renaissance outside of italy

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Renaissance outside of Italy 1440s-early 1600s

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Renaissance outside of Italy. 1440s-early 1600s. End of the Italian Renaissance. Two causes: Printing & gunpowder Printing: Allowed ideas and artistic movements to be transmitted en masse  people stopped having to go to Italy to exchange ideas - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Renaissance outside of Italy

Renaissance outside of Italy1440s-early 1600s

Page 2: Renaissance outside of Italy

End of the Italian RenaissanceTwo causes: Printing & gunpowderPrinting:

Allowed ideas and artistic movements to be transmitted en masse people stopped having to go to Italy to exchange ideas

Other people started attracting Italian artists to courtArt, philosophy and academia move away from Italy

Gunpowder:Encouraged campaigning over long distances—more people

were able to conquer places further from home (printing also allowed them to govern from afar)

Caused larger states like France and HRE to grow in strength

Causes them to attack into small Italian city-states and force concessions out of them = loss of political influence

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ThesisA combination of the increased trade and a

newfound emphasis on education (to combat superstition) led to a blossoming of Renaissance ideas in Northern Europe. However because it occurred much later and compounded with a series of political and religious tensions the Renaissance took more spiritual, ethical, introspective form in the North—one that would eventually go against the traditional Catholic Church. This, coupled with the rise of printing and subsequent flow over information led to unrest which would eventually lead to a series of violent upheavals known as the Reformation.

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Northern Renaissance Beginningsstarted as a result of trade—

Flemish, Dutch, and English merchants made money and began to patronize artists (see artist lecture notes)

Church had more of an interest up north—caused Christian Humanism which is an attempt to boil down Christianity to help society

Big Christian humanists: Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England. More wrote Utopia; Erasmus wrote Praise of Folly

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Life in the NorthPolitically Northern Europe had moved

somewhat past the Middle Ages (into a weird sort of limbo); from a cultural standpoint it was a society in decline:Fake chivalry, bravery, and tournaments were

still the norm (Blind King John of Bohemia) Also led to excess, fake courtly love

Increased interest in the macabre—danse macabre style—and fascination with occult communication and resurrection

Devils, witches, and increased superstition—Malleus Maleficarum

New fascination with relics and idolatry

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TradeThe growth of cities and merchants had

monumental impact on the economyCommercial Revolution: Money, guilds

appearCog was invented in 1200s, equated to

modern invention of Jumbo JetNorthern coastal cities set up Hanseatic

League of trade along the Baltic Sea centered at Lübeck

Entrepreneurship developed, economy now based on money

Salt, wool, amber, ale, etc. made up the trade market

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Riga

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Riga

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Tallinn

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Tallinn

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Powerful trading networkFirst commodity exchange—even created

own trade Parliament – Economics explanation

Went for economic enterprise to political juggernaut (whoever has the gold makes the rules)

Centered at Lübeck in modern day GermanyTrade was based around SaltOne of the first and only examples of

complete capitalism and democracy within trade

The Hanseatic League

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PoliticsSeries of wars in the Late Middle Ages (Hundred Years’

War is the biggest) lead to knew sense of unityGroups of people begin to think of themselves as a unit

Most of Europe though is still smaller states…But, as Machiavellian ideas spread north various

leaders begin consolidation through violence and politicsFrench monarchy consolidates old vassalages and grows

in power with help of Estates-GeneralSpain unifies in ReconquistaHapsburgs consolidate power over central Europe and

HREdo most of this through dynastic marriage Also marry into Spain and Low Countries

In the East the real power is Lithuania, but Russia is emerging

One exception is England, which is reeling from losing Hundred Years’ War (more on this in a couple weeks)

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Religion after AvignonNeedless to say this weakens the church,

But first they need money, so they sell indulgences to get it back, no problem

But then they want to be cool, so the church turns to the influence of Medicis and patronizes of the artsChurch embraces Renaissance (Raphael, Michelangelo, etc.) build St.

Peters, Sistine Chapel, etc. = Costs a lot of money And Medici’s get elected Pope (Leo X, Clement VII) and run through

treasury (and are nepotists)Again uses indulgences to raise cash but this time it upsets people since

it is more for material gainFirst person to complain about this is Jan Hus—excommunicated and

burnedThen English scholar John Wycliffe mentions the church may be out of

touch and maybe they should reform (More & Erasmus like this)But compatriot William Tyndale takes this too far—he wants the Bible

published in English and plans to mass produce it on the new printing press—ohh the heresy!!!!

END RESULT, CHRUCH IN NORTH IS BORDERLINE MESS

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Academia & PhilosophyThomas Aquinas’s 13th century Scholasticism:

Summa Theologica human reason can embrace all truth and reconcile differences—but all this is a gift from God

Led to nominalists, who focused on the way the world was described, and what could be seen. The universe should be interpreted through direct experience.Leader was William of Ockham: Ockham’s

razor—between two explanations, the simpler is always preferred

Eventually led to appeal to (spiritual) logic and reason known loosely as Neoplatonism

Oxford and Paris Universities took the lead

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Erasmus and MoreErasmus is Dutch considered greatest thinker of his

age; educated by monksTried to use ideas of knowledge and religion to take

people past the middle agesThis does NOT mean he liked the church, he saw it as

uneducated, corrupt, and broken Used satire to criticize corruption and vice Praise of Folly

Emphasized inner piety tried to go back to scriptures to find God

More was English, received classical education at Oxford

Good close personal friend of Henry VIII (and Erasmus)Rose to the position of Lord Chancellor

Wanted to reform the church to created idealistic life—theme of Utopia

Hardcore Catholic to the end—would lose his head for this

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PrintingArguably the single most important development in the

history of EuropeDeveloped: Movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in

late 1440s in Mainz, Germany, imported from China (kinda). Gutenberg Bible printed 1455.The spread to rest of HRE, Italy, Low Countries and

BritainWorks by having blocks of letter that you put in order

and then reprintFirst printed advertisements seen in 1466 Allowed the masses to be educated, read, and form

opinions—greatly hurts priests and helps class mobility—people begin to question wisdom and education of the church

Led directly to social upheaval in a massive, massive way, most notably the Reformation

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