renaissance, reformation, & exploration 1400-1600

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Page 1: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 2: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Renaissance,Renaissance,Reformation,Reformation,

&&ExplorationExploration1400-16001400-1600

Page 3: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Renaissance DefinedRenaissance Defined

BIGBIG Idea: During the Idea: During the Renaissance, Western Renaissance, Western Europeans experienced a Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening, profound cultural awakening, signaling the beginning of signaling the beginning of modern times.modern times.

Page 4: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

RenaissanceRenaissance : Rebirth of interest in classical : Rebirth of interest in classical

ideas and cultures.ideas and cultures.– What are the classical cultures?What are the classical cultures?

Ancient Greek knowledge was Ancient Greek knowledge was preserved in the Byzantine and preserved in the Byzantine and Muslim empires.Muslim empires.

Page 5: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

HumanismHumanism

Focused on Liberal Arts. Focused on Liberal Arts. – Philosophy, History, Art, LiteraturePhilosophy, History, Art, Literature

Individualism: emphasized the Individualism: emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual.dignity and worth of the individual.– ““Man is the measure of all things.”Man is the measure of all things.”

– Renaissance Man: individual skilled in many Renaissance Man: individual skilled in many areas.areas.

Page 6: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Was religion important in Medieval Was religion important in Medieval life?life?

Secular: focus on worldly, not Secular: focus on worldly, not religious themes.religious themes.– LaypeopleLaypeople, not monks,, not monks, became the became the

leading intellectuals.leading intellectuals.– Worldly immortality via art and Worldly immortality via art and

literature.literature.

Page 7: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Think back to our last unit.Think back to our last unit.

What social changes occurred during What social changes occurred during the late middle ages that broke down the late middle ages that broke down feudalism?feudalism?

What specific event encouraged new What specific event encouraged new learning in Europe at the beginning learning in Europe at the beginning of the 13of the 13thth Century (the 1200s)? Century (the 1200s)?

Page 8: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

ItalyItaly birthplace of the birthplace of the

Renaissance.Renaissance.– Why?Why?

GeographyGeography– At a trading crossroadAt a trading crossroad

Classical past was visibly Classical past was visibly present in Italy.present in Italy.

Page 9: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

New Social OrderNew Social Order Upper: merchants and Upper: merchants and

bankers replaced the bankers replaced the landed nobility.landed nobility.– Banking & checks replaced heavy coins.Banking & checks replaced heavy coins.

Middle: shop-keepers and Middle: shop-keepers and artisans.artisans.

Lower: rural peasants and Lower: rural peasants and poor urban workers.poor urban workers.

Page 10: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 11: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Assignment/ActivityAssignment/Activity

No homework!No homework!

Page 12: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Renaissance Masters & Renaissance Masters & MasterpiecesMasterpieces

Page 13: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

A return to Greek and Roman A return to Greek and Roman styles.styles.

Page 14: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

ArchitectureArchitecture

Brunelleschi’s Cathedral of FlorenceBrunelleschi’s Cathedral of Florence

Page 15: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Michelangelo’Michelangelo’s “David”s “David”

Page 16: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

PaintingPainting

Perspective, giving depth.Perspective, giving depth. EmotionsEmotions Frescos: painting on damp Frescos: painting on damp

plaster.plaster.

Page 17: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”

Page 18: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Da Vinci’s Da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”“Mona Lisa”

Page 19: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Raphael’s “School of Raphael’s “School of Athens”Athens”

Page 20: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 21: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Michelangelo’s “Sistine Chapel”Michelangelo’s “Sistine Chapel”

Page 22: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

The Renaissance ManThe Renaissance Man

Page 23: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

ActivityActivity Visit the Irving Museum of Visit the Irving Museum of

Renaissance Art.Renaissance Art.– Look around and select your Look around and select your

favorite piece of Renaissance favorite piece of Renaissance artwork.artwork.

– Explain how it reflects Explain how it reflects Renaissance themes and/or styles.Renaissance themes and/or styles.

– Tell me why you like it.Tell me why you like it.

Page 24: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Renaissance WritingRenaissance Writing

BIG Idea: New printing BIG Idea: New printing technology allowed Renaissance technology allowed Renaissance ideas to spread.ideas to spread.

Page 25: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

From parchment, or animal skin, From parchment, or animal skin, to paper in 12to paper in 12thth century Europe. century Europe.– From ChinaFrom China

Page 26: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

A medieval book created by a monk.A medieval book created by a monk.

Page 27: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

How did the moveable type printing press help the Renaissance spread?

How did movable type help the Renaissance spread?How did movable type help the Renaissance spread?

Page 28: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

The Printing PressThe Printing Press Invented by Johannes Gutenberg Invented by Johannes Gutenberg

in the 1450s.in the 1450s. Used individual, moveable type.Used individual, moveable type.

Page 29: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Books could be made cheaper Books could be made cheaper and faster, and thus became and faster, and thus became more abundant in Europe.more abundant in Europe.

Page 30: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

LiteratureLiterature

Machiavelli “The Prince” Machiavelli “The Prince” – (We’ll read some of this.)(We’ll read some of this.)

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

Page 31: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Who’s this guy?Who’s this guy?

Page 32: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

ELT: Give examples of how ELT: Give examples of how philosophical beliefs have influenced philosophical beliefs have influenced various aspects of society throughout various aspects of society throughout history.history.

Why are politicians lying liars?Why are politicians lying liars?

Let’s take a look at Let’s take a look at The PrinceThe Prince by by Machiavelli.Machiavelli.

Page 33: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation BIG Idea: In 16BIG Idea: In 16thth

Century (1500s) Century (1500s) Germany, a Germany, a desire for church desire for church reform led to a reform led to a new form of new form of Christianity Christianity called called Protestantism.Protestantism.

Page 34: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

What was religion like in medieval Europe?What was religion like in medieval Europe?

Page 35: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Martin LutherMartin Luther

German monk/professorGerman monk/professor

Justification by faith: Luther’s Justification by faith: Luther’s concept that faith alone is enough to concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation, or acceptance into bring salvation, or acceptance into heaven.heaven.

Page 36: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

What’s going on here?What’s going on here?

Page 37: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Luther’s Protest AgainstLuther’s Protest Against

Indulgences: certificates sold by the Indulgences: certificates sold by the Catholic Church to reduce or cancel Catholic Church to reduce or cancel punishment for a person’s sin.punishment for a person’s sin.

Page 38: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Oct. 31Oct. 31stst, 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses., 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses.

Page 39: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Luther’s 95 Theses Luther’s 95 Theses (1517)(1517)

Criticized indulgences and other Criticized indulgences and other church corruption.church corruption.

Copies spread fast due to movable Copies spread fast due to movable type.type.– PopularPopular

Page 40: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Why was Germany, or the Holy Why was Germany, or the Holy Roman Empire, exceptional at Roman Empire, exceptional at this time?this time?

How could this political How could this political landscape have prevented the landscape have prevented the Holy Roman Emperor from Holy Roman Emperor from silencing Luther?silencing Luther?

Page 41: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

“ “ I am bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have I am bound by the Sacred Scriptures I have cited…and my conscience is captive to the cited…and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant Word of God. I cannot and will not recant (take back) anything.”(take back) anything.”– Martin LutherMartin Luther

In 1521, the Pope excommunicates In 1521, the Pope excommunicates Luther as a heretic.Luther as a heretic.

Pope Leo X

Page 42: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Luther’s other opinionsLuther’s other opinions Supported the feudal Supported the feudal

social hierarchy.social hierarchy.– Luther’s call for religious freedom Luther’s call for religious freedom

led to peasant calls for freedom led to peasant calls for freedom from feudalism.from feudalism.

– Lords violently put down peasant Lords violently put down peasant revolts and Luther sided with the revolts and Luther sided with the lords.lords.

Virulent anti-SemiteVirulent anti-Semite– Luther’s anti-Semitic writings were Luther’s anti-Semitic writings were

reproduced by the Nazis.reproduced by the Nazis.

Page 43: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

LutheranismLutheranism First protestant faith.First protestant faith. Bible as the Bible as the onlyonly source of source of

religious truth.religious truth.– Readings during religious Readings during religious

services.services.– Catholicism stressed good works and Catholicism stressed good works and

church rituals.church rituals.

Page 44: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

AssignmentAssignment

ELT: Give examples of how religion ELT: Give examples of how religion has influenced aspects of society has influenced aspects of society throughout history.throughout history.

Let’s take a look at the 95 Theses.Let’s take a look at the 95 Theses.

Page 45: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

The Spread of ProtestantismThe Spread of Protestantism

BIGBIG Idea: The Idea: The Reformation Reformation spread spread throughout throughout Europe (1500s) Europe (1500s) and began to and began to divide.divide.

Page 46: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

CalvinismCalvinism Strict code of Strict code of

conduct.conduct. All powerful, All All powerful, All

knowing God.knowing God. Predestination: Predestination:

God determines God determines the fate of every the fate of every person person in in advanceadvance..

Page 47: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 48: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

What’s going on?What’s going on?

Page 49: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

AnabaptistsAnabaptists

What does baptism symbolize?What does baptism symbolize?

Only baptized adultsOnly baptized adults– Free and informed decisionFree and informed decision

Separation of church and stateSeparation of church and state– Fled to North America (1600s)Fled to North America (1600s)– Baptists, Mennonites, and AmishBaptists, Mennonites, and Amish

Page 50: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 51: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Anglicanism Anglicanism (a.k.a. The Church of England)(a.k.a. The Church of England)

Henry VIII split with the Catholic Church Henry VIII split with the Catholic Church when the pope refused him a divorce.when the pope refused him a divorce.

A blend of Protestantism and Catholicism.A blend of Protestantism and Catholicism.

Page 52: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent 1545Council of Trent 1545

Ended indulgences.Ended indulgences.

Valued sacraments and the bible.Valued sacraments and the bible.

Page 53: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Bernini’s St. Peter’s Basilica in RomeBernini’s St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

Page 54: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

LaocoonLaocoon by El Greco by El Greco

Page 55: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

ActivityActivity

ELT: Trace the history of how ELT: Trace the history of how principal world religions developed principal world religions developed and spread.and spread.

Show me the religions of Europe Show me the religions of Europe during the Renaissance during the Renaissance geographically.geographically.– Turn to page 424 in Turn to page 424 in World History: The World History: The

Human ExperienceHuman Experience..

Page 56: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

In your journal, create and complete the chart In your journal, create and complete the chart above. Enter someone of your choosing in the ? above. Enter someone of your choosing in the ? row (you, a relative, etc.).row (you, a relative, etc.).

Page 57: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

ExplorationExploration

BIG Idea: 15BIG Idea: 15thth Century Europeans Century Europeans sought a better trade route to sought a better trade route to Asia, excluding Arab middlemen.Asia, excluding Arab middlemen.

Page 58: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 59: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

TechnologyTechnology

Educated townspeople expanded Educated townspeople expanded upon classical knowledge to upon classical knowledge to improve maps and ships.improve maps and ships.– Cartographer: mapmakerCartographer: mapmaker– Ptolemy’s Grid SystemPtolemy’s Grid System

Page 60: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

CaravelCaravel– Multiple-mastsMultiple-masts– Triangular SailsTriangular Sails– Drew little waterDrew little water

Page 61: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600
Page 62: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

PortugalPortugal

Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama pioneered a pioneered a water route water route around Africa around Africa to India.to India.– Direct route Direct route

to Asiato Asia Controlled the Controlled the

spice trade.spice trade.

Page 63: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

SpainSpain Columbus attempts to sail west Columbus attempts to sail west

across the Atlantic to reach India.across the Atlantic to reach India. Reaches the Caribbean islands.Reaches the Caribbean islands. Amerigo Vespucci later suggests Columbus Amerigo Vespucci later suggests Columbus

discovered a “new world”discovered a “new world”

Page 64: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Spanish ConquistadorsSpanish Conquistadors

Used “Guns, Germs, and Steel” Used “Guns, Germs, and Steel” to conquer Native Americans and to conquer Native Americans and establish an empire.establish an empire.

, , &

Page 65: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Cortés with Montezuma II

Hernán Cortés conquered the Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs.Aztecs.

Page 66: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Pizarro and Atahuallpa

Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca.Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca.

Page 67: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

The transatlantic exchange of The transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases plants, animals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, & Asia between Europe, Africa, & Asia on one side, and the Americas on on one side, and the Americas on the other beginning in 1492.the other beginning in 1492.

Page 68: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Columbian Exchange Flow Chart

Page 69: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Slave TradeSlave Trade

Empires in the Americas used Empires in the Americas used native, then African slave labor native, then African slave labor to grow crops.to grow crops.

Purchased from African Purchased from African merchants.merchants.– Increased warfare and Increased warfare and

depopulation in Africa.depopulation in Africa.

Page 70: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Triangular: between Europe, Triangular: between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.Africa, and the Americas.

Page 71: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

10-24 enslaved Africans.10-24 enslaved Africans. 1/5 died on the middle passage.1/5 died on the middle passage.

Page 72: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Assignment/ActivityAssignment/Activity

ELT: Analyze how forces of change ELT: Analyze how forces of change have influenced societies throughout have influenced societies throughout history.history.

Let’s learn more about the Let’s learn more about the Columbian Exchange from the Columbian Exchange from the leading scholar in the field.leading scholar in the field.

Page 73: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Commerce in Europe Commerce in Europe (1600s)(1600s)

BIG Idea: Overseas trade and the BIG Idea: Overseas trade and the conquest of empires expanded conquest of empires expanded Europe’s economy and formed Europe’s economy and formed the roots of modern capitalism.the roots of modern capitalism.

Page 74: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

MercantilismMercantilism

: nations competed for wealth.: nations competed for wealth.– Nations overpowered cities.Nations overpowered cities.– Government banks replaced Government banks replaced

banking families.banking families. Tried to export more than they Tried to export more than they

imported.imported.

? =

Page 75: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

Grow of entrepreneurs, or profit-Grow of entrepreneurs, or profit-seeking business owners.seeking business owners.

Joint-stock company: many Joint-stock company: many people invested in an overseas people invested in an overseas venture.venture.– Shared the risks and profits.Shared the risks and profits.

Page 76: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

Demographic Demographic (Population)(Population) ChangesChanges

Population doubled.Population doubled.– From 55 million in 1450 to 100 million in From 55 million in 1450 to 100 million in

1650.1650.

Increased Urbanization.Increased Urbanization. Merchants Merchants (businesspeople)(businesspeople)

prospered, Nobility declined.prospered, Nobility declined.

Page 77: Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration 1400-1600

AssignmentAssignment ELT: Describe characteristics of ELT: Describe characteristics of

specific economic systems and how specific economic systems and how these systems have existed in these systems have existed in different ways at different times different ways at different times throughout history.throughout history.

Let’s take a closer look at Joint-Stock Let’s take a closer look at Joint-Stock Companies, the precursor to Companies, the precursor to modern-day corporations.modern-day corporations.

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Works CitedWorks CitedAtahuallpa and PizarroAtahuallpa and Pizarro. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009

<http://masbury.wordpress.com/2007/07/06/jesus-dissed-in-samaria/>.<http://masbury.wordpress.com/2007/07/06/jesus-dissed-in-samaria/>.Bernini. Bernini. Canopy above St. Peter's TombCanopy above St. Peter's Tomb. St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. Web. 25 . St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. Web. 25

Oct. 2009 <http://www.patoczka.net/Italy%201/pages/16%20Bernini'sOct. 2009 <http://www.patoczka.net/Italy%201/pages/16%20Bernini's%20canopy%20(Baldacchino)%20above%20St.%20Peters%20tomb,%20canopy%20(Baldacchino)%20above%20St.%20Peters%20tomb,%20St.%20Peters%20Basilica,%20Rome.htm>.%20St.%20Peters%20Basilica,%20Rome.htm>.

Bernini. Bernini. The Throne of St. PeterThe Throne of St. Peter. 1666. St. Peter's Cathedral, Vatican City. . 1666. St. Peter's Cathedral, Vatican City. Web. 25 Oct. 2009 <http://www.shafe.co.uk/art/Bernini-Web. 25 Oct. 2009 <http://www.shafe.co.uk/art/Bernini-_Catedra_Petri_(St_Peter-s).asp>._Catedra_Petri_(St_Peter-s).asp>.

Binding/UnknownBinding/Unknown. 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. . 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/>.2009 <http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/>.

Brunelleschi, Filippo. Brunelleschi, Filippo. Cupola of Florence CathedralCupola of Florence Cathedral. 1434. Private collection, . 1434. Private collection, Florence. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 Florence. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://www.dl.ket.org/humanities/arch/cupola.fwx>.<http://www.dl.ket.org/humanities/arch/cupola.fwx>.

Buonarroti, Michelangelo. Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The ceiling of the Sistine ChapelThe ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 1512. Sistene . 1512. Sistene Chapel, Vatican City. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 Chapel, Vatican City. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://www.cs.utah.edu/~bigler/pictures/europe2002/italy/italy.html>.<http://www.cs.utah.edu/~bigler/pictures/europe2002/italy/italy.html>.

Buonarroti, Michelangelo. Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Creation of AdamThe Creation of Adam. 1512. Sistene Chapel, . 1512. Sistene Chapel, Vatican City. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 Vatican City. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://www.worldgallery.co.uk/poster/Creation-of-Adam-330339.html>.<http://www.worldgallery.co.uk/poster/Creation-of-Adam-330339.html>.

Buonarroti, Michelangelo. Buonarroti, Michelangelo. DavidDavid. 1504. Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. . 1504. Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://www.florence-italy-apartments.com/links.htm>.<http://www.florence-italy-apartments.com/links.htm>.

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Caravel ImageCaravel Image. 2008. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 . 2008. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/maritime-<http://visual.merriam-webster.com/transport-machinery/maritime-transport/ancient-ships/caravel.php>.transport/ancient-ships/caravel.php>.

"Columbus Voyage." "Columbus Voyage." Christopher Columbus and the Age of ExporationChristopher Columbus and the Age of Exporation. . World Book, Inc. 10 Aug. 2009 World Book, Inc. 10 Aug. 2009 <http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/explorers/<http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/explorers/age_finding>.age_finding>.

da Vinci, Leonardo. da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona LisaMona Lisa. 1506. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Web. 18 Oct. . 1506. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 2009 <http://www.uwplatt.edu/web/presentations/pollingAndFeedback/pix/m<http://www.uwplatt.edu/web/presentations/pollingAndFeedback/pix/monalisa.jpg>.onalisa.jpg>.

da Vinci, Leonardo. da Vinci, Leonardo. The Last SupperThe Last Supper. 1498. Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. . 1498. Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/0/e/ldvpg_15.jpg>.<http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/0/e/ldvpg_15.jpg>.

da Vinci, Leonardo. da Vinci, Leonardo. Vitruvian ManVitruvian Man. 1519. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. . 1519. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://classes.design.ucla.edu/Winter09/9-1/blog/b/?cat=18>.2009 <http://classes.design.ucla.edu/Winter09/9-1/blog/b/?cat=18>.

El Greco. El Greco. LaocoonLaocoon. 1614. Samuel H. Kress Collection, Washington, D.C. . 1614. Samuel H. Kress Collection, Washington, D.C. Web. 25 Oct. 2009 Web. 25 Oct. 2009 <http://artcess.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/el_greco_laocoon.jpg>.<http://artcess.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/el_greco_laocoon.jpg>.

Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea B. Karls. Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea B. Karls. World History The Human World History The Human ExperienceExperience. New York: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1999. 402-50. Print.. New York: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1999. 402-50. Print.

Flowers, David D. Flowers, David D. John CalvinJohn Calvin. Private collection. Web. 24 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 24 Oct. 2009 <http://ddflowers.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/john-calvin-316-21/>.<http://ddflowers.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/john-calvin-316-21/>.

Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland. Map. . Map. Britannica Online for KidsBritannica Online for Kids Encyclopædia Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2009 Britannica, Inc, 2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2009 <http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-54823/Geneva-Switzerland>.<http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-54823/Geneva-Switzerland>.

Get Out of Jail FreeGet Out of Jail Free. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://freefirezone.wordpress.com/2009/01/>.<http://freefirezone.wordpress.com/2009/01/>.

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Gutenberg's Printing PressGutenberg's Printing Press. University of South Florida. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 . University of South Florida. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/44800/44880/44880_guten_press.htm>.<http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/44800/44880/44880_guten_press.htm>.

Heidelbach, Willi. Heidelbach, Willi. Metal Moveable TypeMetal Moveable Type. 2009. Private Collection. Web. 24 . 2009. Private Collection. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 Sep. 2009 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type_edit.jpg>.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type_edit.jpg>.

Hernan Cortes with Montezuma IIHernan Cortes with Montezuma II. Historical Picture Archive/Corbis. Web. 26 . Historical Picture Archive/Corbis. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138839/Hernan-Oct. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138839/Hernan-Cortes-marques-del-Valle-de-Oaxaca>.Cortes-marques-del-Valle-de-Oaxaca>.

Hull, Kay. Hull, Kay. Baby GoatBaby Goat. Private collection. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://www.nrm.co.nz/index.php/pi_pageid/8/pi_newsitemid/89>.<http://www.nrm.co.nz/index.php/pi_pageid/8/pi_newsitemid/89>.

Initial V: An Angel Before MicahInitial V: An Angel Before Micah. 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. . 1270. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/>.Web. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/>.

Lutheran SymbolLutheran Symbol. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/02016/c_symbols.htm>.<http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/02016/c_symbols.htm>.

Luther, Martin. Luther, Martin. Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen . 1543. Private collection. . 1543. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther>.Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-luther>.

Martin LutherMartin Luther. 2002. PBS DVD VIDEO. DVD-ROM.. 2002. PBS DVD VIDEO. DVD-ROM.Martin Luther's 95 ThesesMartin Luther's 95 Theses. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009

<http://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/C_Transp/C11_Reformation.html>.<http://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/C_Transp/C11_Reformation.html>.Martin LutherMartin Luther. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009

<http://theklines.wordpress.com/2007/10/11/sunday-school-notes-why-<http://theklines.wordpress.com/2007/10/11/sunday-school-notes-why-study-luther/>.study-luther/>.

Middle PassageMiddle Passage. Newsweek Magazine. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 . Newsweek Magazine. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu/moonmc/html/slavepic2.html>.<http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu/moonmc/html/slavepic2.html>.

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Ninja TurtlesNinja Turtles. 2009. Pritvate collection. Web. 19 Oct. 2009 . 2009. Pritvate collection. Web. 19 Oct. 2009 <http://gogreenmachine.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/welcome-to-go-<http://gogreenmachine.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/welcome-to-go-green-machineorg/>.green-machineorg/>.

Nixon ResignationNixon Resignation. 1974. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 . 1974. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://thisactuallyhappened.typepad.com/.a/6a010535fc6c30970c0120<http://thisactuallyhappened.typepad.com/.a/6a010535fc6c30970c0120a5366e2e970c-pi>.a5366e2e970c-pi>.

Parchment Making (Modern)Parchment Making (Modern). J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 . J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Web. 24 Sep. 2009 <http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/>.Sep. 2009 <http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/>.

Pope Selling Sinful IndulgencesPope Selling Sinful Indulgences. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://revelationofjesuschrist.wordpress.com/2008/11/29/doctrine-of-<http://revelationofjesuschrist.wordpress.com/2008/11/29/doctrine-of-balaam-placing-stumbling-blocks-in-the-way/>.balaam-placing-stumbling-blocks-in-the-way/>.

"Predestination Cartoon 1." Cartoon. "Predestination Cartoon 1." Cartoon. CartoonStockCartoonStock N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2009 <http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/predestination.asp>.2009 <http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/predestination.asp>.

President BushPresident Bush. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://www.fogcityjournal.com/wordpress/2008/03/15/neocon-<http://www.fogcityjournal.com/wordpress/2008/03/15/neocon-nuthouse/>.nuthouse/>.

ProtestProtest. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://mytopfive.wordpress.com/2008/09/11/unrequited-love-podcast-<http://mytopfive.wordpress.com/2008/09/11/unrequited-love-podcast-and-my-top-five-protest-songs/>.and-my-top-five-protest-songs/>.

SacramentsSacraments. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://outoftherock.wordpress.com/romanism-repudiated/sacraments-<http://outoftherock.wordpress.com/romanism-repudiated/sacraments-a-roman-invention/>.a-roman-invention/>.

Sanzio, Raphael. Sanzio, Raphael. The School of AthensThe School of Athens. 1510. Apostolic Palace, Rome. Web. . 1510. Apostolic Palace, Rome. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 18 Oct. 2009 <http://www.morris.umn.edu/academic/philosophy/Collier/Ancient<http://www.morris.umn.edu/academic/philosophy/Collier/Ancient%20Philosophy/ancient%20philosophy%20syllabus%202008.htm>. %20Philosophy/ancient%20philosophy%20syllabus%202008.htm>.

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ShakespeareShakespeare. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://www.britishschool.be/index.php?pid=419&id=80>. <http://www.britishschool.be/index.php?pid=419&id=80>.

ShakespeareShakespeare. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://www.edgehillcollege.typepad.com/drama/>.<http://www.edgehillcollege.typepad.com/drama/>.

Shakespeare ReadingShakespeare Reading. Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 20 Oct. 2009 <http://www.greenfield.durham.sch.uk/Shakespeare.htm>.<http://www.greenfield.durham.sch.uk/Shakespeare.htm>.

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange. Private collection. Web. 27 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 27 Oct. 2009 <http://mrthompson.org/text/2-3%20The%20Impact%20of<http://mrthompson.org/text/2-3%20The%20Impact%20of%20Colonization.htm>.%20Colonization.htm>.

The Wives of Henry VIIIThe Wives of Henry VIII. Private collection. Web. 25 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 25 Oct. 2009 <http://www.ict.oxon-lea.gov.uk/best_practice/henry/The%20Wives<http://www.ict.oxon-lea.gov.uk/best_practice/henry/The%20Wives%20of%20Henry%20VIII.htm>.%20of%20Henry%20VIII.htm>.

Titian. Titian. Pope Leo XPope Leo X. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://hansa-. Private collection. Web. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://hansa-hewlett.com/MLuther.htm>.hewlett.com/MLuther.htm>.

Touchton, Ken. Touchton, Ken. BaptismBaptism. 2004. Florida Baptist Witness, Jacksonville. . 2004. Florida Baptist Witness, Jacksonville. Web. 25 Oct. 2009 Web. 25 Oct. 2009 <http://www.floridabaptistwitness.com/2546.article>.<http://www.floridabaptistwitness.com/2546.article>.

Trade TriangleTrade Triangle. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/yhst-34591534167466/KnolSlaveTrade.<http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/yhst-34591534167466/KnolSlaveTrade.jpg>.jpg>.

Vasco da Gama's RouteVasco da Gama's Route. 2009. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 . 2009. Private collection. Web. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://www.worldbook.com/student/students?content_spotlight/expl<http://www.worldbook.com/student/students?content_spotlight/explorers/age_sailing&gr=Welcome+Kansas+Education>.orers/age_sailing&gr=Welcome+Kansas+Education>.

Vitruvian HomerVitruvian Homer. Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 . Private collection. Web. 18 Oct. 2009 <http://dodecahedron.gaia.com/photos/view/285947>. <http://dodecahedron.gaia.com/photos/view/285947>.