RENAISSANCE

RENAISSANCE

•1300-1600

•‘rebirth’ of Greek and Roman culture

•Art

•Literature

•Language

•Philosophy

RENAISSANCE V. MIDDLE AGES

RENAISSANCE

• Art for individual glory, fame

• Portraits, Autobiographies

• Rome/Greek learning

• Homer, Plato, Aristotle,

Humanist-learning everyone

should know

• Worldly Learning

• Exotic food, fabric

• Love life not offensive to God

MIDDLE AGES

•Art for God

• Learning was not important

• Everything done to show

respect for God

• Live poorly

•Wear rough clothing

• Eat simply

HUMANISM

• Humanism—intellectual movement focused

on human achievements

• Studied classical texts, history, literature,

philosophy

• No limit to man’s potential

• Religion does not have to agree with science

and art

• Renaissance society was secular, worldly

• Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes

CITY STATES

•Florence

•Venice

•Milan

•Genoa

•Exchange in ideas

•Most of Italy was still rural

MERCHANTS AND PATRONS

• Merchants (businesspeople) who were the wealthiest and

most powerful class in each city-state.

• Earned money from industries like banking

• Used money to support and encourage the arts

• Patrons- individuals, families, or organizations that

financially support the arts.

• De Medici Family

• Roman Catholic Church

• Wealthy individuals

• Because they pay, they have control over what is created

DE MEDICI FAMILY

•Most famous merchants and patrons

•Allowed for artists to focus on art without

worrying about money

• Supported art, architecture, and science

• Famous artists they supported include

Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello,

Leonardo da Vinci, and Galileo Galilei

ART

• Artistic Styles Change

• Artists use realistic style copied

from classical art, often to portray

religious subjects

• Painters use perspective, a way to

show three dimensions on a canvas

• Realistic Painting and Sculpture

• The biblical David is a favorite subject

among sculptors

CHARACTERISTICS OF ART

Paintings

• Vivid Color

• Dramatic

• Appearance of 3-dimensions

• Realistic

• Both Secular and Religious

subject matter, however this is

the first time secular even is an

option

Sculpture

•VERY detailed

•Lifelike

•usually fully or partially

nude to show details of

the human body

•Dramatic

MICHAELANGELO

• The Pieta- Jesus after crucifixion laying in his mother, Mary’s, lap

• David- 13 feet tall, considered to be virtually perfect

• Sistine Chapel- Took 4 years. 141’ x 43’. 9 scenes from the Bible

containing 300 people. Includes the Creation of Adam.

LEONARDO DA VINCI

•The Last

Supper

•Mona

Lisa

RAPHAEL• School of Athens- includes depictions of Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Pythagoras. In the

library at the Vatican

• Sistine Madonna- Depicts various moods. Most famous are the angels at the bottom

• Pope Julius II- Became model for Pope portraits in the future

• The Transfiguration- Largest canvas painting, one of the last before his death

MACHIAVELLI

• ‘The Prince’

• How one ought to rule

• Better to be feared than loved

• Considered a masterpiece

• Political Philosophy

• Written in Italian vernacular opposed to Latin

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

• Refers to Renaissance outside of Italy

• France- Many Italians moved to France including da Vinci.

French architecture changed as well from gothic castles

to beautiful chateaus

• Dutch- painting style and philosophy of humanism

• German- printing press created by Johannes

Gutenberg, later the Reformation (spoiler). Printing

press allows for quick and cheap book production=

spread of books, ideas, learning spreads quickly

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

• England- one of the last to have a renaissance- After Hundred

Years War ends, cities begin to grow rapidly

• Elizabethan Era- 1558-1603, the Golden Age

• Peace and prosperity

• Shakespeare- wrote many sonnets and plays about nobility as

well as common people. Famous works include Hamlet, Othello,

Romeo & Juliet, Macbeth, Taming of the Shrew, and A Midsummer

Night’s Dream. He is one of the greatest writers of the English

language and is credited with adding over 3,000 words to the

language.

RENAISSANCE LEGACY

CHANGES IN SOCIETY

• Printing press makes

information easily and widely

available

• People become literate

• Maps and charts= new discoveries

• Rights and laws are written down-

known to everyone

• Governing bodies (including the

Church) come into question

CHANGES IN ART

• Influenced by classical Greece and

Rome

• Realistic portrayals of individuals

and nature

• Art is both secular and religious

• Writers use vernacular

• Art praises individual achievement

REFORMATION

EARLY REFORMERS

• John Wycliffe (1324-1384)

• Was against Papal authority and the Catholic Church

being institutionalized

• Felt ministers should be humble, not have authority

• Followers called Lollards (derogatory term)

• Translated the Bible to English- few people could read, he

felt everyone should be able to read the Bible

• In 1415 he was declared a heretic

• His views were precursors to the Reformation

EARLY REFORMERS

•Jan Huss (1369-1415)

•Supporter of Wycliffe

•Also against the authority of the

Catholic Church

•Excommunicated and later

burned at the stake

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

Church Authority Challenged

• Secularism, individualism of Renaissance challenge Church authority

• Rulers challenge Church’s power

• Printing press spreads secular ideas

• Northern merchants resent paying church taxes

Criticisms of the Catholic Church

• Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes

• Poorly educated priests

MARTIN LUTHER

Luther’s Teachings

• People can win salvation by faith in

God

•Christian teachings must be

based on the Bible, not the pope

and Church traditions

•All people with faith are equal,

can interpret Bible without

priests

MARTIN LUTHER

The 95 Theses

• Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of

indulgences

• Indulgence—a pardon releasing a person from penalty for

a sin

• In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking “pardon-

merchants”

• Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany

• Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses launches the

Reformation—a movement for religious reform

• Reformation rejects pope’s authority

POPES RESPONSE TO LUTHER

• Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate

Luther (1520)

• Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away

• Luther refuses to take back his statements and is

excommunicated

The Emperor’s Opposition

• Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor

• Edict of Worms (1521), declaring Luther a heretic

• Luther and followers begin a separate religious group—

Lutherans

PEASANTS REVOLT

• Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to the social, political, and economic conditions

(1524)

• Revolted against the upper classes—burned castles and monasteries

• Looked to Luther for support- he did not believe in violent social revolution

• This assertion increased political support for his religious movement

• In May 1525, the German princes put down the revolt in a bloody confrontation, about 100,000 people

die

Germany at War

• Some princes side with Luther, become known as Protestants

• Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to Catholic Church

• Peace of Augsburg (1555)—each prince can decide religion of his state

JOHN CALVIN

• John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536):

• we are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation

• God chooses who will be saved— predestination

• Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings

Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland

• Calvin says ideal government is theocracy—rule by religious

leaders

• Geneva becomes a strict Protestant theocracy led by Calvin

Example- only art form allowed it music- vocal

only- no instruments

CALVINISM

Calvinism Spreads

• John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland, followers are

Presbyterians

• Church governed by laymen called presbyters, or elders

• Calvin’s followers in France called Huguenots

• Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris (1572)

• King of France swayed by his mother- convinced him there

would be an uprising

• Once the killing began it was virtually impossible to stop

• Paris killing= 3,000

• France killing total= 70,000

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND

HENRY VIII

• Henry VIII - Tudor family dynasty- Catholic

• Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon-

Catholic- gave him a daughter- Mary

• Needs a son to carry on the family name (heir)

• Wants to annul marriage to Catherine in

order to marry Anne Boleyn – Protestant

• Henry asked Pope to end first marriage,

Pope refuses

• Divorce was against the Catholic Church

HENRY VIII

• Act of Supremacy- Removes power of Pope

over England

• Creates his own church- Church of England-

Anglican Church- with Henry VIII as the

leader

• All tithes payed to the crown

• Monasteries closed, all money and land

returned to the crown

• Thomas Moore, one of his advisors, is beheaded

for siding with the Pope over the King

HENRY VIII WIVES• Catherine of Aragon- Mother of Mary.

Divorced

• Anne Boleyn- Mother of Elizabeth.

Beheaded- Tower of London, false

charges.

• Jane Seymour- Mother of Edward. Dies

days after child birth. Edward always

sick, dies at a young age.

• Anne of Cleaves- Divorced

• Catherine Howard- Executed

• Catherine Parr- Widowed (outlived

Henry VIII)

HENRY VIII CHILDREN

• Edward VI- Protestant

• Dies at 9 years old

• Mary- Catholic

• Orders persecution of Protestants who refuse

to become Catholic again

• Earns her title of Bloody Mary

• Dies

• Elizabeth I- Protestant

• Parliament approves Church of England

• Golden Age

CATHOLIC REFORMATION

• Catholic Church decides to meet to make changes to regain

strength within their church

• Council of Trent

• Things that remained the same:

• Only Church could explain the Bible

• Faith and good works= salvation

• Pope highest authority

• Church ritual to remain in Catholic faith

• Pope could not marry

• Things that would change:

• Indulgences would no longer be sold

• More disciplined clergymen

• Seminaries to train clergy

• Jesuits to serve and spread the Church’s

teachings

LEGACY OF REFORMATION

Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation

• End of religious unity throughout Europe- Catholic Church is unified; Protestant

denominations grow

• Catholics and Protestants create schools throughout Europe= literacy important,

more people want to learn to read the Bible themselves

• Status of women does not improve

Political Effects of the Reformation

• Catholic Church’s power lessens, power of monarchs and states grow- decline of

Theocracy

• Theocracy- government controlled by religious leaders

• Reformation’s questioning of beliefs brings intellectual ferment

• Late 18th century sees a new intellectual movement—the Enlightenment