renaissance literature. shakespeare_s comedies

8/9/2019 Renaissance Literature. Shakespeare_s Comedies.

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THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE I (1485 - 1625)

I. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND

THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

In 1550, !" I#$%#n %n"' G%'% *#++#'% +&" # rinascita '""''%n !"15! "n/' #n !" #'+ %n !%+ n#%" 3$'"n". On$ %n !" 1 ! "n/' #+ !""' "7"n" # $#'"' &"'%. In "' '# $%n"+, !" R"n#%++#n" %+ #/$/'#$ ""n !# +#'" %n I#$ %n !" ($#" 19 ! ) 14! "n/' #n +&'"# !" '"+ E/'&" /& !" 1: ! "n/'. T!/! % % n +&'"# /n%'$, '!# !" +#" !#'#"'%+%+ %n !" %"'+% !" E/'&"#n /$/'"+, !"R"n#%++#n" #+ %n;/"n" # +"'%"+ &$%%#$, +%"n%


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# +#n#' +&"$$%n #n '##' !"+""'n#/$#' $#n/#"+.

I %+ "' %F/$ >/#n% "7#$ !# !" R"n#%++#n" "#n %n !" /$/'" !" !/#n%, !""', !" '#n+'#%n+ #'" '""n/+. T!" R"n#%++#n"""'"+ / !" '"$%%/+ @%$" A" %! # n" /$ n @#n, n #', n+%"n", n '"$%%n, n &$%%+ #n "'n"n &'#%"+.


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H""', !"'" #'" %"'"n"+ #n !" #'%/+ #n%"+#%n+ !"R"n#%++#n"= !" I#$%#n R"n#%++#n" #n !" N'!"'n R"n#%++#n".

o T!" I#$%#n R"n#%++#n" %+ '" "n #'+ !" ""$&"n #'+ #n$%"'#/'". I %+ '" +"'"n" #n '" #n %n #n%"+#%n, %n n'#+%! !" C!'%+%#n !/#n%+ !" N'!"'n /n'%"+, #n "&!#+%"+!" '"" !/! #n !" !/#n %"n+%n #n. T!" &'"+"n"

!" '%! 'n+ #', +/! #+ !" @"%% #%$ %n 3$'"n" ' +" !"P&"+ R" n'%/" !" ;/'%+!%n !" #'+ %n I#$. I#$%#n!/#n%+ /+" n #

'"/'n !" $#++%#$ "7+, "%n %n"'"+" %n !"%' '"+'#%n #n'#n+$#%n. T!" I#$%#n !/#n%+ #+ +!#&" '" !#'%+#% #n%n;/"n%#$


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H"', S&!$"+),#+ "$$ #+ '"#%"+ n +%"n" #n "%%n" !# $" !"""$&"n !"N" L"#'n%n %n E/'&".

T!" '"# !#n" '/! H/#n%+ !" '$%n#" "%"#$!/! %+ !" /+ n @#n '#!"' !#n n G. I "%"#$'%%n+ /+" n!" +/&"'/%'"+ # n" ##'"n"++ !%+"$, #n !%+ &$#" %n !"/n%"'+", #n /+"+n !" &++%%$% +!#&%n !%+ n "+%n. T!"'" "'",!"'"'", !%!"'"7&"#%n+ #n?+ #%%"+. I"#$+ !#n" %n !" +"n+"!# !" "%"#$+#%n+ "'" '"&$#" !" R"n#%++#n" /'%"',"n$"#n, #n !"'. T!"&" %n%%/#$ "n %n" #+ # "$ !"R"n#%++#n" &" %+ !"/n%"'+#$ #n. I &"n+ # n" # $%n # /$/'", $%"

#n +%"n%


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'"+"#'!. T!" #n (!" "/#" #n, !" &!%$+&!"') !#+ " #&$%+!"%n #'+, $%"'#/'", &!%$+&! #n +%"n", /, # !" +#"%", !" !#+ " ' !" +%#$ n+'/%n, !" &$%%#$ , #"n%" !" &$%%#$'#n+'#%n+ !%+ %", " # '"'"' #n !#" # '%%#$+&%'%.

THE T!" G""n'% "$ ' !" P$"#% ++" &$#"+ !" E#'!# !" "n"' HELIOCENTRIC !" Un%"'+" #n #$$ !" !"' &$#n"+ #n +#'+ '"$" #'/n%. C&"'n%/+?SSTE@ !"' (On the Revolution o$ Heavenl% #&heres' 1549) &$#"+!" +/n # !"

"n"' !" /n%"'+". T!" +/%"+ G#$%$" #n K"&$"'n


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H"n' *II (1485 - 150) ! &/ #n "n !" #' !" R+"+ #n %n'/"# n" ++" '/$%n !# +'"n!"n" !" &"' !" %n '"/%n !"#/!'% !" n%$%. On !" !"' !#n, !" "n/'#" !" ""$&"n #%$" $#++= !" %$"-'#n%n $"', $#"'+, /n' "n$""n #n %n'$#nn"'+. T!" %$$ &$# #n %&'#n '$" %n !" +/+">/"n "n%""$&"n En$#n. H%+ '"#%n C$//+? %+"'%"+ #+ "n/'#"

En$%+! "7&"%%n+ N'! A"'%#. H"n' *III (150 - 154:) #+ n #+ !'%#+ !%+ #!"'. 3' #n &%n+ %", !" '"&'"+"n" !" &%#$ R"n#%++#n"'/$"'= !" #+ # +!$#', # &", # /+%%#n #n # +&'+#n. H%+ #!"' !# ""n/n%$$%n +&"n n" /nn""++#'%$ ' "n#" %n #'+, + !" !# '%" ""& # &"#"/$ '"$#%n+!%& !%+ n"%!'+. H%+ +n #+ &$""$ %"'"n=#+"/$ %! n", $%n $' #n &"', %$$%n "n"'#%n !%+"$, !" #+n $n"' #'"/$ %n !" '"$#%n+!%&+ %! !" &"'/$ &$#"'+ !" %"= !"P&", 3'#n" #n S%n. H" %+ + #/+ ' !%+ '"# %! R", !/! !"!# ""n" !" P&" ##%n+ L/!"'. A/#$$, !%+ '"# ' R" #+ '" #&$%%#$ "%+%n !#n # '"$%%/+ n", H"n' '"#%n%n # C#!$% %n #%!, /'"/+%n !" #/!'% !" P&". H" #$+


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!#n, +!" "n/'#" &"&$" $n%" !" n" "''%'%"+ %n A"'%#. S%'#$"' R#$"%! #+ %n$" %n !" $n%#%n *%'%n%# !%! #+ n#" #"'E$%#"!, !" *%'%n /""n.

#"+ I S/#' (1609 - 1625) #+ '""%" %! / #n %+'/+ !"En$%+!"n "#/+" !" #+ # '"%n"' #n #$+ !" +n @#' S/#', !"#n ! !# &$" ##%n+ E$%#"! #n ! #+ ""n/#$$ "!"#"

!" En$%+! >/""n. D/'%n #"+ I?+ '"%n, !" '"$#%n+!%& """n !"P#'$%#"n #n !" K%n ""'%'#", ""n/#$$ $"#%n !" C%%$ #' (1642-1651). T!" &'"%/+ n#'!+ !# '"n%" !" &"' !" &"&$", /

#"+ $#%" !# !%+ '/$" %%n" '%! #" !% !" &++%%$% %n'" !"%$$ &"&$".

T!" En$%+! S%"= En$#n !#n" '#&%$ %n !%+ &"'%. T!" &&/$#%n%n'"#+" "7""%n$ "n !" #% '"+/'"+ $"#%n '%+"+, #%n"#n %+"#+". In #%%n, !" $#n #+ $"#'" ' +!""& #n $#'" #'"#+ '"++ "'" / ' +!%&/%$%n. A$$ !"+" !#n"+ '/! #n &'$"+= !"&'%" #n !"' + '" #$#'%n$, '%n%n #n &"&$" n !""'" +/+%+"n". T!%+ #+ "n!#n" !" # !# #n $#nn"'+

"$%"" !# '#%+%n +!""& #n +"$$%n !" $ #+ &'


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/' +!""& !# "'" n " + "" #n #", #n + +#$$ "#"'+, n, #+I !"#' +#, " "" + '"# "/'"'+ #n + %$, !# !" "# /&, #n+#$$ n !" "' "n !"+"$"+. T!" n+/", "+', #n "/'!$"


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/ n$ !" !/'! " #" # +!""&!/+". An #+ !/! / $+ n +#$$>/#n% '/n '"++, !#+"+, $#n+, #n '+, !+" !$ "n/'n #$$ "$$%n &$#"+ #n #$$ $""$#n %n "+$#%n #n %$"'n"++. B n""#n+ !"'"'" ' !"', "%!"' ! ' ' !" /+ n""+ "'## , &', +%$$, '"!" +/$+, "n, "n, !/+#n+, %"+, #!"'$"++!%$'"n, %+, /$ !"'+, %! !"%' /n #"+, #n !"%' !$"

!/+"!$ +#$$ %n +/+#n" #n /! %n n/"', #+ !/+#n' '">/%'"!#n !#n+. A# !" '/", I +#, / !"%' nn #n #/+"!/+"+,


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L%"'#' T"'= UTOPIA

T!#+ @'/+ %+ !"


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!n L$ (1554 - 1606) &&/$#'%"+ # &" $%"'#/'" %+%n/%+!" !'/! #&" +$%+% #nn"'%+ nn #+ E/&!/%+ #"' !" n#" !%+ !#'#"'E/&!/"+ (G'. "$$-"n") '

Eu&hues+ The Anato*% o$ Wit (15:), ' Eu&hues an( His Englan( (1580).E/&!/%+ %+ #n 'n#"$ ;/%, &'"%/+ #n # +$" '%%n, "n#$$%"'#%", #n%!"%#$ #n ""$$%+!" %!


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The De$ense o$ Poes% (' An A&olog% $or Poetr% , &/$%+!" &+!//+$%n 155) %+ !"


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T!" '##'%#n +&"#"! n$ !" '/$"+ +&""!Q #n !" '!"'%%#n #n$%%#n, n+%"'%n !# %n n#/'" %$$ +n"+ &"'+/#", !"'"n %" #'%/% #n %n"'&"n"'#"+ #n'+ %n C$#++%#$ #n "'n E/'&"#n $%"'#/'". I %+ //$ % +'#$ ""' !# /! %! !" #%$ '%n-$%" +!"&!"'+, !/! % %+ n %F/$


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!#" !%+= !# "#n+ /' +$%#' +%/#%n, #n !" $#+ +"'",!%! " !#" ' /' '#"$$"'+, #n /' '#'" #%++%n +'#n"'+Q " n"$$ + ' !" !#%#$" '$, #n #'" /'+"$"+ /nnn. T!" "n"' !" %n %+ S#$n+ H/+", # +' /n%"'+% !# %+ !" "' "" !"%n. I %+ # &$#" '/$" '"#+n #n +%"n", #n +, !"'" %+ n''/&%n, $/+ ' &"', "$"%n+ ' !"' 'n+ !# " %! # &%#$

' "'n%n. T!%+ %+ # +' "'# !"'" &"&$" #'" '/$" #+"$"" n/"' "$%" +%"n%++ #n !"+" "'n'+ +"" '" %n"'"+"%n /n"'+#n%n #n n'$$%n n#/'" !#n #n= " !#" %+&"n+#'%"+ '+!&+ "%%n"+ M...,

4:


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" !#" #$+ %"'+ "!#n%#$ #'+, !%! / !#" nQ #n +/+ #" !", #+ &"'+, $%n"n, +%$+, %++/"+, #%n '+ "#!"'+ n"'/$ $/+'","7"$$"n "+, #n #n !"'+ M...Q " !#" #$+ /'n#"+ '"# %"'+%%"+,#n !# ""& '"# %"'+% !"#+Q /%, +'n #n n+#n, +#n %$, $n, >/%", ', %+, #n !" $%" M...Q" !#" #$+ &"'+&"%"!/+"+, !"'" " #" "n+'#%n+ #$$ $%!+ #n '#%#%n+ #n #$$$'+Q #n / !%n+ /n$'" #n '#n+'"n " #n '"&'"+"n /n /#$$ +""'#$ $'+, n %n '#%n+, #+ % %+ %n "+ #n &'%++, / !"+"$"++%n$", #$$ !"+" "%n !" '%!"+ S#$n+ H/+". E"n !" F"+ #'"'"#" !"$& !" ##n""n n$"" #n +%"n", !/+, !"'" #'" !" "'!#n+ $%!, !+" ! '#"$ !" '$ #n '%n !" n""+ %+"'%"+,!" "&'"#'+ ! +"#'! !" +, !" &%n""'+ ' %n"'+ ! ' n""7&"'%"n+, #n + n, "!"' %! n%"+ #n #&&'"n%"+. L%" %n # "'n/n%"'+% ++", !"'" %+ # n+#n nn"%n #n !" %"'"n %%"+ !"'" #+ % "! ++ " &/$%+! +/! n" &'


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48


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THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE II

2. POETR

T!" "#'$ T/' &"' #+ n "' +%n%/%'""n+ !" En$%+! $#n/#", %n !%! !"'" #'" ""' '!"+ #n !" %


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S/''" "7'""$ %n;/"n%#$ %n !" $#"' ""$&"n En$%+! &"' I %+"n"'#$$ '"n%" !# +$" %+ S/''"+ &'"%n#%n &"%#$ %'/", #n !#!%+ '"


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L%"'#' T"'= T!" SONNET

T!" +nn" %+ # &" %! /#'#%n+ #n # /#'#%n+ '!", %n !" +">/"n"a-a--a-cc(c(ee. In "%!"' ', !" /'n "+ %! !"


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Tottel8s "iscellan% (155:) ("n%$" #ongs an( #onnets 1Written -% the Right Honora-le Lor( Henr% Ho,ar(' Late Earl o$ #urre%' Tho*as W%att an( Others2/ ""' nn #+ Tottel/s "iscellan% ) %+ !"


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'+ *%'%$+ Aenei(, !%! '"&'"+"n+ !" "#'$%"+ /+" !" $#n "'+" %n$%"'#/'". T!" '%%n+ # "'"


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S"&""', "#$ %! #"'+ '"$#%n '#$% ' '"$%%nQ #'"&$%"n#' ' "$"%#, !+" ' A&'%$ #n N""'Q n", !# ' A//+,"+'%"+ # +%n%n #! &/'" #n +%&$"Q #n n", !# ' O"', %+ "" # $#"n ' !" n"$" &"'. (T!" C#'%" H%+' En$%+!L%"'#/'")

The Faerie 9ueene, !" + #/+ !%+ &'"+, %n"n" "+'//'" %n "$" +, / !%! n$ +%7 "'" &/$%+!", #+ +/&&+" " # n#%n#$ "&% $'%%n /""n E$%#"!, n#" %n !" &" G$'%#n#,!" 3#"'%" /""n". I %+ nn"" !" K%n A'!/' $" #n %! !"

51


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%'/" !%#$', / % #$+ '#+ n !" #/+ I#$%#n "&%+ +/! #+ A'%++Orlan(o Furioso ' T#+++ 0erusale* Delivere(.

A$$"' %+ !" %n#n ", #+ !" n%!+ +"n !" /""n" +#"!/#n% ' "%$ '"&'"+"n %'/"+


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!# !# n 'n n+%"'%n !" #'+ "'" #'#n+ #n n+">/"n$,&/n%+!" $#. T!/+, !"


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'#n, '""#$" #n %nn"' +#". T!"'" "'" #+ #$+ #n /&&"' +#", # !"#, ' /+%%#n+ ' ' "'#%n +"n"+ !" &$#. T!"'" #+ $%$" +"n"',n$ "' " "+, #n + !" #/%"n" #+ +/&&+" +/&&$ !" $# "#%$ %! !"%' %#%n#%n. In "n"'#$, !" $%n"+ !" &$# "'" !"#'/n. T!" '$"+ "n "'" &$#" /n "n ' +.

T!" Un%"'+% %+ "'" # '/& '%"'+ "/#" %n O7' 'C#'%", ! "'" %n"'"+" %n ##&%n !" $#++%#$ "$+ !" En$%+!$#n/#" #n !" En$%+! %n"'"++. S" !"+" '%"'+ "'" !n L$,R"' G'""n", T!#+ N#+!", T!#+ K, G"'" P""$", C!'%+&!"' @#'$".

T!" '"+/$ !" !#n"+ '" /&n !" $#++%#$ "$, !" E$%#"!#n'## ""'" #+ # /+%n """n $#++%#$ #n '#%%n#$ "$""n+, +/! #+!" %+#&&"#'#n" !" /n% %", &$#" #n #%n ' !" !'/+, #n !"%n#%n, %n !" +#" &$#, '#% #n % "$""n+, &'#$ /n"' !"%n;/"n" %n"'$/"+. T!" A'%+"$%#n #!#'+%+ %"+ &$#" !" '#$


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H%+ &$#+ #'" %n#" !#'#"'+ $#'"'-!#n-$%", n'$$" !%'+' &"', n$"", ' '"# "#$!, '"# "'+"& !" $%%+ %&+" !"%' (+%#$) &+%%n ' !/#n%. T!"%'


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Ta*-urlaine the reat %+ # '#" %n '+, !" +"n ' "%n'%"n #+ # '"+/$ !" +/"++ !" /"'', !" +"n ' "&%+ !%+n#$$, "+&"%#$$ #"' !" "#! !%+ "$" %" "n'#", !"n !%+ !%'+' &"' %+ '#n+'" %n #n"++ #n +"++%n.

T!" &$# %+ %n#" '/"$ #n %$"n", !"+" "%n !" "!+!'/! !%! T#/'$#%n" #!%""+ !%+ +/"++= !" &/+ !%+ &&n"n, B##",#n !%+ %" %n # #", #%n !" ' n" &$#" !" !"', !" #++#'"+!" &"&$" B#$n #n D##+/+, !" /+"+ # #''%#" '#n %n+ !!" !%&+ #n /'+"+. T!" '/"$ "7"n+ !%+ n #%$, #+ T#/'$#%n" %$$+!%+ n +n, !"n !" $#"' '"/+"+ /"' %! T#/'$#%n"S!#$$ +%n"++ &'" " n " # #n, T!# !#" ""n "' !" "''' !" '$ T"!"$$"+ #n !" '"+, ", #" /' +'+,An !'"#"n !% !+" !#n #Y%+ +/$=C", $" /+ #'! ##%n+ !" &"'+ !"#"n.An +" $# +'"#"'+ %n !"


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%n # '#%'. R"$%%n, !%! +""+ +#n # !" #+%+ !" &$# %+, %n #,n$ # &$%%#$ %n+'/"n #n '%!"/+n"++ %+ n$ # #+ !# !%"+ !&'%+#n !" %#" !" " %+ n !# !" !#" !"', / # %''' %'""#'+ /'+"$"+.

@ACHE*ILL. A$"% !" '$ !%n @#!%#"$ %+ "#,

" #+ !%+ +/$ / ;n "n !" A$&+QAn, n !" G/%+" %+ "#, %+ " ' 3'#n", T %" !%+ $#n, #n '$% %! !%+ '%"n+.

54


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T +" &"'!#&+ n#" %+ %/+Q

B/ +/! #+ $" " /#' " '!"%' n/"+, An $" !" n !#I # @#!%#"$,

An "%! n "n, #n !"'"'" n"n+ '+. A%'" I # !+" !#!#" " +.

T!/! +" +&"# &"n$ ##%n+ +, " %$$ !" '"# " #n!"'" ##%n

T P""'+ !#%'Q #n !"n !" #+" , A'" &%+n" $%%n $$"'+.I /n '"$%%n / # !%$%+! .

MI " n, I,

T '"# # $"/'" !"'" %nB'%#n%", B/ &'"+"n!" '#" # "

! +%$"+ +"" ! /$$ !%+ #+ #'"'#", !%! n" #+ n %!/ "#n+.I '#" / !%+. G'#" !% #+ !""+"'"+, An $" !% n ""n"'#%n" !" '+" B"#/+" !"#/'+ ". (P'$/")

T!" " @#$#, !" n#" B#'##+, # n#" %! $"#' B%$%#$'"+n#n"+ ' !" E$%#"!#n &/$%, '"/+"+ !" #7"+ #n !" "'n'#"+ !%+ !/+" " /'n" %n # n"n, !"'" !%+ n #/!"' %$$ '"#%n,#+ # C!'%+%#n n"', #n n


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# '#" +!#&" #'%n !" #$$"'%#$ '#%%n, D'. 3#/+/+ /n%n%n #+# %+'" '"&'"+"n#%n !" &'#n%+ @'#$% P$#+, #%n # '%""""n !" "%"#$ '##% '#%%n #n !" $#"' ""$&"n+ !"R"n#%++#n" +#". C"'#%n "$""n+ !" '#$% '## #'" &'"+"n %n

@#'$"?+ "7, +/! #+ !" G #n E%$ An"$+ #n !" S""n D"#$ S%n+,!"'"#+ !" % +/&$ !" T/' +#" '#%%n %+ '"&'"+"n" !"'" !"

#nn"' %n !%! !" +"'#n+ (#n"', R%n #n R#$&!) /nn+%/+$ '!" #%n+ !" #+"'.

3' !" "' "%nn%n, 3#/+/+, !/! #&'"n$ #n #&$%+!"+!$#', %+ %++#%+


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n #+ !" +%n+ # n'# %! !" "%$, @"&!%+&!"$"+, %n '"/'n '"n-/' "#'+ +&$"n% $%".

Faust. H# I #+ #n +/$+ #+ !"'" " +#'+,I %" !" #$$ ' @"&!%+&!%$%+=B !% I$$ " '"# E&"'/' !" '$,

An #" # '%" !'/! !" %n #%', T ++ !" O"#n %! # #n "n.I$$ %n !" !%$$+ !# #n !" A'% +!'"An #" !# $#n n%n"n S%n,An ! n'%/' 'n= T!" E&"'/' +!#$$ n $%" / $"#",N' #n P"n#" G"'#nQN !# I !#" #%n !# I "+%'",I$$ $%" %n +&"/$#%n !%+ A', T%$ @"&!%+&!%$%+ '"/'n ##%n.

A !" "n !%+ &"'% %", !""', !" %+ '%!/$ #n /$ $%" !#n"!" "#$ !" #".

Faust. A!, 3#/+/+.

N !#+ !/ / n" #'" !/' $%", An !"n !/ /+ "#n &"'&"/#$$Z

S#n +%$$, / ""'-%n +&!"'"+ !"#"n, T!# %" # "#+", #n%n%! n""' "Q 3#%' N#/'"+"", '%+", '%+" ##%n, #n #"P"'&"/#$ #Q ' $" !%+ !/' " /

A "#', # n!, # "", # n#/'#$#, T!# 3#/+/+ # '"&"n #n+#" !%+ +/$Z

MA!, P!#'#+ ""&+!+%+,"'" !# '/", T!%+ +/$ +!/$ ;' ", #n I " !#n Un+" '/%+! "#+Z #$$ "#++ #'"!#&&, 3', !"n !" %",

T!"%' +/$+ #'" +n %++$ %n"$""n+Q B/ %n" /+ $%" +%$$ " &$#/ %n !"$$. C/'+ " !"'"n+ !# "n"n"' "Z N,3#/+/+, /'+" !+"$, /'+"L/%"' T!# !#! "&'% !"" !" + !"#"n

/% !"$$Z


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In !%+ #+", /+ #+ %n !" !"'+, 3#/+/+ %+ " !%+ n !%"+#n "+%'"+. H%+ n n#/'" #n !%+ "7"++%" "+%'"+ $"# %++$/%n #nn#$$ #n !"$$, #+ % %+ "7&$#%n" @"&!%+&!"$"+, '"&'"+"n" !"&+!$%#$, %nn"' '"n, #n n #+ #n /"' #n%"+#%n &!+%#$'/'".

The Trou-leso*e Reign an( La*enta-le Death o$ E(,ar( the #econ( %+

n" !"


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K%n E#' II (1284 - 192:), n+%"'" #n n" !" + %+#+'/+'"%n+ %n En$%+! !%+', #'" &$%%#$ %n+#%$%, %n&""n" #n%$%#' ""#+. T!"'" "'" #$+ '/'+ !" %n?+ !+"7/#$% !#"#"n" !" %#" !" '/$"'. H""', ""n % n!%n /$ " &'"'"#'%n !" '"#$ n#/'" !" '"$#%n+!%& """n !" %n #n !%+ #'%",P%"'+ G#"+n, % #+ C!'%+&!"' @#'$" !" n" ! %n+%+" n !" +"7/#$

#+&"+ !" '"$#%n+!%&. E#' II #+ %&'%+n" !%+ %" #n '" #%#" %n #' !%+ +n, E#' III, #n "$%"" " /'"'".

@#'$" /+" R#&!#"$ H$%n+!"?+ !'n%$" %n "&%%n !" !#'#"' E#' II, /, %n '%+n !" !"' &$#+, !" #n#" '"#" # '"&$"7 #n "$%"#$" !#'#"', "%n, # !" +#" %", '/"$ #n "n"/$,#+ "$$ #+ &"% #n %n. H%+ '/"$ "+ ' !" # !# !" &'""'+ &/!%+ &$"#+/'"+ #" ""'!%n #n !" /+"+ !%+ %n$ &'"'#%"+ n/'/'" !%+"+%'"+=

E#'"$$ "orti*er' I?$$ #" !"" '/" !"+" '+,B"+"""+ % !"" n'#% ! %n

3'n+ !/ !"'"# , #+&%'%n Lancaster' T!" +'" +!#$$ &$#n" !" /''"+ ! '"+,An !" !"+" n""+ !# n #'" 'n" + +%" .I %$$ !#" aveston' #n / +!#$$ n,!# #n"' %+ +#n ##%n+ /' %n.

T!/! !#%n # +!' $%" #n #'""', C!'%+&!"' @#'$"+ n'%/%n !" ""$&"n E$%#"!#n !"#'" %+ '/%#$ %&'#n", n n$ n!" !"#% #n !#'#"'-n+'/%n $""$, / #$+ n !" +$%+% $""$. H"#+ # #+"' '##% '"#%n #n !" #+ $ %n +!#&%n !%+ !#'#"'+ #n!%+ +'%"+ %n +/! # # !# !" '#%+" /n"#+ >/"+%n+. T!'/! !%+!#'#"'+, !" >/"+%n+ &"' #n #/!'%, '"$%%n, $#$, '#$%.

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.03.0007#note55http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.03.0007#note55http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.03.0007#note56http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.03.0007#note56http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.03.0007#note55http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.03.0007#note56


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5:


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WILLIA" #HA)E#PEARE1A&ril >?' @B A&ril >?' @B@B2

1. ILLIA@ SHAKESPEARE= LI3E AND CULTURAL CONTE[TS

T!" $%" %$$%# S!#"+&"#'" !#+ ""n, %n %", +/" #'%/+

%'#&!%"+, "#! '%n +!" $%! n !" #n #%/%%"+ #n $# %n'#%n '"#'%n !%+ $%" #n !%+ !"'"#/+. @/! !" n$"" nS!#"+&"#'" "+ ' "n"'#$ %n"'"n"+ n /$/'#$ #n +%#$ #+&"+. 3'%n+#n", # "n"'#$ #&&'"%#%n +!$%n #n !" +!$ ++"+ %n !%+ %"(!" '#n%#%n !" '##' +!$+, +/! #+ !" n" %$$%# S!#"+&"#'"#"n" %n S'#') &'%"+ /+"/$ %n'#%n n !" $""$ "/#%n ##n !%+ +%#$ #'/n /$ !#" '""%", "+&"%#$$ +%n" #n !%+'%#$ '%"'+ "'" Un%"'+% "/#" (!" Un%"'+% %+). T!" n'"'+'"#'%n !%+ '"$%%n %+ #n!"' +"', #n %'#&!"'+ #n '%%+ '%n +"" "n !" #&'"n $# %n"'"+ %n '"$%%n %n S!#"+&"#'"?+ &$#+ ' %n!%+ #!"'?+ #+"n" ' C!/'! #n /"++ # "' C#!$%%+ %n !"%' #%/".N!%n %+, #/#$$, "'#%n, #n /! !%+ $%" %+ +%$$ +/" +&"/$#%n #n"#". @'""', !"'" #'" n n+#n '"'+ n !%+ $%". 3' %n+#n", !%+#''%#" #n !" #&%+ !%+ !'"" !%$'"n #&&"#' %n !" '%"n /"n+ !" %". T!"'" #'" #$+ /"n+ !# "n%n !%+ #!"', !n S!#"+&"#'",!%+ !"', !" %" #n !" !%$'"n / !%! %n"'"n"+ #/S!#"+&"#'"?+ $%" "'" #". L%"%+", +" nn #+ %n !%+ $%" #'"n+%"'" $%" # !" #+%+ #'%/+ !%+ '+, +/! #+ !" "#! !%+ n+n, H#n", %n 156, !%! %+ n+%"'" !#" %n;/"n" !" '%%n Ha*let. H""', !"'" #'" &"'%+ %n !%! S!#"+&"#'"?+ '#"+ #'" $+. S/!# &"'% %+ !" n" !# $$+ !" #&%+ !%+ !%$'"n. 3%$$%n %n !" %++%n%n'#%n, %'#&!"'+ +&"/$#" !# !" %n" #'%/+ n%"+ &$#"'+.

T!%+ &"'% %+ nn S!#"+&"#'"?+ %'#&!"'+ #+ !" $+ "#'+. O!"'n"/'"+ "'" #". 3' "7#&$", # &$#"' !" n#" %$$%# S!#"+!##&&"#'+ %n !" %$$ # C#!$% L#n#+!%'" $#nn"', / !"'" %+ n "'#%n!# !%+ %+ S!#"+&"#'".

H%+ n#" #&&"#'+ %n 152, %n # &!$" '%"n R"' G'""n", !#$$+ !% the onl% #haescene in a countr% . " n n !# S!#"+&"#'"#/#$$ % "n G'""n", / !" +""+ !#" /&+" !" '/& "/#",/n%"'+% %+, arrogating to hi*sel$ airs to ,hich he is not entitle( -% -irthor -% e(ucation #n !" e*erge( $ro* the grou& o$ &la%ers to tr% his han( as a

&la%,right . (R. S!#/!n"++) G'""n"?+ %+>/#%n ' # $%n" Henr% :I'Part ?, +/"++ !#

S!#"+&"#'"?+ "#'$ &$#+ !# #$'"# "/n %'/$#" #n "'" &$#" n%"+, #n n+">/"n$, % %+ %"$ "$%"" !# S!#"+&"#'" +#'"'%%n ' !"#"' n%"+ %n !" 150+ #n !" !# ""n # &$#"' &'%' !%+.

3' !%+ "n /n%$ !"


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2.1. PLAED OR PRINTED @ATERIALS IN ELIABETHAN THEATRE.

Cn"&+ $%" &'%!, !" #/!'?+ n"'+!%& "' !" ' ' !"'+/! "'n #+ '"$#%n !" &'%n" "7 % n "7%+ %n S!#"+&"#'"?+%". T!" &$#+ "'" &'/" ' !" +#", #n / !" 9,000 &$#+ nn !"%' %$"+ ' #'%/+ +/'"+, n$ 500 +/'%" %n #n/+'%&+.

In "n"'#$, !" &$#'%!?+ #n/+'%&, %! #%%n+ #n "$"%n+, #'%n#$

"n+ #n '"%+%n+, #+ ++" # &'"++%n#$ +'%" ! &%" % %n+"'#" '+ ' !" &$#"'+. A & !" &$# #+ +/%" !" @#+"' !" R""$+, !"#%n !" R""$+ OF" #n '"+&n+%$" ' !" "+%%%"+

58


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', $#"', ' !" "n+'+!%& !" +#" &'/%n+. 3' "7#&$", !" "&+%%n+"n" (I*, 1) %n S!#"+&"#'"?+ Richar( II #+ "n+'" #n !"'"'" n %n$/"%n !" /#' +, +" &%'#" #"'%#$+, !"'+ n#%n%n%&'" #'%#n+. In 1629, "$$ #'+ &/$%+!" # $% "%%n 96 &$#+"n%$" Co*e(ies' Trage(ies an( Histories. %!/ !" 1629 3$%, /! S!#"+&"#'"?+ '+ /$ !#" ""n $+, #n !" '"#%n"' '#!"' /n'"$%#$".

An!"' &'$" #n$"" # %+ !" # !# S!#"+&"#'"$$#'#" %! !"' '%"'+ %n !" '%%n +" !%+ &$#+, !%! $" !" "n$#'""n !" S!#"+&"#'"#n #nn %n$/%n !" &$#+ !# #'" n+$"$ S!#"+&"#'"#n.

2.9. SHAKESPEARE?S ORKS= GENRES, PERIODS AND CHRONOLOG%$$%# S!#"+&"#'"?+ '+ n+%++ &"' #n &$#+.

2.9.1.POE@S=O/ !" &"+, !" n"+ &/$%+!" #n #n$"" #+ !%+

/'%n !%+ $%"%" "'" $n"' O%%#n '#n"+= :enus an( A(onis #n TheRa&e o$ Lucrece #n !" Snn"+.

A/#$$, !"


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+nn"""'%n. T!" "%#%n !" +nn"+ %+ '" +"'%/+, #n n"/'"+!#" ""n #" '"#'%n !" "%#"" ' !" +nn"+.

A !%' n#''#%" &", A Lover/s Co*&laint, %n !%! # /n #n$#"n+ !"' +"/%n # &"'+/#+%" +/%', #+ &'%n" %n !"


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2.9.2. ORDER O3 CO@POSITION O3 THE PLAS AND POE@S

C&%$" ' !" O;$or( #haes&eare' ". S. "$$+ #n G. T#$' (188). T!" #"+ !" "#'$ &$#+ #'" n"/'#$.

150-1 T,o entle*en o$ :erona 15 0ulius Caesar 1Cei (oi tineri (in :erona2 15- As 5ou Lie It

150-1 The Ta*ing o$ the #hre, 1600 1Cu* va &lace21I*-lanGirea scor&iei2 1600-1 Ha*let

151 > Henr% :I 1601 T,el$th Night 152 ? Henr% :I 1A (ouas&reGecea noa&te2152 @ Henr% :I 1602 Troilus an( Cressi(a152 Titus An(ronicus 1609 "easure $or "easure152-9 Richar( III 1"asura &entru *asura2152-9 :enus an( A(onis 1609-4 Othello159-4 The Ra&e o$ Lucrece 1604-5 All8s Well That En(s Well

1Necinstirea Lucretiei21Totui -ine can( se ter*ina cu-ine2

154 The Co*e(% o$ Errors 1605Ti*on o$ Athens 1Ti*on (in Atena2

154-5 Love/s La-our/s Lost 1605-6 )ing Lear 1a(arnicele chinuri ale (ragostei2 1606 "ac-eth

155 Richar( II 1606 Anton% an( Cleo&atra155 Ro*eo an( 0uliet 160: Pericles155 A "i(su**er Night/s Drea* 1608 Coriolanus

1:isul unei no&ti (e vara2 160 The Winter8s Tale156 )ing 0ohn 1Poveste (e iarna2156-: The "erchant o$ :enice 1610 C%*-eline

1Negutatorul (in :enetia2 1611 The Te*&est 156-: @ Henr% I: 1Furtuna215:-8 The "err% Wives o$ Win(sor 1619 Henr% :III

1Nevestele vesele (in Win(sor2 1619-14 T,o No-le )ins*en15:-8 > Henr% I: 1Doi veri (e stir&ealeasa2

158 "uch A(o A-out Nothing1"ult Ggo*ot &entru ni*ic2

158- Henr% :

T!" "'n% S!#"+&"#'"?+ &$#+ %+ # #"' "'n "#", !"# !# #n !" "'" '%"n %n $$#'#%n "%n, n##+, # %"$#"&" '"#$%. T!" 1629 $% n#%n+ &$#+ &'"%/+$ (/'%n S!#"+&"#'"?+$%") &/$%+!" #n n" &$#+. T!" "%'+ !" $% !+" n %n$/" !"n#''#%" &"+ #n !" +nn"+, #+ "$$ #+ &$#+ '%"n %n $$#'#%n(Pericles #n The T,o No-le )ins*en), #+ "$$ #+ &$#+ !# #'" n $+(Love8s La-ours Won #n Car(enio). T!"'" #'" #$+ !"' &$#+ %! n'"'+%#$

"'n%, '%#$$ #'%/" S!#"+&"#'", $%" #ir Tho*as "ore' ' E(,ar( III/ /+/#$$ n %n$/" %n !" $$"%n+ &$#+.

T!"'" #'" #'%/+ $#++%


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&'$" &$# ' '#n". E"n !" #'%/+ '%%+ n #'"" n !" /+" "'+. 3' "%"+, ' %n+#n", #'%/+ "'+ #'" /+", +/! #+ '#n%"%"+, "+%" "%"+, #' "%"+. T!"'" #'" #$+ &$#+ !# #'"!#' %n$/" %n #n "n'", +" #$$ !" &'$" &$#+, !"'+ /+" !""' %7"-"n'" &$#+.

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B'#$ +&"#%n, !" &$#+ #n " %n$/" %n !" /' "n'"+ #"&" !" 1: R%"'+%" "%%n (C"%"+, T'#"%"+, H%+'%"+ #n R#n"+)

4.1. CO@EDIES

All/s Well That En(s Well' As 5ou Lie It' The Co*e(% o$ Errors '

Love/s La-our s Lost' The "err% Wives o$ Win(sor' The "erchant o$ :enice' A "i(su**er Night/s Drea*' "uch A(o A-out Nothing'

Ta*ing o$ the #hre, ' T,el$th Night' T,o entle*en o$ :erona.

In "' '# $%n"+, !" n"n%n !" " %n$/"+ !#&&-"n%n+,'++-'"++%n ' %+#"n %"n%, !#'" $", #'%#$ #n '#n%%+/n"'+#n%n+. T!" +/'"+ S!#"+&"#'"?+ "%"+ #'" #'%" #+ "$$ !" #+%n+ ' !%! !" "'"&+". P$#+ +/! #+

The Ta*ing o$ the #hre, #n The T,o entle*en o$ :erona #'" #+" n !"I#$%#n '#n% "%"+, !"'"#+ The Co*e(% o$ Errors !#+ # $"#' R#n+/'" (# &$# P$#//+). A "i(su**er Night8s Drea*' As 5ou Lie It' ' "uch

A(o a-out Nothing #'" #$$" "+%" "%"+ #n !" !#" #'%/+ +/'"+

#n &$+ #n +/&$+, #%n !" '" &$%#" !#n !" "#'$ "%"+. T!" &'$" $"#'$ %n$/%n !" "%"+ %n !" %"'"n +/"n'"+

"+ ' !" # !# S!#"+&"#'" "7&$%" +""'#$ % '#%%n+, +/! #+!" R#n '#%%n, !" I#$%#n#" +'%"+ #n !" En$%+! "+%% '#%%n. T!"R#n '#%%n '#+ n !" G'"" " (A'%+&!#n"+, @"n#n"') #n !"$#'"+ '&/+ R#n "%"+ "+ ' !" L#%n '%"'+ P$#//+ #n

T"'"n" #n !" n"n%n+ !" /+" #'" " /n %n S!#"+&"#'"?+ n"%"+. An!"' #/+ +/'" %n+&%'#%n ' !" En$%+! '%"'+, %+%$"+%n" !" @%$" A"+, %! C!#/"', ' %n+#n", %+ !" %n"'"+ %n !" I#$%#n#"+'%"+. S!#"+&"#'"?+ I#$%#n#" +'%"+ (+" %n I#$ #n !+" &$ %+ %n"" I#$%#n novelle) n &'%+" n$ "%"+, / #$+ '#"%"+, '#n"+ '&'$" &$#+. T!" + #/+ I#$%#n#" +'%"+ %n$/"


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&'$"+. T!" "n"'#$ !#'#"'%+%+ !"

!%+'%"+, "n"'" n !"


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T!" n"n%n !" '#", %&$%"+ # +%n$" !"'% #$" !#'#"' (!"'#% !"'), # '#% ;# V "%!"' # '"#/$ %$"# ' # 'n "%+%n,n+&%'#,


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%n !" /n"'+#n%n !" '$. I &'%"+ !" n"7 +! n n$ !!" '$ %+, / ! !" '$ /$ " (S"#n @E).

4.5. PROBLE@ PLAS, PROBLE@ CO@EDIES, @I[ED-GENRE PLAS

T!"'" #'" '%%+ ! /+" /'!"' "n'" $#++%


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All8s Well !#+ '#%%n#$$ ""n %n$/" %n !" '/& "%"+, !"'"#+C%*-eline %+ n##+ n+%"'" # '#n". H%+ "/"n$ "'" /n&$"#+#n #n +"%"+ ""n '"&/$+%" "&%+"+, #n!#'#"'+ !+" n/ %"+ '%+" +/+#%n" >/"+%n%n #%n #n%". (.L#'"n")

T!%+ "' &'$" &$#, !" /'!"' #'/"+, %+ /+"/$ #&&$ !"&'/%n+ !# #nn " n+%"'" '#"%"+, / !# #'" +"'%/+ #n

#n#$% " %n$/" %n !" n"&%n ".O!"' $#++%


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69


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Willia* #haes&eareTHE CO"ED5

1. CO@EDIES= DE3INITIONS AND TRAITS

C" /$ " +%&$ "


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"+ n !#" '"$"#n" "n !" &'%#" $%" %+ !#'#"'+ #n %$$ n#" !" "n%'" &$%%#$ ++", #/+%n %+ n#$$ #n "+'/%n, #+ % %+ !"#+" %n '#". T!# %+ !" '"#+n !, %n "n"'#$, !" !#'#"'+ %n "%"+&"'#%n '#!"' !" $"' $#++"+, +%n" !" #'" '" $%"$ "" +/" %, ' '%%/$/+ #%/"+. T'#" %+ #/ !/#n %+$#%n, " %+#/ !/#n %n"'#%n (T"'' E#$"n). A " # +#' %n %+'/n", /

% %$$ "n %n /n#$ #n '"n%$%#%n. I !" +$" !" '#" %+ $,!" +$" !" " %+ !/$", n"$%"n.

64


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T!" " #$+ "#$+ %! "'#%n + !#'#"'+ #n &%#$ #%n+.G"n"'#$$, % %+ n+%"'" !# $" %+ n" !" #' % #%n+, /+/#$$,!#'" $" !# $"#+ # +"'%"+ %+'/n"+ #n %+/n"'+#n%n+ !%!""n/#$$ !#" # !#&& "n%n.

In !%+ #n#$+%+ !" $%"'#' "n'"+, N'!'& 3'" '%"+ &%n / +" !" "$""n+ !#'#"'%+% ". H" $#"+ !" "n"' !" " %n

!" /n "n"'#%n, #+ % /+/#$$ "#$+ %! /!/$ $" !# !#+ "'+"&# +"'%"+ +#$"+ '"#" !+" %n !" $"' "n"'#%n+ (#%n$ '"n+).A !" "n # ", !/!, !" '%/&! "$n+ !" /n, #n %+"$"'#" # +' "+%%, + n$, # "%n. T!" ",#'%n 3'"?+ #n#$+%+, !#+ !" "n"n %n$/" #+ #n &"&$" #+&++%$" %n !"


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&$#, #n '#+ % "" ' !" /+" n"$%++ ' %#$".

A'%n $#++%#$ "$+, S!#"+&"#'"?+ &$#+ #'" /+" n !"&&+%%n """n #&&"#'#n" #n '"#$%, #+ "$$ #+ n #%//+ %"n%%"+,'++-'"++%n, %n+, "7!#n"+ %"n%. T!"'" "$""n+ #'" %n"n+%


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(T,el$th8s Night ), ""n, '%";, H"$"n# ( All8s Well That En(s Well). S#"n"'+#%n+ #" $"'+ n"++ !"%' $", "'!"#' %+/++%n+ #n"#"+'&&%n !# /$ $" ""n %+#+"' ' !" #+%+ "uch A(o a-out Nothing.

S!#"+&"#'" #$+ $#'"$ /+" !" $#++%#$ n"n%n &$ /$%n(+""'#$ /&$"+ $"'+), '"&"%%n, n'#+ #n /n"'&%n, #$$ !"+"

+/"++/$$ +$" %n !" "n /$%&$" "%n+. T!/+, !"'" %+ "n !"!"" '%"n+!%& !# '"+%++ ' "+ n '"+%+ !" "+ $" %n

T,o entle*en o$ :erona' A "i(su**er Night8s Drea*' T,o No-le )ins*en'#%!/$ '%"n+ %n As 5ou Lie It (R+#$%n #n C"$%#) #n The "erchant o$ :enice(Ann% #n B#++#n%) ' "'' '/&+ %n Love8s La-our8s Lost' "uch A(o a-out Nothing.

B. T!" I#$%#n(#") +'%"+ !# ""n "' &&/$#' %n En$#n $n "'"S!#"+&"#'"?+ %"+, +%n" !" @%$" A"+, !/!, #$$ !" I#$%#n %+ "n# %+n"', "#/+" #n !# " ' '" %+#n +/'"+ ($#++%#$+'%"+, In%#n #$"+) !'/! I#$%#n !#nn"$+. %!/ !" &'"++/'" &'%!,'%"'+ #n &$#'%!+ !" %" !# n /'" %n"n n" +'%"+ #n /$'""$ /+" #n ##& $ #"'%#$ !"%' n "7+. T!" +/'"+ /+" "'"#'%/+ #n %"'+", / !" + n "'" !" &$"" novelle $$"%n B#%, B#n"$$ #n G%'#$%, !" !%#$'% '#n" $"+

(+/! #+ A'%+?+ Orlan(o Furioso), '#n+$#" !n H#''%nn %n 151. All o$ these narratives ,ere outgro,ths o$ longer tra(itions' ,ith roots in the classics Ho*er' Ovi(' A&uleius' Helio(orus' Achilles Tatius an( in $oltales $ro* as $ar a,a% as In(ia' trans*itte( in the esta Ro*anoru*' hagiogra&hies' an( variousother $or*s. (L/%+" G"'" C$/, T!" C#'%" Cn%n S!#"+&"#'"?+C"%"+, CCSC)

A+ #' #+ !" !"#'" '#%%n #+ n"'n", #n &$#+ %'/$#" %n&'%n ' "'" &$#" # %"'"n E/'&"#n /'+. T!" I#$%#n " !# #$'"#%++"%n#" # #'%" '+= #'"+, +#%'"+, '#n% /'+!%& &$#+ '""$#%n, +'#$ &$#+. P'"++%n#$ n%"+ !# /$ " #$$"co**e(ia (ell8arte "'" /'%n E/'&", "+&"%#$$ 3'#n" #n S%n #n

S!#"+&"#'" # !#" !# #"++ &'%n" &$#+ ' #/n+ +/! &$#+' !" I#$%#n+ %n Lnn. T &%n&%n "7#$ !" I#$%#n#" %n;/"n" %n "#!#n ""' &$# %+ # %F/$ #+. B/ " #n "n%n !" # !# #n #'" +"%n I#$, #n #'" '#n ' I#$%#n +/'"+, ' !" $#++%#$ '%"'+ R"n#%++#n" '%"'+.

C. T!" !%' "' '%! +/'" %n+&%'#%n ' S!#"+&"#'"?+ &$#+, "&$"n n$ %n "%"+, / #$+ %n !%+'%"+ #n '#"%"+ %+ !" En$%+! &&/$#''#%%n. T!%+ +/'" %+ "7'""$ #'%" '#%n n &&/$#' "+%%%"+ /'%n!" "#' #+ "$$ #+ /' "+%%%"+. "#n"" D%$$n (CCSC) n"+ !# !" /+" !" "+%" '#%%n ""+ a su-tle an( e6ective *eans o$ genericsu-version an( reconstruction "+&"%#$$ !"n % %+ "&$" %n !%+'%"+ #n'#"%"+, +/! #+ Richar( III' Ha*let ' )ing Lear.

P&/$#' "+%%%"+ #+ "$$ #+ C/' "+%%%"+ "'" # $#'" +/'" %n;/"n" ' S!#"+&"#'". T!" "#' #+ %%" %n !#$"+, !" %n"'"+%%%"+ !# "'" +$ nn"" '"$%%/+ "'"n%"+, #n''"+&n%n #n C/' '+ "n"'#%n"n +/! #+ !" '""$+ %n"',!" "$" #+ C!'%+#+ ' !" #'"' "'"n. D/'%n !" +/"', !""+%%%"+ nn"" #'%/$/'#$ $"+ #/n". T!"+" !# #n%n;/"n"+ #n "'" $+"' n#/'" '%/#$+. D/'%n !" +/"', !" C/' /'"!" &'%n"+ #n !%+ #+ !" #+%n ' #'%/+ % #n /n' "+%#$+.A" !"+", !"'" "'" !" #+%n#$ "#++ #n "$"'#%n+, +/! #+ '#$"%n+, #&%++ ' /n"'#$+.

O '"# %n;/"n" ' S!#"+&"#'" "'" !" '""n '$ #n &&/$#'"+%%%"+=

Pagan' ritualiGe( vision o$ a tra(itional green ,orl( ,ith its hunting rites an(groun(s' chance or s&orting ga*es' an( its uto&ian or to&s%turv% scenarios. Thegreen ,orl( ,as regar(e( as a &lace o$ esca&e $ro* the constraints o$ the la, an($ro* ever%(a% li$e' a &lace o$ change 1o$ gen(er or o$ i(entit% or -oth2 an( (ee&interior trans$or*ation ,here the contact ,ith nature an( ol( custo* &rovi(e( a


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$or* o$ content an( $ulKll*ent' &agan' ritualiGe( vision o$ a tra(itional green ,orl(,ith its hunting rites an( groun(s' chance or s&orting ga*es' an( its uto&ian or to&s%turv% scenarios. The green ,orl( ,as regar(e( as a &lace o$ esca&e $ro* theconstraints o$ the la, an( $ro* ever%(a% li$e' a &lace o$ change 1o$ gen(er or o$ i(entit% or -oth2 an( (ee& interior trans$or*ation ,here the contact ,ith naturean( ol( custo* &rovi(e( a $or* o$ content an( $ulKll*ent. ("#n"" D%$$n, CCSC)

T!" '"+ %+ +""n #+ #n #$"'n#%" # ''/&" #n '"#!"'/+ '$, #&$#" "'" !" +%" #n " '""n"'#", #n !"'" !" #n%+!" #n


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!" "+%" "$""n %+ trigger an( e*otional release an( create anat*os&here o$ Mo%$ul li-eration in the $ace o$ an archaic *oral or(er or t%rann% .(CCSC)

DUKE SENIOR

N, -#"+ #n '!"'+ %n "7%$",H#! n $ /+ #" !%+ $%"

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T!" +"#+n+ %"'"n", #+ !"% #n An !/'$%+! !%%n !" %n"'+ %n,

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3%n+ n/"+ %n '""+, + %n !"'/nn%n '+, S"'n+ %n +n"+ #n %n ""' !%n.

I /$ n !#n" %. ( As 5ou Lie It , II, 1)

2.2. CON*ENTIONS, THE@ES, CHARACTERS

A'%n !" C$#++% '#%%n, !" #%n !"" # " %+ $".S!#"+&"#'"?+ "%"+ /+/#$$ %n$" $" %++/"+, $"'+ n #n $+, !#n" %"n%%"+, #"&+ #% /n/+ #''%#"+. L", !"'"'", '%"'+ !"&'"++ '%n /& !" /n %n #/$!, #n !"%' '"#%n /& %!!" #/!'% !"%' '"n+ ' !# !" "$"'+. T!%+ %+ !" '"#+n ! !n@E n+%"'+ !# n" n !"" %n S!#"+&"#'"?+ "%"+ %+ !"

OURNE, !" ++#" !" /n #n ' #n ' %nn"n"J %'%n% #''%#". T!"'"'", !" "%"+ "n %n$" # +"'%"+ +#$"+ !# !"/n $"'+ n"" '++ "'" "%n /n%" %! !" $" n"+. P'%#(The "erchant o$ :enice) n""+ ++ !'/! # +'#n" '%/#$ %&+" !"'#!"' !'/! !%! !" n" +!" %+ +/&&+" #'' !#+ !+" ' !'""#+"+. S%%$#'$, H"'%# ( A "i(su**er Night8s Drea*) %+ '", !"' #!"', #'' D""'%/+, #n + +!" "%"+ '/n %n !" + %! !"' $"',L+#n"'.

T!" ", !"'"'", +#'+ %! '/$", %+'/n", +"%"+ /n/+#n '/"$ $#+, !'"#+ &/n%+!"n, ""n !'"#+ "#!. The Co*e(% o$ Errors "%n+ %! !" /n/+ $# &/n%+!%n S'#/+%#n+ "#!, #n !""n%'" &$#, "n"'" n +"+ %n+ !# #'" +/&&+" "", / n$#n#" " %n '" '/$", ""+ ""n '" &'"++%n, +%n" !" %"$+ !" '%n+ !"%' #!"' $+"' "#!. In The "erchant o$ :enice' !"!'"# !" +'#n" "#$ """n S!$ #n Ann% $+ "' !" &$#. In

As 5ou Lie It \ !" '"#$ D/"?+ &$#" %+ /+/'&" !%+ '!"' !, %n !" "n, %+'/'" !#" #!"'" #n #' ##%n+ !%, !"'"#+, %n !" /$" &$, #$"' '!"' &$#n+ %$$ !%+ /n"' '!"'. T!" +#" !'"# "'##$ #n/'"' %+ +"n+" %n "uch A(o A-out Nothing, !"'" Dn !n &$+ ##%n+ !%+'!"' Dn P"', &'%n" A'#n #n !" #n#"+ n%n" C$#/% #n!" D/" !# C$#/%?+ $"', H"', !# ""n /n#%!/$. A$$ !"+" &$%#%n+


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#/+" Dn !n?+ &$%n # "#+%$ $"# '#", +%n" H"' %+ +$#n"'"#n '""" #n !"' '%"n+ "%+" # &$ +%%$#' !# %n Ro*eo an( 0uliet .

T!"'"'", !"'" # " # %'" +#$" ##%n+ !" $" !" /n ($%" #'"n), ' # '" +"'%/+ &$, /!%n &$%%+ #n +#" ##%'+. T!%+ %+ !"&%n, #/#$$, !# /n%"+ "%"+ '#"%"+, #n, # #n "n, !"" # /'n %n # '#", !"


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B/ !"'" #'" #$+ !" #+"+ %n !%! !" $"'+ !"+"$"+ +" +#$"+%n !" ! !"%' n $", '"/+%n !" ""$%n, "%n '"$/#n '""#$ !"%'$" ' %n $" #$"!"'. L" !#n"+ &"&$", !" """#'&!+" ' '#n+$#", !" '" ! !" #'" #n +#' "!#%n%n #+ !# #'" /nn#/'#$ !"%' n#/'". S"%"+, !" #'" !#'" %n$%n !" 'n $"'= !/+,

P'"/+, &'"%/+$ %n $" %! /$%#, #$$+ %n $" %! !%+ '%"n?+ "$" S%$%#, /+ %n"++%n !"%' $". H"'%#, L+#n"', H"$"n# #n D""'%/+ ( A"i(su**er Night8s Drea*) #'" "%!" %n "+"'%n !" $" n" #n$%n +" "$+", /+ #+ T%#n%#, !" /""n !" 3#%'%"+, %+ !#'" #$$%n $" %! !" "#"' B, "%!" !#" !" !"# #n #++. S" #$$%n $" %! !" 'n &"'+n !%$" "%n $" +" "$+"= S%$%/+ $"+P!"" ! #$$+ %n $" %! G#n""J R+#$%n %n As 5ou Lie It #n O$%%# #$$+%n $" %! C"+#'%J*%$# (T,el$th Night ). L", !"'"'", %+ #$" '#n+'!" '%n#' '"#$% #n #" $%" +"" $%" # #n#+.

Hi&. T%+ +'#n", T!"+"/+,!# !"+" $"'+ +&"# .

The. @'" +'#n" !#n '/". In""' # "$%""

T!"+" #n%>/" #$"+, n' !"+" #%'+. L"'+ #n #"n !#" +/!+""!%n '#%n+, S/! +!#&%n#n#+%"+, !# #&&'"!"n

@'" !#n $ '"#+n ""'&'"!"n+. T!" $/n#%, !"$"', #n !" &",

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On" +""+ '" "%$+ !#n #+ !"$$

#n !$, T!# %+, !" ##nQ !"

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'%"n+ #n #$$, ' $". T!/,

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/ !#" $"#'n", $%" S%' P'"/+,

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#n +!%n" !'/! /$%" !" #"' %n #n /'%n#$, !# n #n"" !# +""+ / / %+ # &!+%%#n "n n /'

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In S!#"+&"#'"?+ "%"+, $"'+ #'" "n +"'#", "+"'",%+'"#"Q !" !#" ++ !'/! +#$"+, %n"'%%n+ #n %+'/n"+.

T!"'"'", !" "n '/n ## (!" $"'+ %n A "i(su**er Night8s Drea*,*#$"n%n" %n The T,o entle*en o$ :erona), #'" #n%+!" (R+#$%n %n As 5ou LieIt ), &'""n " "# %n ##%n !" !"#' !"%' $"'+ ("uch A(o a-out Nothing), #'" '%" (Dn !n?+ &$#n ##%n+ H"' #n C$#/% %n "uch A(o

a-out Nothing) ' %$$-'"#" (K#!"'%n" %n The Ta*ing o$ the #hre,). T!"+" +#$"+, &'$"+ #n %+'/n"+ "n '">/%'" ' !" $"'+

!#n" !"%' %"n%%"+= *#$"n%n" ""+ !" $"#"' # '/& '%%n#$+(The T,o entle*en o$ :erona), !" "n %n $" %! B%#n# ' "%+" # &$#n "n"' !"' !/+" #+ "#!"'+ #n '% !"' #!"' (The Ta*ing o$ the #hre,),"n !#n" !"%' %"n%%"+ ' %+/%+" !"+"$"+ #+ "n (P'%# #n "++%#%n The "erchant o$ :enice, /$%# %n The T,o entle*en o$ :erona, R+#$%n %n As5ou Lie It' ' *%$# %n T,el$th Night ). T!"+" !#n"+ "n '"#" /'!"'&$%#%n+, #+ !"' "n #$$ %n $" %! !" "n ! %+/%+"!"+"$"+ #+ "n (P!"" #$$+ %n $" %! R+#$%nJG#n"" %n As 5ou LieIt , #n O$%%# %+ '" %n"'"+" %n *%$# J C"+#'% !#n %n D/" O'+%n ! $"+!"', %n T,el$th Night ). In !%+ +%! %"n%%"+, "+ "" "n+ $"

' /'!"' &$%#" !" +%/#%n+. T!"'" %+ "n #n "7!#n" $" $""'+,/ +"%"+, !" $""'+ n %'"$ '"#! !"%' "+%n#%n+, !"'" #'" '%n+' n"$#"+ " %"n #+ "n+ $".

T!"+" &$+ "n %n$" /'n"+ (/'n"+ #'++ !" +"#, %n !"+, ' n" &$#"J n !" !"') # !" "n !%!, !" /n $"'+


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""'" '" "7&"'%"n". @'""', # !" "n !" /'n" +"!%n!#&&"n+ #" !"%' $" +%#$$ #"&#$", +" +' '"&"n#n",'"n%%n, '""#$" "n+ $" #n %"n%%"+ #n /+/#$$, !" "%"+ "n%n (/$%&$") #''%#"(+).

T!/! !"'" #'" n/"'/+ +%%$#'%%"+ #n !" "%"+, !" #'""' %+%n !" n" ' !" !"', !" +#" n"n%n+ "%n /+"

%"'"n "n ""+ #n !" +/'"+ "%n n n$ /+", / '#n+'" S!#"+&"#'" '"#! /'!"' % ""+, n !" n" !#n, / #$+ &"n !"# "%#%n #n "#". Love8s La-our8s Lost , ' %n+#n", %+ n+%"'"n" !" + /'$ #n "'"'#$ "%"+ '%"n S!#"+&"#'". I "%n+%! !" '#%n # +'

6


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#'%+'#%, #$" /n% (!" K%n N##''" #n !%+ $$"'+= Ln#%$$",D/#%n" #n B"'n") #n !" ' %+%++ ""'!%n nn"" +"n%"n#$% #n $" %n #' +/ #n +"$-%&'""n. T!" &'"+"n" Dn A'%#n " A'# %+ n n$ " '"# #+ !#%n % ""+, /"7"n%n, %! !%+ $%n/%+% "7'###n", !" #'%+'#% /n% ##"%%#n+.

3ERDINAND MR"#+ # $""' '%"n Dn A'# S % %+, "+%""%! +#$"-$/'" "$#n!$, I % "n !" $#-&&'"++%n!//'

!" + !$"+" &!+% !!"#$!-%%n #%'Q #n, #+ I # #"n$"#n, " +"$ #$. T!"%" !"n. A/ !" +%7! !/'Q !"n"#++ + '#", %'+ "+ &", #n"n +% n !# n/'%+!"n !%!%+ #$$" +/&&"'= + /!

' !" %" !"n. N ' !" '/n!%!Q !%!, I "#n, I #$" /&n= % %+ -$"&" ! '. T!"n ' !" &$#" !"'"Q!"'", I "#n, I % "n/n"' !# +"n"#n &'"&+"'/+ ""n, !# '#"! ' +n-!%" &"n !" "n-$/'" %n,!%! !"'" !/ %""+, "!$"+,+/'""+, ' +""+Q

/ !" &$#" !"'"Q % +#n"! n'!-n'!-"#+ #n "#+ ' !" "+'n"' ! /'%/+-n" #'"n=!"'" % I +"" !# $-+&%'%"+#%n, !# #+" %nn ! %'!, (Love8s La-our8s Lost , I, 1)

T!"%' "'+ #'" !#'" !" # !# !" #$$ %n $" %! !"

P'%n"++ 3'#n" #n !"' !'"" $$"'+= R+#$%n", @#'%# #n K#!"'%n". T!"$#%"+, !""', &$#n '% !"%' $"'+, #n !" +%! !"%' %"n%%"+ #n!"+"$"+ "#'%n #++. Un$%" !"' "%"+, !/!, !%+ "+ n "n%n #''%#", "+&%" !"


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/%$+"n, !" /&$"+ #'" #''%", $"++" !" #%'%"+, ! #'" '"n%$"#n '"/n%" #+ "$$. H""', /&n !"%' '"/'n !" %, !" n"'+ !"'"+ #'" %+%++" %n # '#%n#$ %+"$%" #n %+%++#$ !" %''#%n#$, !"+ "%n +""n #+ # +" !# "$/"+ !" #/!'% '"#+n, # +" n/+%n, ""&%n #n #n"++, !" #/!'% !" #!"' (E"/+) #n !"K%n.

T,el$th Night' /n$%" A "i(su**er Night8s Drea*, "+ n #" # %'"'""'"n" #n "+%%%"+, !""', !" %$" '""'+ !" C/' %n"' '""$+,"+&"%#$$ !" "$" #+ C!'%+#+, "n%n %! !" E&%&!#n (!" T"$!N%!). The re$erence to T,el$th Night invoes the cli*actic *o*ent o$ the$estive season' a ,or$ree &erio( o$ license( *isrule given over to *usic'(ancing' $easting an( (rining in ,hich' in i*agination' at least' *asters an(servants *a% tra(e &laces' e;changes

:0


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o$ i(entit%' (isguise an( cross(ressing -eco*e te*&oraril% &er*issi-le' an( in,hich sca&egoats are targete(. (R. S!#/!n"++). T!" &$# %+ +" %n !"%#%n#' /" I$$'%#, #n %+ "%nn%n %+ #'" +#n"++ #n"$#n!$= O$%%# /'n+ !" "#! !"' '!"' /+ #+ *%$# /'n+ !"&'"+/" "#! !"' n '!"' $+ %n # +!%&'". A"' n/+" %"n%%"+,+"'#" %n+ ' +%!" $"'+ #n n/+%n, !#'n #n /n% #'"

'"+'" #n /&$"+ #'" '". A +"n#' &$, %n ""&%n %! !" "+%"%" !" T"$! N%!, %+ "n"'" n !" +"'%/+ #n %$$ +"#' @#$$%,! ""+ !" #'" # '/"$ &'#n "%+" S%' T #n !%+ "'''%"n+ "7&+%n@#$$%?+ +"'" $" ' O$%%#, !%+ #%%n #n !&'%+.

As 5ou Lie It %+ #n!"' "' &$%#" &$# !# %n"'%n"+ !" $"&$+ %! !" "' +"'%/+ #n #n"'/+ &$%%#$ +!""+. T!" +" %+ %%"##%n """n !" % #n !" +, !" % "%n # &$#" '"#+n #n#n"', '"&'"+"n" ! !" #n%+!"n !" '%!/$ /" #n

O$%"'?+ &$#n " '% !%+ /n"' '!"'. T!" +, !" !%%n &$#" !"D/", "", # $"#+ "&'#'%$, # +#" !#'/' ' '/n##+, # &$#" "#+"#n '#n>/%$%, / #$+ $" n/+%n #n +%!" %"n%%"+. A !" "n

!" &$#, !" +""'#$ $""$+ #'" /n%" /$%&$" #''%#"+, ' !" /&&"'$#"'= !" D/"?+ #/!"' R+#$%n" #n O'$#n, !%+ '!"', O$%"', #n !"D/"?+ n%""

C"$%#, !/+ +$%n !" &$%%#$, #+ "$$ #+ !" #%$ n;%, !" $"'= !"+!"&!"' S%$%/+ #n P!"", #+ "$$ #+ T/!+n" #n A/'". T!" #n"'&+" !" /+/'&"' %+ %'#/$/+$ +$" -+#" #n !" D/"


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%! ""+ +""'" #n "#' '#$ /,3/$$ %+" +#+ #n "'n %n+#n"+QAn + !" &$#+ !%+ '. T!" +%7! #" +!%+In !" $"#n #n +$%&&"' n#$n,%! +&"#$"+ n n+" #n &/! n +%",H%+ /!/$ !+", "$$ +#", # '$ %"

3' !%+ +!'/n +!#nQ #n !%+ % #n$ %",

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renaissance literature. shakespeare_s comedies

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