelo

• Marble statue=David

• Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel=scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history

Sculpture, Painting

Leonardo da Vinci

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David

Pieta, 1499

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• http://www.italyguides.it/movie/roma/link/sistina.htm

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• Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante

• Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome

• Design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced appearance of many smaller churches

Bramante • Raffaello Sanzio=Raphael

• Renowned painter, accomplished architect

• Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco—painting made on fresh, moist plaster

• Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna

Raphael

Other Artists

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School of Athens

Resurrection of Christ

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Find the Main Idea

What was the ideal of Renaissance art?

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Leonardo Da Vinci

Painter, writer, inventor, architect,

engineer, mathematician, musician,

philosopher

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HomeworkMachiavelli: The Prince: Chapter I

Read chapters 1, 2, 3

Write a short essay in which you defend Machiavelli’s theories, or disagree with them

You should include an opening paragraph with a thesis, a body with supporting statements (including from the work), and a concluding paragraph