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Renaissance 1350-1600

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Renaissance 1350-1600

RENAISSANCE ART

Renaissance means “rebirth” and is defined as the revival or rebirth of the arts.

Beginning in Italy around 1350, it spread throughout Western Europe, lasting until the

1600s. Italian Renaissance artists were inspired by work from the Classical period.

There were many phases or periods throughout the Renaissance.

The period from 1420 to 1500 is most often referred to as the Early Renaissance.

The term High Renaissance is used to describe anything that happened from 1500

through 1530, this involved pure, classical, balanced harmony.

This was when the artists were in complete control of their materials and were capable

of executing masterful works of art. After the High Renaissance a period known as

Mannerism began. Mannerism marked a time when elegance was key.

Some of the main elements of the

Renaissance were:

Oil paint was used for the first time. Egg tempera had been the medium of choice

prior to oil paints being used.

Both symbolism and real-life events were represented together in the same

artworks.

Chiaroscuro: the balance of light and dark was used for the first time to show

within a picture shadows rather than blocky outlines.

Perspective was used for the first time.

Ancient Greek and Roman ideas were the inspiration for many works in Italy.

Larger than life figures appear in German art. Dutch works of art began to show

hints of daily life (hunting, farming) rather than religious themes.

Key Vocabulary

1. Renaissance – the humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature,

and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century.

2. revival - a restoration to use, acceptance, activity, or vigor after a period of

obscurity or quiescence

3. oil paint - a paint in which the vehicle is a drying oil. Also called oil color.

4. tempera - a painting medium in which pigment is mixed with water-soluble

glutinous materials such as size or egg yolk.

5. symbolism - the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of

attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or

relationships.

6. neoplatonic - thought form, rooted in the philosophy of Plato

7. fresco painting – a method of painting where tempra paint on plaster (usually painted directly on a wall or

building.

8. horizon line – line in which the earth and sky come together in a 2d landscape

9. vanishing point – point on the horizon line that objects in a 2d work of art get smaller as they get closer to it

10. converging lines – lines that pint to the horizon line in a 2d work of art,

11. one point perspective – drawing method that shows how things appear to get smaller as they get further

away, converging towards a single 'vanishing point' on the horizon line

Transition from the Middle Ages to the

Renaissance

During the Middle Ages, a period of European history from the 5th through 15th centuries, art

and learning were centered on the church and religion. But at the start of the 14th century, people

became less interested in thinking about God, heaven and the saints, and more interested in thinking

about themselves, their surroundings and their everyday lives.

Part of this change was influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Roman (Classical

period) writings on scientific matters, government, philosophy, and art. When scholars during the

Renaissance began to study these writings, their interests turned away from traditional areas of study

such as religion, medicine and the law. The people of the Renaissance became interested in other areas

of science, the natural world, biology and astronomy. People now studied mathematics, engineering, and

architecture. Artists, writers, musicians and composers began creating work outside of the church. Artists

signed their work and authors wrote autobiographies and memoirs — stories about themselves.

The values and ideals popular during the European Renaissance can be described by the

term secular humanism: secular, meaning not religious and humanism, meaning placing the study and

progress of human nature at the center of interests.

The rise of Humanism can be seen in paintings created by Renaissance artists. During the

Middle Ages, saints in paintings wore halos (a ring or circle of light) around their heads. Artists also used

hieratic scale in paintings during the Middle Ages, making saints or members of the family of God larger

in scale than ordinary or less important figures. As Humanism became more popular during the

Renaissance, ordinary people grew to be the same size as saints in paintings and saints began to look

more like ordinary people. For example, halos became fainter and eventually disappeared during the

Renaissance.

The central figures of the Madonna and child in this

painting from the late Middle Ages are much larger

than the four saints who stand below the Madonna

or the angels gathered around the upper edges of

the painting. The artists made the Madonna and

child larger to help viewers understand that they are

the most important figures in the painting.

Jacopa di Cione

Madonna and Child in Glory

1360/65

Tempera and gold on panel

The holy family of Mary, Joseph and baby Jesus are joined

here by shepherds and an angel in the center playing a lute.

The landscape around them is earthly rather than heavenly.

Giovanni Agostino da Lodi

Adoration of the Shepherds

1510

Oil on panel

Saints occupied the same

landscape as ordinary people in

Renaissance paintings and the landscape

was earth instead of heaven. In the Middle

Ages it was common for artists to

represent figures of heaven against a gold

background, a symbol for the beauty and

value of the atmosphere of heaven. As

Renaissance artists experimented with

new Humanist ideas, the natural landscape

began to appear as a background in

paintings. Saints left their golden

atmosphere to occupy the same gardens,

forests and buildings that everyday people

lived in.

This tempera painting, made in the

early Renaissance, is an example

of perspective that looks a little

"off." Each item in this painting, the

altar, the screen in the

Background, etc. is accurately

represented, but put them all

together and they don't quite fit.

Franconian School

Miraculous Mass of St. Martin of

Tours

about 1440

Tempera and gold on canvas on

panel

Guiliano Bugiardini

Madonna and Child with St. John

1523/1525

Oil on panel

The Humanists of the Renaissance and their

exploration of the belief that human beings

can live full and happy lives before they go to

heaven is still with us. Many aspects of the

lives we lead, including the way school is

taught and the subjects that we study, began

in the Renaissance and continue to influence

the way we live today.

The Kress Monnogrammist

The Adoration of the Magi

about 1550/1560

Oil on oak pane

Artists began to use oil paints for the first time during the Renaissance. In the Middle

Ages, egg tempera was used most widely. Mixing egg yolks with pigments made egg tempera

and artists made their own paints. Egg tempera dried quickly and created a flat, rough surface.

Oil paint was invented in the early 15th century and created great excitement among

Renaissance artists. Oil paint dried slowly, and was translucent, meaning light could shine

through the paint. The characteristics of oil paint allowed artists to build layers of color and create

paintings with the appearance of greater depth.

During the Renaissance,

the use mathematical perspective

to represent space in paintings was

invented. Earlier attempts at

representing space often resulted

in furniture or buildings that look

just a little "off.“ Using

mathematical formulas, instead of

just the human eye, gave artists

new tools to represent three-

dimensional space in a convincing

way. Renaissance paintings began

to give the impression that the

frame around the painting was a

window frame, and looking at the

painting was like looking through a

window.

Annibale Carracci

The Bean Eater

1582/83

Oil on canvas

Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work

is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement

of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo

da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.

Raphael was

enormously productive,

running an unusually large

workshop, and despite his

death at age 37, a large body

of his work remains. The best

known work is The School of

Athens. After his early years

in Rome much of his work

was executed by his

workshop from his drawings,

with considerable loss of

quality. He was extremely

influential in his lifetime,

though outside Rome his

work was mostly known from

his collaborative printmaking.

This depicts many famous

thinkers, scientists,

mathematicians, and artists of

the Classical period and the

Renaissance

One problem within the making of 2D art is creating the buildings and images with the

proper perspective to make them appear to have form and depth.

The solutions is to use math to create the illusion of space. The name of the

techneque in wich artist use math to create depth and perspective is known as One-

Point Perspective.

The Last Supper (1494–1499)

Leonardo da Vinci

tempera on gesso, pitch and mastic

181 in × 346 in

Location: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Michelangelo- was an Italian sculptor, painter,

architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance.

His versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a

high order that he is often considered a contender for

the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with

his fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.

Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in

his lifetime, and ever since then he has been held to be

one of the greatest artists of all time. A number of his

works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank

among the most famous in existence. His output in

every field during his long life was prodigious; when the

sheer volume of correspondence, sketches, and

reminiscences that survive is also taken into account,

he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century.

As an architect,

Michelangelo

pioneered the

Mannerist style at the

Laurentian Library.

At 74 he succeeded

Antonio da Sangallo

the Younger as the

architect of St.

Peter's Basilica.

Michelangelo

transformed the plan,

the western end

being finished to

Michelangelo's design, the dome being completed after his death with some modification.

The library is renowned for the architecture planned and built by Michelangelo and is an

example of Mannerism.

Two of his best-known works,

the Pietà and David, were

sculpted before he turned thirty

David is a

marble statue of

a standing male

nude. The statue

represents the Biblical hero David. Originally commissioned

as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned

along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, the

statue was instead placed in a public square.

The Pietà (1498–1499) is a

masterpiece of Renaissance

sculpture by Michelangelo

Buonarroti. It is the first of a

number of works of the same

theme by the artist.

The sculpture, in Carrara

marble. It is the only piece

Michelangelo ever signed.

This famous work of art depicts

the body of Jesus on the lap of

his mother Mary after the

Crucifixion. It is an important

work as it balances the

Renaissance ideals of classical

beauty with naturalism.

The Sistine Chapel is the best-

known chapel of the Apostolic

Palace, the official residence of

the Pope in the Vatican City. It is

famous for its architecture and its

decoration that has fresco

paintings throughout by

Renaissance artists.

Michelangelo painted the chapel

ceiling between 1508 and 1512.

Between 1535 and 1541 he

painted The Last Judgment.

These works are considered the

crowning achievements of

Western painting.

Adam The hands God

Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most

influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on

the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

The Creation of Adam-God is depicted as an elderly white-bearded man wrapped in

a swirling cloak while Adam, on the lower left, is completely nude. God's right arm is

outstretched to impart the spark of life from his own finger into that of Adam, whose left

arm is extended in a pose mirroring God's, a reminder that man is created in the image

and likeness of God. Another point is that Adam's finger and God's finger are not

touching. It gives the impression that God, the giver of life, is reaching out to Adam

who receives it; they are not on "the same level" as would be two humans shaking

hands, for instance.

To reach the chapel's ceiling, Michelangelo designed his own scaffold, a flat wooden

platform on brackets built out from holes in the wall near the top of the windows, rather

than being built up from the floor. Only half the building was scaffolded at a time and

the platform was moved as the painting was done in stages. Many people say he

painted lying on his back, while others believed he often painted in a standing position.

He often complained of the awkward positions he had to paint in.

The Last Judgment is a fresco

over on the altar wall of the

Sistine Chapel .It is a depiction

of the Second Coming of Christ

and the final and eternal

judgment by God of all

humanity. The souls of humans

rise and descend to their fates,

as judged by Christ surrounded

by prominent saints.

The work took four years to

complete and was done

between 1536 and 1541

(preparation of the altar wall

began in 1535.) Michelangelo

began working on it some

twenty years after he finished

the Sistine Chapel ceiling.