Renaissance & Reformation

SSWH 9: The student will analyze change and continuity in the

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance

Means “rebirth”

1350-1500

Rebirth in ancient Roman & Greek world

Began in Italy and spread throughout Europe.

Renaissance Characteristics

More worldly (secular) point of view

Increased wealth (due to trade)

Age of recoveryPlague

Black Death 1347 killed one-third of Europeans

Political instability

Decline of church The Great Schism 1378-1415

New view of human being (focus on individual ability)

Rise of FlorenceNo strong Italian MonarchBack to city-states:

MilanVeniceFlorence

Florence dominated TuscanyMedici family - Cosimo and Lorenzo

took over in 14th centuryruled Florence indirectly, through surrogates in the city councils, through threats, payoffs, strategic marriages - all the tools of despotism Power was rooted in bankingReform minded – arts & education; political protectionist

Machiavelli

The Princestill very influential regarding power

Analyzed how to take & keep political powerPrince’s attitude based on understanding of human nature as self-centered

Political activity cannot be restricted by moral principles

Prince acts on behalf of the state and cannot let his conscience determine his rule.

The crude idea: ends justify the means

MORALITY NOT basis for politics

Machiavelli continued…Doesn’t do away with morality nor advocate wholesale selfishness or degeneracy. Does outline his criteria for acceptable cruel actions (it must be swift, effective, and short-lived). Says that ironically good can come from evil actions.Catholic Church put The Prince its prohibited reading list and it was viewed negatively by many humanists such like Erasmus.The primary contribution of The Prince to the history of political thought is its fundamental break between realism and idealism.

the ideal society is not the aim (like Plato and Aristotle said)

emphasizes the need for the exercise of brute power when necessary and rewards people in order to maintain the status quo.

Renaissance Men

Well-rounded, universal person who could achieve in many areas

Leonardo da VinciArtistic Achievements:

Painter Mona Lisa

Last Supper

Virgin of the Rocks

DraftsmanVitruvian Man

Da Vinci

DraftsmanThe

Vitruvian

Man

Leonardo da VinciScientific Achievements

Mathematician – calculator

Inventor – bobbin winder, machine to test tensile strength of wire

Engineer – helicopter, tank, double hull (ships)

Scientist – plate tectonics, concentrated solar power, study & drew anatomy of humans & animals

Michelangelo

Artistic & Scientific Achievements:

Painter: Sistine Chapel ceiling

SculptorDavid

Pieta

Architect Dome at St. Peters Basilica

Campidoglio at Capitoline Hill

Work on Basilica of San Lorenzo

MichelangeloDome at St. Peter’s Basilica

Other Renaissance Men

RaphaelPainter

Architect

DonatelloPainter

Sculptor

HumanismMain Characteristics:

believed that the liberal arts should be practiced by all:

Art Music

Grammar Rhetoric

Oratory History

Poetry Using classical texts

approved of self, human worth and individual dignity.

Everything has a limited nature, but man is the only one able to choose his nature.

Humanism of Petrarch

Father of Italian Humanism

Looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts to use in his studies

Recovered some of the Greek & Roman writing that had been lost

Realized that these writings provided a new cultural framework

stressing the importance of individual expression and glory as opposed to the medieval asceticism (self-denial)

PetrarchBelieved in the value of studying history (human thought & action)

Spread Renaissance point of view through his criticism of scholasticism and through his wide correspondence and personal influence.

Considered to be the first modern poet through his perfection of the sonnet form.

One of Petrarch’s SonnetsLove, that doth reign and live within my thought,And built his seat within my captive breast,Clad in the arms wherein with me he fought,Oft in my face he doth his banner rest.But she that taught me love and suffer pain,My doubtful hope and eke my hot desireWith shamefast look to shadow and refrain,Her smiling grace converteth straight to ire.And coward Love, then, to the heart apaceTaketh his flight, where he doth lurk and plain,His purpose lost, and dare not show his face.For my lord's guilt thus faultless bide I pain,Yet from my lord shall not my foot remove:Sweet is the death that taketh end by love.

Dante AlighieriLife

Married and had three childrenactive (1295-1300) as councilman, elector, and prior of Florence.

opposed to the temporal power of Pope Boniface VIIIallied himself with the White GuelphsAfter victory of the Black Guelphs, he was banished (1302).

Became a citizen of all Italyserved various princessupported Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII, hoping he would unite all of Italy.

Dante

Wrote in the vernacular – big contribution

Wrote Divine Comedy (Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso)

a long vernacular poem of more than 14,000 lines composed during his exile.

recounts the poet's journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven

In Hell and Purgatory Dante is guided by Vergil,

through Heaven, by his lost love, Beatrice.

DanteLiterary Details of Divine Comedy

The work is written in terza rima, a complex verse form in pentameter, with interlocking triads rhyming aba, bcb, cdc, etc.

pictures a changeless universe ordered by God

allegorical theme is the gradual revelation of God to the pilgrim.

a religious dialogue on – gradations of sin and piety – predestination – classical philosophy

symbolism is complex yet highly rational

verse is musical

Through Divine Comedy, Dante established Tuscan as the literary language of Italy, surpassed all previous Italian writers, and gave rise to a vast literature.

Erasmus

Took Humanism and applied it to the churchCame up with the “Philosophy of Christ”

Christianity should show people how to live rather than provide a system of beliefs that people have to practice to be saved.Stressed inward religious feeling

personally driven by a desire to reform religion and educationwanted to free Christian life from the abstractions of scholasticismwanted to encourage a simpler and undogmatic Christian faithstressed the importance of the Scriptures & fathers of the church

Erasmus

Wrote The Praise of Folly in 1509With humor, he criticized aspects of society that he thought needed reform

WarGreedImmoralityWorldliness of the clergyIgnorance of the priestsRigid systems of theologySuperstition in popular pietyPolitics in the ChurchGeneral intolerance

Christian Humanism

Set the stage for the Reformation that came laterGoal of the movement was to reform the Catholic churchBelieved humans could reason for themselves

If people would read the basic works of Christianity, they would become more devoted.

This would cause church reform because people of the church would be better.

Gutenberg & the Printing Press

Around 1439, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press

Printing paper using movable metal type

Gutenberg & the Printing Press

1455 – Gutenberg’s Bible 1st European book produced from movable type

By 1500 over a thousand printers in Europe

Over 40,000 titles published

Impact:Encouraged research and increased public’s desire to gain knowledge

Spread new religious ideas faster (Reformation)

Allowed European civilization to compete with China, who had been printing earlier

Protestant ReformationBegan with German Martin Luther

Monk & professor

U of Wittenberg

Protestant Reformation & LutherBothered by certainty of his salvation

Did not accept salvation by works like the Catholic Church stressed

Idea: Justification by FaithWe are saved by God’s mercy not our merit

Become the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation

Hated the Catholic practice of selling indulgences

Releases from all or part of the punishment for sins

Oct 31, 1517 –95 Theses nailed to the church door in Wittenberg

List of church abuses that Luther thought needed to change

Pope Leo X did not react, thinking Luther’s Theses would not spread.

Luther’s Theses were printed (using the printing press) and spread all over Germany

By 1520, Luther was calling for German princes to break with the Church

Attacked sacraments because Church and Pope destroyed the meaning of the Gospel with them

– Kept only 2 (Communion and baptism)

Excommunicated from the Church in 1521 by Pope Leo X

Luther still did not recant

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued Edict of Worms

Made Luther an outlaw within the Empire

Frederick of Saxony hid Luther in his castle

He translated the Bible into German

Lutheranism gained support and became the 1st Protestant faith.

John Calvin

Converted to Protestantism

1536, published Institutes of the

Christian Religion, a summary of Protestant thought

John CalvinBelieved God was all powerful

Led to new idea of predestinationGod determined in advance who would be saved and who would not.

1536 – moved to Switzerland (Geneva) and Calvinism grew from there

Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things.Sovereign grace – only divine intervention can change human hearts from rebellion to willing obedience.

Five points of Calvinism, which can be remembered by the mnemonic TULIP are:

Total depravity Unconditional electionLimited atonementIrresistible grace Perseverance of the saints

Counter Reformation3 Pillars of Catholic Reformation

Reform of the papacy

Jesuits

Council of Trent

Pope Paul III was very honest & upstanding Pope, helped in reforming the office of Pope

JesuitsFounded by Ignatius of Loyola

Took oath of loyalty to Pope

Used education to spread their message in parts of Germany & Eastern Europe & other parts of the world

Council of TrentMeeting reaffirmed Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs

Specific Catholic Teachings from CouncilFaith & Good works are necessary for salvation7 sacraments and clerical celibacy were upheld

– Baptism– Reconciliation (Confession)– Marriage– Holy orders– Anointing the Sick (Last Rites)– Communion– Confirmation

Belief in purgatory & use of indulgences were strengthened Latin Vulgate translation was only acceptable version of Bible

Council of TrentReinstituted the Inquisition Court

Led by Jesuits

After this meeting, Roman Catholic Church had clear body of doctrine and was under the supreme leadership of the Pope.

English Reformation

Henry VIIIWanted to divorce his wife – Catherine of Aragon – so he could marry Anne Boleyn

Catherine had not given him a son, only a daughter named Mary

English Reformation

Pope wouldn’t annul his marriage

Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, whose protection the Pope needed

Henry turned to English church courts.

Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled his marriage in May 1533.

In June 1533, Anne was crowned queen

3 months later she had a daughter, Elizabeth (who becomes Elizabeth I)

In 1534, Parliament broke with the Catholic Church & the Pope

Act of Supremacy made the King the head of the English church

Kept basic Catholic doctrines

Henry died in 1547 and Edward VI, son of his third wife, succeeded him

He was 9 years old and sickly

During his reign, Church of England officials brought in Protestant Doctrines.

Mary Tudor took over in 1553. She was Catholic

Called Bloody Mary because she killed 300 Protestants trying to get rid of Protestantism in England.

Elizabeth I became queen in 1558

Established the Anglican Church Followed what Henry’s church had taught

People were receptive because Mary had been so violent

Some Protestant teaching are evident in Anglican Church