renaissance engravings of roman routes and roman army. from graevius's thesaurus antiquitatum...

8/7/2019 Renaissance Engravings of Roman Routes and Roman Army. From Graevius's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum

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RenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissance EngravinEngravinEngravinEngravingsgsgsgs of Roman Routes and Roman Armyof Roman Routes and Roman Armyof Roman Routes and Roman Armyof Roman Routes and Roman Army

Le Vie Imperialidi Nicolas Berger

e la

Milizia Romanadi Francesco Patrizi, Claude Saumaise e Pierre dela Rame

IncisioniIncisioniIncisioniIncisionitratte dall'edizione di J. G. Graevius 1699

Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum congestus a Johanne Georgio Graevio, Traiecti ad Rhenum - Lugduni

Batavorum, apud Franciscum Halmam - Petrum vander Aa, 1699, Tomus X [De Viis. De Militia]


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Johann Georg GraeviusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Johann Georg Graevius.Johann Georg Graevius (properly Guava orGreffe) (29 January 1632 11 January 1703) was a Germanclassical scholarandcritic. He was born at Naumburg. Graevius was originally intended for the law, but made the acquaintance ofJohann FriedrichGronovius during a casual visit to Deventer, under whose influence he abandoned jurisprudence forphilology. He completed hisstudies underDaniel Heinsius at Leiden, and among others under the ProtestanttheologianDavid Blondel at Amsterdam. Duringhis residence in Amsterdam, under Blondel's influence he abandoned Lutheranism and joined the Reformed Church; and in 1656he was called by the ElectorofBrandenburg to the chair ofrhetoric in the University of Duisburg. Two years afterwards, on therecommendation of Gronovius, he was chosen to succeed that scholar at Deventer; in 1662 he moved to the University of Utrecht,where he occupied first the chair of rhetoric, and in addition, from 1667 until his death, that of history and politics. Graeviusenjoyed a very high reputation as a teacher, and his lecture-room was crowded by pupils, many of them of distinguished rank,

from all parts of the world. He was visited by Lorenzo Magalotti and honoured with special recognition by Louis XIV, and was a particular favourite ofWilliam III of England, who made him historiographer royal. His two most important works are theThesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum (16941699, in 12 volumes), and the Thesaurus antiquitatum et historiarum Italiaepublished after his death, and continued by the elderPieter Burmann (17041725), although these have not always been lookedupon favourably.[1] His editions of the classics, although they marked a distinct advance in scholarship, are now for the most partsuperseded. They includeHesiod(1667),Lucian,Pseudosophisla (1668),Justin,Historiae Philippicae (1669), Suetonius (1672),Catullus, Tibullus etPropertius (1680), and several of the works ofCicero, which are considered his best. He also edited many ofthe writings of contemporary scholars.References

1. ^ Not, for example, in J.-C. Brunet, Manuel du libraire et de lamateur des livres, Paris 1842-1844, who calles this lastwork 'poorly researched'.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911).EncyclopdiaBritannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.

The Oratio funebris by Burmann (1703) contains an exhaustive list of the works of this scholar. P.H. Kulb in Ersch and Gruber'sAllgemeine Encyklopdie, Leipzig 1818 J.E. Sandys,History of Classical Scholarship, part ii, Cambridge 1908


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Nicolas Bergier

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nicolas Bergier, (n le 1ermars1567 Reims et mort le 18aot1623 Avocat au Sige Prsidial de Rheims, lived in 17th-centuryRheims and became interested in Roman roads there. Mentioning by chance his interest in the funding of Roman roads to Condedu Lis, advisor to Louis XIII, he found himself suddenly commanded by the king to undertake a study of all Roman roads. Fiveyears later he published his Histoire des Grands Chemins de l'Empire Romain, a two-volume work of over 1000 pages. Therewere many subsequent editions. This first scholarly study of Roman roads included engravings of the Tabula Peutingeriana.

Edward Gibbon consulted Bergier's work while researching hisDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire.References PortraitThere is an article on Nicolas Bergier in 'A Universal Biography...' by John Platts (1826), which reads: NICHOLASBERGIER, a man of learning, was born at Rheims on March 1, 1557, and brought up at the university of that city, of whichhe became a professor. Embracing the profession of law he was made syndic of Rheims, and was frequently deputed to Parison public affairs. At that metropolis he contracted an intimate friendship with Pciresc and du Puy, who engaged him toexecute a work he had projected on the high roads of the empire. M. de Bellievre took Bergicr to his house, and procured hima pension, with the brevet of historiographer; He died in 162.3. Bergier left in MS. a history of Rheims, which was publishedby his son in 1635, 4to. His other works are 1. Le point du Jour, ou traite du commencement des Jours et de 1'endroit ou ilest etabli sur la terre, 1629, 12mo. 2. Le Bouquet Royale, 8vo. 3. Police Generate de la France. 4. Latin and French poems.

Histoire des grands chemins de l'Empire romain, 1622, qui se joint la Carte itinraire de Konrad Peutinger, et dont

l'dition la plus complte a paru Bruxelles, 1736

Marie-Nicolas Bouillet et Alexis Chassang (dir.), Nicolas Bergier (archologue) dansDictionnaireuniversel dhistoire et de gographie, 1878 [dtail des ditions](Wikisource)


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Francesco PatriziDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.

Il controverso monumento innalzato di recente a Cherso, dove Francesco Patrizi ribattezzato Frane Petric.

Francesco Patrizi [1] (in latino: Franciscus Patricius; Cherso, 25 aprile 1529 Roma, 6 febbraio 1597) stato un filosofoitaliano, di orientamentoplatonico.Biografia Nel 1538 era gi imbarcato su una nave al comando dello zio Giovanni Giorgio Patrizi; dopo aver studiato a Chersocon Petruccio da Bologna, nel 1544 fu a Venezia, dove studi grammatica con Andrea Fiorentino, passando poi a Ingolstadt, sottola protezione del cugino, il luteranoMattia Flacio Illirico. Nel 1547 era a Padova per studiare filosofia con Bernardino Tomitano,Marco Antonio Passeri, detto "Il Genua", Lazzaro Bonamico e Francesco Robortello; qui fu presidente della Congrega degliStudenti Dalmati e pubblic i suoi primi scritti. In una tarda lettera, indirizzata il 12 gennaio1587 all'amico Baccio Valori, scrisseche a Padova aveva trovato un Xenofonte greco e latino, senza niuna guida o aiuto, si mise nella lingua greca, di che havea certipochi principi in Inghilstat, e fece tanto profitto che a principio di novembre e di studio ard di studiare e il testo di Aristotile e icommentatori sopra la Loica greci. And ad udir il Tomitano, famoso loico, ma non gli pose mai piacere, senza saper dire perch,onde studi loica da s. Lanno sequente entr alla filosofia di un certo Alberto e del Genoa e n anco questi gli poterono piacere,onde studi da s. In fin di studio ud il Monte medico, e gli piacque per il metodo di trattar le cose, e cos Bassiano Lando, di cuifu scolare mentre stette in istudio. E fra tanto, sentendo un frate di S. Francesco sostentar conclusioni platoniche, se ne innamor,e fatto poi seco amicizia dimandogli che lo inviasse per la via di Platone. Gli propose come per via ottima la Teologia del Ficino,a che si diede con grande avidit: E tale fu il principio di quello che poi sempre ha seguitato. A Venezia nel 1553 pubblic laCitt felice, il Dialogo dell'Honore, il Discorso sulla diversit dei furori poetici e le Lettere sopra un sonetto di Petrarca. Allamorte del padre nel 1554 torn a Cherso per occuparsi delleredit e vi rimase per quattro anni. Tornato in Italia, intenzionato adentrare nella corte del duca di FerraraErcole II d'Este, gli present il suo poema,Eridano, scritto negli innovativi versi martellianitredecasillabi, senza tuttavia ottenere il successo sperato. Passato allora a Venezia, sotto il patronato di Giorgio Contarini, fondcon il poeta Bernardo Tasso, il padre di Torquato, lAccademia della Fama e scrisse i dieciDialoghi della Historia nel 1560 e nel1562 i dieciDialoghi della Retorica. Mandato a Cipro per curare gli interessi del Contarini, si diede al commercio e allacquistodi manoscritti greci e si trov a dover anche partecipare alla guerra turco-veneziana, imbarcato nella flotta comandata da AndreaDoria. Passato al servizio dellarcivescovo di Cipro Filippo Mocenigo, nel 1568 ritorn in Italia, e si stabil a Padova, precettore diZaccaria, nipote del Mocenigo e scrivendo le Discussioni peripatetiche il cui primo volume fu pubblicato nel 1571 e interamentenel 1581 a Basilea, dedicate a Zaccaria Mocenigo. Conquistata Cipro dai turchi, perdette il patrimonio investito nellisola;vendette allora i manoscritti greci a Filippo II di Spagna e si trov a dovere chiedere aiuto ad amici ai quali dedic la suaAmorosafilosofia. Dal 1577 al 1592 insegn filosofia nell'universit di Ferrara, e fu membro dell'Accademia della Crusca nel 1587,continuando a pubblicare scritti filosofici, letterari, di strategia militare, di ottica, didraulica, di botanica; nel 1581 pubblic leDiscussioni peripatetiche, nel 1585 ilParere in difesa di Ludovico Ariosto, nel 1586 ilDella Poetica, ove sostenne la superiorit

della lingua volgare sul latino, nel 1587 la Nuova geometria dedicata a Carlo Emanuele I di Savoia, la Philosophia de rerumnatura e nel 1591 la Nova de universis philosophia, che fu temporaneamente messa all'Indice dal Sant'Uffizio, per essere poirimossa in seguito alle correzioni fatte dello stesso Patrizi. Nel 1592 l'amicopapa Clemente VIII lo nomin professore presso loStudium Urbis. A Roma pubblic nel 1594 la sua ultima opera, iParalleli militari. Fu anche membro del Collegio illirico di SanGerolamo. sepolto nella chiesa romana di SantOnofrio al Gianicolo, nella stessa tomba di Torquato Tasso.Posizioni filosofiche Le Discussiones peripateticae libri XVesaminano la tradizione aristotelica, confrontandola con quellapresocratica e platonica; immediata la critica di Aristotele, a partire dalla sua vita: n i suoi costumi furono cos santi, n cosmagnifiche le sue azioni n cos varie le sua azioni da ingenerare ammirazione (I, 2). Lo rimprovera di aver utilizzato scoperte dialtri che tuttavia attacc polemicamente, senza mostrare alcuna riconoscenza.Nel merito, critica laristotelismo per aver teorizzato che le cose derivino dalle altre attraverso il principio dei contrari; per ilPatrizi, ogni cose si origina da una simile, non gi da una contraria; gli appare pi adeguata la filosofia naturalistica presocratica, adifferenza dei principi aristotelici che non hanno nessuna forza, nessun vigore, nessuna capacit di generare e non arrecano alcuncontributo alla generazione di nessuna cosa. A che serve infatti la freddezza al legno per riscaldare o bruciare col fuoco? Che cosa

la privazione della forma serve per produrre forma? (IV, 1). Nellopera, il Patrizi fa sfoggio di molta erudizione con uno stile chesi compiace di non poca retorica, cos dispiacendo al Bruno che la defin "sterco di pedanti". Ma apprezzer invece la successiva Nova de Universis philosophia, del 1591, il cui titolo completo Nova de Universis philosophia, libris quinquagintacomprehensa: in qua Aristotelico methodo non per motum, sed per lucem et lumina ad primam causam ascenditur. Deinde novaquidam et peculiari methodo tota in contemplationem venit divinitas. Postremo methodo platonico rerum universitas a conditore

Deo deducitur. Fu pubblicata con laggiunta degli oracoli di Zoroastro, Ermete Trismegisto, Asclepio, e della TheologiaAristotelis, pubblicata in unedizione romana nel 1519. divisa in quattro parti, la "Panaugia" o della luce, la "Panarchia" o delprincipio delle cose, la "Pampsichya" o dell'animae la "Pancosmia" o del mondo. Nella prima espone la teoria della luce che,


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proveniente da Dio, semplicissima tra le cose, non duplice, sicch in essa vi forma e materia. Unica, a se stessa materia eforma e si diffonde, con il calore e la materia fluida il primaevus fluor- per lo spazio che, come essa, infinito; infatti, se laluce infinita, anche lo spazio deve essere infinito e cos il mondo: se lo spazio contiene tutto e cos pure il mondo, mondo espazio saranno lo stesso per capacit e determinazione locale. Dunque lo spazio infinito sicch anche il mondo sar infinito.Continua la sua polemica antiaristotelica, sostenendo che la dottrina cristiana si pu ricavare dagli stessi dialoghi platonici e lateologia cristiana gi presente in Plotino. Gi i primi Padri della Chiesa vedendo che con pochi mutamenti i platonici potevanodivenire facilmente cristiani, anteposero Platone e i platonici a ogni altro e nominarono Aristotele solo con infamia. Ma quasiquattrocento anni fa i teologi scolastici si sono comportati in modo opposto fondando la fede sullempiet aristotelica. Liscusiamo, perch non poterono conoscere i platonici, non conoscendo il greco, ma non li scusiamo per aver cercato di fondare lafede sullempiet[2].Note

1. ^ Varianti: Patrizzi, Patrizio, Patrici, Patricio, de Petris.2. ^ F. Patricius,Nova de universis philosophia, Ferrari, 1591: sect. I, fol. IIv (Ad Gregorium XIIII).Bibliografia

Opere

Al molto magico et magnanimo m. Giacomo Ragazzoni. In Giacomo Ragazzoni, Della Mercatura, Venetia, 1573. InChronica Magni Arueoli Cassiodori senatoris atque Patricii prefatio. Sta in Speisshaimer, Iohan. Ioannis Cuspiani...deConsulibus. Basel 1553.

L'Eridano. In nuovo verso heroico...Con i sostentamenti del detto verso, Ferrara. Appresso Francesco de Rossi daValenza 1557

Le rime di messerLuca Contile...con discussioni e argomenti di M. Francesco Patritio, Venezia. F. Sansovino, 1560 Della Historia dieci dialoghi, Venetia: Appresso Andrea Arrivabene, 1560 Della retorica dieci dialoghi... nelli quali si favella dell'arte oratoria con ragioni repugnanti all'opinione, che intorno a

quella hebbero gli antichi scrittori (Deset dijaloga o retorici) , Venetia: Appresso Francesco Senese, 1562 Le imprese illustri con espositioni, et discorsi del sor. Ieromimo Ruscelli. Con la giunta di altre imprese: tutto riordinato

et corretto da Franco. Patritio, In Venetia: Appresso Comin da Trino di Monferrato, 1572 Artis historiae penus. Octodecim scriptorum tam veterim quam recentiorum monumentis, Basileae, Ex officinia Petri

Paterna, 1579 De historia dialogi X. Con Artis historicae penus, Basel, 1579. Discussionum Peripateticarum tomi iv, quibus Aristotelicae philosophiae universa Historia atque Dogmata cum Veterum

Placitis collata, eleganter et erudite declarantur, Basileae, 1581 Parere del s. Francesco Patrici, in difesa di Lodovico Ariosto. All'Illustr. Sig. Giovanni Bardi di Vernio, Ferrara, 1583 La militia Romana di Polibio, di Tito Linio, e di Dionigi Alicarnaseo, Ferrara, 1583. Della poetica di Francesco Patricii la Deca Istoriale, nella quale con diletteuole antica nouit, oltre a poeti e lor poemi

innumerabili, che ui si contano, si fan palesi tutte le cose compagne e seguaci dell'antiche poesie. In Ferrara: per VittorioBaldini, 1586 (on-line)

Della nvova geometria di Franc. Patrici libri XV. Ne' quali con mirabile ordine, e con dimostrazioni marauiglia pifacili, e pi forti delle usate si vede che la matematiche per uia regia, e pi piana che da gli antichi fatto non si , sipossono trattare... , Ferrara, Vittorio Baldini, 1587

Difesa di Francesco Patrizi; dalle cento accuse dategli dal signor Iacopo Mazzoni, in Discorso intorno alla Risposta delsig. F. Patrizio, Ferrara, 1587

Risposta di Francesco Patrizi; a due opposizioni fattegli dal sign. Giacopo Mazzoni in Della difesa della Comedia diDante, Ferrara, Vitt. Baldini, 1587

De rerum natura libri ii. priores. Aliter de spacio physico;aliter de spacio mathematico, Ferrara: Victorius Baldinus,1587

Zoroaster et eius CCCXX oracula Chaldaica, eius opera e tenebris eruta et Latine reddita. Ferrara. Ex TypographiaBenedicti Mammarelli, 1591

Nova de Universis philosophia. (Ad calcem adiecta sunt Zoroastri oracula CCCXX ex Platonicis collecta, ecc. , Ferrara,1591, Venezia, 1593

Magia philosophica hoc est F. Patricij Zoroaster et eius 320 oracula Chaldaica. Asclepii dialogus, et philosophiamagna: Hermetis Trismegisti. Iam lat. reddita, Hamburg, 1593

Paralleli millitari, Roma, 1594 Apologia ad censuram La Citt felice, Venezia, Griffio, 1553, in Utopisti e Riformatori sociali del cinquecento, Bologna, 1941. L'amorosa filosofia, Firenze, 1963 Della poetica. Edizione critica a cura di D. A. Barbali, Bologna, 1971 Della retorica. Dieci dialoghi, a cura di A. L. Puliafito, 1994 ISBN 8885979041 De spacio physico et mathematico, Paris, 1996

Studi

P. M. Arcari,Il pensiero politico di Francesco Patrizi da Cherso, Roma, 1905 N. Robb,Neoplatonism of the Italian Renaissance. London, 1935 B. Brickman,An Introduction to Francesco Patrizi's Nova de Universis Philosophia, New York, 1941 T. Gregory,LApologia e le Declarationes di Francesco Patrizi, in Medioevo e Rinascimento. Studi in onore di Bruno

Nardi, Firenze, 1955 Onoranze a Francesco Patrizi da Cherso, Mostra bibliografica, Trieste, 1957 La negazione delle sfere dell'astrobiologia di Francesco Patrizi, in P. Rossi,Immagini delle scienze, Roma, 1977

Collegamenti esterni

Francesco Patrizi (Dalmatia.it) Biografia da "Arcipelago Adriatico"


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Biografia da "Filosofico.net" (EN) Francesco Patrizi da Cherso (EN) Francesco Patrizi da Cherso

PATRIZI, Francesco, da Cherso (1529-1596)Cugino del luterano Mattia Flacio Illirico, formatosi agli studi filosofici a Cherso, Venezia, Ingolstadt e Padova (dove fu presidente dellaCongrega degli Studenti Dalmati, studi greco da autodidatta su Senofonte e Aristotele e ader al neoplatonismo). Dopo aver invano tentato dientrare nella corte di Ferrara, e passato a Venezia, fond con Giorgio Contarini e col poeta Bernardo Tasso, il padre di Torquato, lAccademiadella Fama. Mandato a Cipro per curare gli interessi del Contarini, si diede al commercio e allacquisto di manoscritti greci e si trov a doveranche partecipare alla guerra turco-veneziana, imbarcato nella flotta di Andrea Doria. Passato al servizio dellarcivescovo di Cipro FilippoMocenigo, nel 1568 ritorn in Italia, e si stabil a Padova, precettore di Zaccaria, nipote del Mocenigo e scrivendo leDiscussioni peripatetiche il

cui primo volume fu pubblicato nel 1571 e interamente nel 1581 a Basilea, dedicate a Zaccaria Mocenigo. Conquistata Cipro dai turchi, perdetteil patrimonio investito nellisola; vendette allora i manoscritti greci a Filippo II di Spagna e si trov a dovere chiedere aiuto ad amici ai qualidedic la sua Amorosa filosofia. Dal 1577 al 1592 insegn filosofia nell'universit di Ferrara, e fu membro dell'Accademia della Crusca nel1587, continuando a pubblicare scritti filosofici, letterari, di strategia militare, di ottica, d'idraulica, di botanica: nel 1581 pubblic leDiscussioniperipatetiche, nel 1585 il Parere in difesa di Ludovico Ariosto, nel 1586 il Della Poetica, ove sostenne la superiorit della lingua volgare sullatino, nel 1587 laNuova geometria dedicata a Carlo Emanuele I di Savoia, la Philosophia de rerum natura e nel 1591 la Nova de universisphilosophia, che fu temporaneamente messa all'Indice dal Sant'Uffizio, per essere poi rimossa in seguito alle correzioni fatte dellostesso Patrizi. Nel 1592 l'amico papa Clemente VIII lo nomin professore presso lo Studium Urbis. A Roma pubblic nel 1594 lasua ultima opera, iParalleli militari. Fu anche membro del Collegio illirico di San Gerolamo. sepolto nella chiesa romana diSant'Onofrio al Gianicolo, nella stessa tomba di Torquato Tasso. Secondo Apostolo Zeno non vi sarebbero prove che GiustoLipsio (1547-1606) e Claude Saumaise (Salmasio, 1588-1653), autori dei De Militia Romana libri V(1598) e delDe re militariRomanorum liber(postumo, 1657) abbiano plagiato iParalleli Militari di Patrizi. Per il plagio da parte di Lipsio fu insinuato dalsuo detrattore Giuseppe Scaligero (1540-1609) in una lettera a Isaac Casaubon (1559-1614), mentre risulta che Salmasioconoscesse iParalleli, da lui lodati in una lettera a Johann Friedrich Gronovius (1611-1671). [Giusto Fontanini e Apostolo Zeno,Biblioteca dell'Eloquenza italiana, 1753, II, pp. 391-392].

La militia romana di Polibio, Tito Livio e di Dionigi Alicarnasseo da Francesco Patrizi dichiarata e con varie figure illustrata, laquale appieno intesa, non solo dar altrui stupore de' suoi buoni ordini, e disciplina, ma ancora in paragone far chiaro quantola moderna sia difettuosa e imperfetta. In Ferrara, per Domenico Mamarelli a Santa Agnese, 1583, in-4, cc. (6) 92. 12 tav. f.t.incise in rame, raffiguranti schieramenti di fanteria e cavalleria, accampamenti, ecc. Gioja della Collana Greca [CatalogoFloncel I, p. 121, N. 1430. Olschki Choix, 10351 menziona solo 10 tavole]. Francisci Patricii Res Militaris Romana exItalica in Latinam linguam versa a Ludolpho Neocoro [Ludolf Kuster, 1676-1716], nel Tomo X del ThesaurusantiquitatumRomanarum (Traiecti ad Rhenum - Lugduni Batavorum, Apud Franciscum Halmam - Petrum vander Aa,1699) di JohannGeorg Graevius (1632 - 1703), pp. 821-993.

Paralleli Militari di Francesco Patrizi, Ne' quali si fa paragone delle Milizie antiche, in tutte le parti loro, con le moderne (operaeziandio politica). Al Duca Boncompagni. In Roma, per Luigi Zannetti, 1594, tomi II, vol. I in-folio, fig.. In Roma, perGuglielmo Facciotto, 1606. [Catalogo Floncel I, p. 121, N. 1432. Cockle N. 573].

De Paralleli Miliari di Francesco Patrizi.Parte II. Della Militia Riformata. Nella qvale s'aprono, i modi, e l'ordinanze varie degliAntichi, accomodata a' nostri fuochi, per potere, secondo la varia arte di guerra, con pochi vincere in battaglia la granmoltitudine de' Turchi. In Roma, per Guglielmo Facciotto,m 1595, in-folio, pp. 466. [Cockle N. 574].

ROBORTELLI, Francesco (Udine 1516 - Padova 1567)Professore di umanit latina e greca a Lucca, Bologna, Pisa, Venezia e Padova, dove ebbe celebri le dispute col collega Carlo

Sigonio (1520-1584). Primo commentatore dellaRetorica di Aristotele. Amico di Francesco Patrizi (v.)

Franciscvs Robortellvs Vtinensis, I. de Legionibus Romanorum ex Dione lib. IV. II. De Commodis, Praemiis & Donis militaribus.III. De Poenis Militum et Ignominiis. In Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum congestus a Johanne Georgio Graevio, Traiecti

ad Rhenum - Lugduni Batavorum, apud Franciscum Halmam - Petrum vander Aa, 1699, vol. X de Romana militia nel TomoX del Thesaurusantiquitatum Romanarum, coll. 1468-87.

CONTARINI, Vincenzo (Venezia 1577-1617)Professore di greco a Padova dal 1603, autore di saggi sulle antichit romane, tra cui sulleFrumentariae largitiones.

De militari Romanorum stipendio commentarius, Padova 1609, in Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum congestus a JohanneGeorgio Graevio, Traiecti ad Rhenum - Lugduni Batavorum, apud Franciscum Halmam - Petrum vander Aa, 1699, vol. X deRomana militia nel Tomo X del Thesaurusantiquitatum Romanarum, coll. 1516-25 [Ayala, p. 20].

BOECLER, Johann Heinrich (1611-1672) storico del diritto

SCHELIUS Rabode Herman (1611-1662) giuristaHygini Gromatici, et Polybii Megalopolitani,De castris romanis, quae extant: Cum notis & animadversionibus, quibus acceduntdissertationes aliquot de re aedem militari populi romani, R.H.S. Apud J. Pluymer, 1660, pp. 346.


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Histori August scriptores, 6, El. Spartianus, Jul. Capitolinus, El. Lampridius , Vulcatius Gallicanus, Trebellius Polio, Fl.Vopiscus. Ctait comme une continuation de la Vie des douze Csars de Sutone. Les remarques de Saumaise embrassaient toutelhistoire des empereurs. De ce moment, il prit rang au-dessus de tous les commentateurs qui aspiraient recueillir lhritagelittraire de Casaubon et de Scaliger. Linfatigable critique prparait presque en mme temps une dition du livre de TertullienDepallio, qui lui servit de texte pour passer en revue tout ce qui tient aux vtements des Romains. Un aussi zl protestant ne pouvaitlaisser tomber cette occasion dattaquer encore un jsuite, et, suivant la mode du temps, de linjurier. Le P. Ptau ne crut point treoblig plus de mesure dans sa rponse un hrtique, qui, en outre, avait le tort dtre lagresseur. Six brochures sesuccdrent ; mais, force drudition, la lutte demeura indcise, et il ne resta de toute cette dispute que le souvenir des pithtesde pecus, dasinus et autres semblables, que les adversaires staient prodigues. Au milieu de ces invectives, Saumaise taitoccup de penses matrimoniales. Le 5 septembre 1623, il avait pous Anne Mercier, dont le pre tait une des colonnes du partide la Rforme en France ; quant sa femme, son caractre imprieux et tracassier rappelait lhumeur de la femme de Socrate. Ce

mariage fixa Saumaise pour quelques annes dans une maison de campagne voisine de Paris, et cest l quil acheva son grandouvrage surSolin, ou plutt sur lHistoire naturelle de Pline (Plinian exercitationes in C. J. Solini Polyhistora, Paris, 1629, 2vol. in-fol.), prodigieuse entreprise qui peut tre considre comme lencyclopdie de ces temps encore tout hrisss des travauxet des erreurs de lcole. Saumaise ne stait point born interroger lantiquit classique, il avait fouill les monumentsscientifiques des Orientaux, et la lecture des Persans et des Arabes lui donna sur la botanique en particulier de grandes lumires,quil a consignes dans un livre part, publi longtemps aprs. Cependant son pre, appuy par le Parlement, essayait vainementde lui rsigner sa charge. Le garde des sceaux Marillac fut inflexible, et toute la rputation de Saumaise ne put vaincre lesscrupules du magistrat sur le danger de faire asseoir un protestant sur les fleurs de lys. On ne sait si les refus de Marillaccontriburent lexil volontaire du docte commentateur. Venise, Londres, La Haye lappelaient depuis longtemps. Il prfra laHollande, et accepta luniversit de Leyde la place que Joseph Juste Scaliger y avait occupe au-dessus des professeurs. Descraintes depeste le ramenrent un moment en France ; toutes les sductions furent puises pour ly retenir. Le titre de conseillerdtat, le collier de St-Michel, alors le second des ordres franais, la promesse dune pension gale celle dont avait joui Grotius,ne purent balancer longtemps les esprances quil avait fondes sur ses coreligionnaires des Provinces-Unies. Richelieu fit une

deuxime tentative lorsque Saumaise revint, en 1610, recueillir la succession paternelle. Une pension de douze mille livres lui futofferte, sil voulait crire la vie du cardinal. Saumaise rpondit quil ne savait pas flatter, et il partit pour la Bourgogne. Richelieumourut, et Mazarin seffora son tour encore de flchir la rsistance du savant. Une pension de six mille livres fut accorde Saumaise, et le brevet lui en fut expdi sans autre condition que son retour en France. Pour toute rponse cette haute faveur, ilfit imprimer son livre De primatu papa, qui souleva contre lui lassemble du clerg de France et fut dnonc par elle la reinemre et au parlement. Une polmique plus noble loccupa bientt tout entier. Charles II, proscrit en Angleterre, lui demanda uneapologie de la mmoire de son pre, que les juges dvous Cromwell venaient de condamner ; mais une telle cause aurait vouluun Bossuet ou un Pascal, et Saumaise ntait quun rudit du XVI e sicle. Milton se chargea de lui rpondre, et ceux qui lont proclam vainqueur dans cette joute scolastique nont assurment pas lu son livre. Saumaise avait commenc le sien par cesmots : Lhorrible nouvelle du parricide commis depuis peu en Angleterre vient de blesser nos oreilles et encore plus noscurs. Il faut, rpond Milton, que celle de St-Pierre qui coupa loreille Malchus, ou que les oreilles des Hollandais soientbien longues ; car une telle nouvelle ne pouvait blesser que des oreilles dne. Saumaise se tut dabord : mais ceux quiont pris son silence pour un aveu de sa dfaite ignorent quil avait laiss dans ses papiers une rplique, qui fut imprime aprs sa

mort, au moment mme o la question venait dtre juge par la restauration de Charles II, en 1660. Saumaise navait pas besoinde ce nouveau titre pour tre recherch par les rois. La reine de Bohme avait brigu lhonneur de sa correspondance, et Christinede Sude le pressait depuis longtemps de se rendre auprs delle. Le prince des commentateurs, entran par sa femme, accourut la voix dune souveraine qui lui crivait en latin des lettres de sept pages et qui lassurait quelle ne pouvait vivre contente sanslui. Mais, dans son second voyage, il ne tarda pas tre rclam par les curateurs de lacadmie de Leyde, qui crivirent leurtour la reine que le monde ne pouvait pas se passer de la prsence du soleil, ni leur universit de celle de Saumaise , etChristine se laissa persuader. A son retour, Saumaise fut admis par le roi de Danemark sa table et reconduit ses frais, comblde prsents, jusquaux frontires du royaume ; mais sa constitution, naturellement dbile, ne put se relever des fatigues de cevoyage. Il suivit en vain sa femme aux eaux de Spa : il mourut auprs delle, entre les bras dun thologien calviniste, le 6septembre 1653. Christine lui fit faire une oraison funbre et se chargea de lducation de son troisime fils. Tel avait t sonenthousiasme, peut-tre un peu factice, pour le pre que, sur le seul avis qu Isaac Vossius prparait un livre pour rfuter plusieursdes opinions de Saumaise, elle lui avait retir la charge de bibliothcaire quil tenait delle et lui avait dfendu sa prsence.Sa clbrit universelle

La mort de Claude Saumaise fut un vnement en Europe. Son immense rudition, qui faisait dire hyperboliquement Guez deBalzac que ce qui avait chapp un tel homme manquait la science et non son gnie, sa vaste correspondance, lardentepersvrance de ses recherches avaient fait de son cabinet le centre des travaux de la philologie contemporaine. Le petit nombrede lettres qui ont t conserves de lui le montrent dominant, par lautorit de son nom et luniversalit de ses tudes, les plussavants hommes de cette poque : le P. Dupuy, Rigault, Daill, Peiresc, Bochart et Mnage, en France ; en Hollande, un Grotius,un Gronovius (Frd.), le mdecin Beverwick, le clbre orientaliste Golius, Nicolas Heinsius et une foule dautres. Cet hommefaible et valtudinaire avait appris sans matre le persan, le chalden, lhbreu, larabe et le copte. Il tenta mme de deviner lalangue trusque, dont il ne nous reste que des fragments mutils. On cite de lui des prodiges de mmoire. Dans une conversationavec Golius, il lui arriva de citer plusieurs versets dun Pentateuque persan quil navait lu quune fois, il y avait plus de dixannes. Une grande partie de ses crits, et notamment lapologie de Charles I er, ont t composs sans le secours daucun livre etplus dune fois avec tant de prcipitation quil lui chappait des erreurs quun colier aurait releves. Cest ainsi que, dans sontrait de la transsubstantiation, il reproche aux catholiques de ne pas mler le vin leau dans leucharistie.Notes et rfrences gallica.bnf.fr[archive]BibliographieCeux qui dsirent une bibliothque complte de ses ouvrages peuvent recourir la Bibliothque des auteurs de Bourgogne :lauteur porte quatre-vingt le nombre de ceux qui ont t imprims et ceux qui sont rests manuscrits soixante.

les deux livres des Nilus, archevque de Thessalonique, et celui du moine Barlaam sur la primaut du pape, 1609 ; Florus, 1609 ; Historiae Augustae scriptores, 6, El. Spartianus, Jul. Capitolinus, El. Lampridius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Trebellius

Polio, Fl. Vopiscus, 1620 ;


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Solin ou plutt sur lHistoire naturelle de Pline Plinianae exercitationes in C. J. Solini Polyhistora, 1629 ; De usuris, Leyde, 1638, in-8 ; De modo usurarum, Leyde, 1639, in-8 ; De foenere trapesitico, ibid., 1640 ; Diatriba de mutuo non esse alienationem, Leyde, 1640 ; De lingua hellenistica, 1643 ; Interpretatio Hippocratei aphorismi de calculo, avec une rponse aux doutes de Beverwick.

Polmiques

De primatu Papae, 1645 ; Defensio regis pro Carolo I, 1649.

Posthumes

Epistolae (1656) De re militari Romanorum, 1657.

Enfin Saumaise condamna aux flammes ceux de ses crits polmiques qui navaient pas vu le jour avant sa mort (voy. VORST).Sources

(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalit issu de larticle de Wikipdia en anglais intitul Claudius Salmasius (voirla liste des auteurs)

Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne (Michaud) - Saumaise ClaudeLiens externes (de) Ute nnerfors, Salmasius, Claudius , dansBiographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) , Band8, Herzberg 1994 (ISBN 3-8830-9053-0), Sp.12321233.

Erycius PuteanusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chalk drawing of Erycius Puteanus by Anthony van DyckErycius Puteanus[1] (4 November 1574 - 17 September 1646) was a humanist and philologist from the Low Countries. He wasborn in Venlo and studied at the schools ofDordrecht and Cologne (Collge des Trois-Couronnes), where he took the degree ofMaster of Arts, 28 February 1595. He then followed, at Leuven, the lectures on ancient history given by Justus Lipsius. In 1597 hetravelled to Italy, and lived in intimacy with the learned men of that country, especially Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, throughwhom he was appointed professor of Latin at the Palatine School of Milan from 1600 to 1606. Then the States of Brabant offeredhim the chair left vacant by Lipsius at Leuven. He taught with clat at the Collegium Trilingue at the University of Leuven forforty years. He was loaded with favours by reigning princes: the Archduke Albert appointed him his honorary counsellor (1612),


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and increased his annual pension by 200 ducats (1614), and added the reversion ofChteau-Csar. At the same time he filled,after 1603, the post of historiographer to Philip IV of Spain, on behalf of the Milanese, with other appointments, often ill-paid inconsequence of a treasury depleted by continual wars. His rash language provoked political animosities, and he was almost driveninto exile by request of King James I of England, who wrongly believed him to be the author of an injurious lampoon. He fathered17 children. He died in Leuven.WorkPuteanus was an encyclopedist; his ideal, which saw in numerous and varied acquirements the fullest measure of wisdomand the surest means of arriving at virtue the end of all knowledge, had been suggested to him by his master Justus Lipsius.During a certain period of his literary activity (160319), he detached himself from Lipsius by aiming at personal leadership of aschool. He dreamed of re-establishing in Belgium the splendid classical period and the cult of eloquence which he had derivedfrom Italy. When he saw the uselessness of his efforts, the indifference of a too utilitarian age inclined towards positive sciences,he again threw himself into encyclopedic authorship and produced his best chronological works. His merit as a philologist is

somewhat limited; but his dissertations, reproduced in the Thesauri of Grvius and Gronovius, are of value. As a whole, hisinfluence on Belgian philology has been unfortunate.Editions For the history of the numerous writings and editions of Erycius Puteanus see

Roersch and Vanderhaegen in Bibliotheca Belgica (1904-5), nos. 166, 167, 168, 171 Roersch in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, XVIII (1904) Simar, Etude sur Erycius Puteanus (Louvain, 1909)

Notes ^ A latinization of Hendrick van den Putten, Errijck de Put or Eric van der Putte.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Erycius

Puteanus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.

Petrus RamusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Petrus Ramus.Petrus Ramus (or Pierre de la Rame) (Anglicized to Peter Ramus) (1515 26 August 1572) was an influential Frenchhumanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Early life He was born at the village ofCuts, Oise in Picardy; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve, to theCollge de Navarre, working as a servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time forAristotelianism. On the occasion of taking his degree (1536) Ramus allegedly took as his thesis Quaecumque ab Aristotele dictaessent, commentitia esse, which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows:

"All the things that Aristotle has said are inconsistent because they are poorly systematized and can be called to mindonly by the use of arbitrary mnemonic devices."[1]

According to Ong [2] this kind of spectacular thesis was in fact routine at the time. Even so, Ong raises questions as to whetherRamus actually ever delivered this thesis.[3]


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Early academic career Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged innumerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine Joachim Prion.[4] He was accused, by JacquesCharpentier, professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat, a pupil and friendof Ramus, defended him against Charpentier.[5] Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia), over two days.[6] Thematter was brought before the parlementofParis, and finally before Francis I. By him it was referred to a commission of five,who found Ramus guilty of having "acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544).Royal support He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the decree against him being canceled by Henry II, whocame to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He obtained a position at the Collge deNavarre.[7][8]In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the university but he preferred to call himself a professor ofphilosophy and eloquence at the Collge de France, where for a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering asmany as 2,000. Pierre Galland, another professor there, published Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio (1551), and called

him a "parricide" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a nouveau academicien, in other words asceptic. Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.15101581), a close ally of Ramus, had indeed published a work in 1548 derivedfrom Cicero's description ofAcademic scepticism, the school ofArcesilaus and Carneades.[9][10]After conversion In 1561 enmity against him was fanned into flame by his adoption of Protestantism. He had to flee from Paris;and, though he found an asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau, his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. Heresumed his chair after this for a time, but in 1568 the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to askpermission to travel. He spent around two years, in Germany and Switzerland.[11] The Second Helvetic Confession earned hisdisapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger.[12]

Returning to France, he fell a victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the RueSt Jacques, he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer.[13]Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since.[14]Pedagogue A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern forpedagogy. Aristotelian philosophy, inits Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and

simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical andmethodological basis for the various disciplines. He published in 1543 the Aristotelicae Animadversiones and DialecticaePartitiones, the former a criticism on the old logic and the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresheditions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae; his Dialectique(1555), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language. In the "Dialecticae partitiones,"Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, "a reorganizationof the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld." [15]After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that theresults of his "methodizing" of the arts "are the amateurish works of a desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an eruditepedagogue".[16] On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, where educatorslargely accepted his arguments, by the end of the century.[17]Logician The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerousadherents in France, Germany, Switzerland, and theNetherlands. It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations mark anyepoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The

distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit ina system, passed over into the logical handbooks. He amends the syllogism. He admits only the first three figures, as in theoriginal Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedentof Laurentius Valla. Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in thepremises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the major term and minor term.Rhetorician His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the ars disserendi; he maintains that the rules of logic maybe better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of the Organon. Logicfalls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola.[18] This division gave rise to the joculardesignation of judgment or mother-wit as the "secunda Petri". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a newconfiguration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio andpronuntiatio. In general, Ramismliked to deal withbinary trees as method for organising knowledge.[19]Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio(invention) was the first. Two others were dispositio (arrangement) and memoria (memory). Ramus proposed transferring those

back to the realm ofdialectic (logic); and merging them under a new heading, renaming them as iudicium (judgment).[20]BrianVickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio oreffective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). The effect was thatrhetoric was applied in literature.[21]Mathematician He was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm. It has been suggested that Sturm was aninfluence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus: the Ramist method ofdichotomy is to be foundin Hermogenes.[22]He had students of his own.[23] He corresponded with John Dee on mathematics, and at one point recommendedto Elizabeth I that she appoint him to a university chair.[24] The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to thepractical: he considered Euclid's theory on irrational numbers to be useless.[25] The emphasis on technological applications andengineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up withGermany).[26]Ramism Main article:RamismThe teachings of Ramus had a broadly-based reception well into the seventeenth century. Latermovements, such as Baconianism,pansophism, and Cartesianism, in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the

space cleared by some of the simplifications (and over-simplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism wasin systematic Calvinist theology, where textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century,particularly inNew England. The first writings on Ramism, after the death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciplesof sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575),[27]Banosius (1576),[28]Nancelius (1599),[29] of whom only Nancelius was closely acquaintedwith the man.[30] Followers of Ramus in different fields included Caspar Olevianus, Johannes Piscator, Hieronymus Treutler,Johannes Althusius, the statesman Emdens, and John Milton.[31]Works He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook the complex bibliographical taskof tracing his books through their editions.


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Aristotelicae Animadversiones (1543) Brutinae questiones (1547) Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum (1549) Dialectique (reprinted and modified in 1550 and 1556) Arithmtique (1555) De moribus veterum Gallorum (Paris, 1559; second edition, Basel, 1572) De militia C.J. Csaris Advertissement sur la rformation de l'universit de Paris, au Roy, Paris, (1562) Three grammars: Grammatica latina (1548), Grammatica Graeca (1560), Grammaire Franaise (1562) Scolae physicae, metaphysicae, mathematicae (1565, 1566, 1578) Prooemium mathematicum (Paris, 1567) Scholarum mathematicarum libri unus et triginta (Basel, 1569) (his most famous work) Commentariorum de religione christiana (Frankfurt, 1576)

Bibliography

Desmaze, Charles.Petrus Ramus, professeur au Collge de France, sa vie, ses ecrits, sa mort(Paris, 1864). Freedman, Joseph S. Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500-1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and

Universities (Ashgate, 1999). Graves, Frank Pierrepont.Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Macmillan, 1912). Hffding, Harald.History of Modern Philosophy (English translation, 1900), vol. i.185. Lobstein, Paul.Petrus Ramus als Theolog(Strassburg, 1878). Miller, Perry. The New England Mind(Harvard University Press, 1939). Milton, John. A Fuller Course in the Art of Logic Conformed to the Method of Peter Ramus (London, 1672). Ed. and

trans. Walter J. Ong and Charles J. Ermatinger. Complete Prose Works of John Milton: Volume 8. Ed. Maurice Kelley.

New Haven: Yale UP, 1982. p. 206-407. Ong, Walter J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen.(p. viii).

o ---. Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (HarvardUniversity Press, 1958; reissued with a new foreword by Adrian Johns, University of Chicago Press, 2004.[3]ISBN 0-226-62976-7).

o ---.Ramus and Talon Inventory (Harvard University Press, 1958). Owen, John. The Skeptics of the French Renaissance (London, 1893). Pranti, K. "Uber P. Ramus" in Munchener Sitzungs berichte (1878). Saisset, mile.Les prcurseurs de Descartes (Paris, 1862). Sharratt, Peter. "The Present State of Studies on Ramus," Studi francesi 47-48 (1972) 201-13.

o . "Recent Work on Peter Ramus (19701986),"Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 5 (1987): 7-58.

o . "Ramus 2000,"Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 18 (2000): 399-455. Voigt. Uber den Ramismus der Universitt Leipzig(Leipzig, 1888). Waddington-Kastus.De Petri Rami vita, scriptis, philosophia (Paris, 1848).

See also

Ramism (available in the German and Swedish editions of Wikipedia) Mnemonics J

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911).EncyclopdiaBritannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Notes

1. ^ See Ong'sRamus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason, 1958:46-47.

2. ^ Ong,Ramus, pp.36-37.3. ^ Ong,Ramus, pp.36-41.4. ^ Kees Meerhoff, Bartholomew Keckerman and the Anti-Ramist Tradition, in Christoph Strohm, Joseph S.

Freedman, H. J. Selderhuis (editors), Spthumanismus und reformierte Konfession: Theologie, Jurisprudenz undPhilosophie in Heidelberg an der Wende zum 17. Jahrhundert(2006), p. 188.

5. ^http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11342a.htm6. ^ James J. Murphy, Peter Ramus's Attack on Cicero: Text and Translation of Ramus's Brutinae Quaestiones

(1992), p. x.7. ^http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12638b.htm8. ^ Robert Mandrou,From Humanism to Science 1480-1700 (1978), p. 122.9. ^ (French) http://www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-

buisson/document.php?id=349010. ^Richard H. Popkin, The History of Scepticim from Erasmus to Spinoza (1979), pp. 28-30.11. ^ Edward Craig,Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998), p. 52.12. ^ John D. Woodbridge, Kenneth S. Kantzer, Biblical Authority: A Critique of the Rogers/McKim Proposal

(1982), p. 185, with caveats.13. ^ Katherine Duncan-Jones, Sir Philip Sidney: Courter Poet(1991), p. 60.14. ^John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, under Pierre de la Rame.15. ^ "Ramus, method, and the decay of dialogue: From the art of discourse to the art of reason," 1958. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard.16. ^The Barbarian Within, 1962: 79-80.


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17. ^ Michelle Ballif, Michael G. Moran, Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources(2005), p. 92.

18. ^Petrus Ramus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)19. ^ Michael Losonsky,Language and Logic, in Donald Rutherford (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Early

Modern Philosophy (2006), p. 176.20. ^ Paolo Rossi,Logic and the Art of Memory (2000 translation), pp. 99-102.21. ^ Brian Vickers,In Defence of Rhetoric (1988), p. 206.22. ^ Thomas M. Conley,Rhetoric in the European Tradition (1994), p. 131.23. ^http://genealogy.impa.br/id.php?id=12504724. ^ Peter French,John Dee (1972), p. 143.25. ^ Peter French,John Dee (1972), p. 169.26. ^ A. G. Keller, Mathematicians, Mechanics, and Experimental Machines in Northern Italy in the SixteenthCentury, p. 16, in Maurice Crosland (editor), The Emergence of Technology in Western Europe (1975).27. ^ Thomas Johannes Freigius (15431583) was a Swiss scholar; (German)[1].28. ^ Thophile de Banos (died c. 1595) was a Huguenot pastor and author, originally from Bordeaux.

Commentariorum de religione Christiana libri quatuor, nunquam antea editi (Frankfurt, 1576) included a biography ofRamus; Banosius was preacher in Frankfurt 1572 to 1578. Note in [2].

29. ^ Nicolas de Nancel (15391610) was a French physician; see fr:Nicolas de Nancel.30. ^http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/spr2010/entries/ramus/31. ^http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc09/htm/iv.vii.xxxiv.htm

External links

Works by Petrus Ramus at Project Gutenberg 'Ramism' entry in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry Catholic Encyclopedia entry An online copy of: Ramus (Pierre de la Rame) sa vie, ses crits et ses opinions (1855) by Charles Waddington

renaissance engravings of roman routes and roman army. from graevius's thesaurus antiquitatum...

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