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Renaissance Biology Midterm Study Guide Answers 2015 2016 LEARNING TARGET 1: List the characteristics of life Made of one or more cells Organization – cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organisms Growth and Development Reproduction Response to Stimuli Adaptation/Evolution over time Requires energy Metabolism (using energy) Maintains Homeostasis [List the 6 kingdoms, cell type, # of cells, and mode of nutrition] YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THIS FOR THE MIDTERM! Define the following modes of nutrition: autotroph, heterotroph Autotroph – an organism that can make its own food Heterotroph – an organism that relies on other organisms for nutrition Define cell Cell: the basic unit of life Define the following types of cells: prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell – a cell without a nucleus and no membranebound organelles Eukaryotic cell – a cell with a nucleus and membranebound organelles Give an example of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell PROKARYOTIC: Bacteria EUKARYOTIC: Plant or animal cell Define the following types of cellular transport: active transport, passive transport, diffusion, osmosis Active transport – movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration [against the gradient] which requires energy Passive transport – movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration without energy (Ex. Diffusion or Osmosis) Diffusion The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does not require energy. Osmosis – diffusion of water Draw a diagram for each of the following: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic Hypertonic – cell shrivels [higher concentration of solute outside cell – water moves out] Hypotonic – cell swells [high concentration of solute inside cell – water moves in] Isotonic – cell size stays the same [equal concentration in & out]

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Renaissance  Biology  Midterm  Study  Guide  Answers  

2015  -­‐  2016    LEARNING  TARGET  1:    List  the  characteristics  of  life  • Made  of  one  or  more  cells  • Organization  –  cells  -­‐>  tissues  -­‐>  organs  -­‐>  organ  systems  -­‐>  organisms  • Growth  and  Development  • Reproduction  • Response  to  Stimuli  • Adaptation/Evolution  over  time  • Requires  energy  -­‐  Metabolism  (using  energy)  • Maintains  Homeostasis  

 [List  the  6  kingdoms,  cell  type,  #  of  cells,  and  mode  of  nutrition]  YOU  DO  NOT  NEED  TO  KNOW  THIS  FOR  THE  MIDTERM!    Define  the  following  modes  of  nutrition:  autotroph,  heterotroph  • Autotroph  –  an  organism  that  can  make  its  own  food  • Heterotroph  –  an  organism  that  relies  on  other  organisms  for  nutrition    Define  cell  • Cell:  the  basic  unit  of  life    Define  the  following  types  of  cells:  prokaryotic  cell,  eukaryotic  cell  • Prokaryotic  cell  –  a  cell  without  a  nucleus  and  no  membrane-­‐bound  organelles  • Eukaryotic  cell  –  a  cell  with  a  nucleus  and  membrane-­‐bound  organelles    Give  an  example  of  a  prokaryotic  cell  and  a  eukaryotic  cell  • PROKARYOTIC:  Bacteria  • EUKARYOTIC:  Plant  or  animal  cell  

 Define  the  following  types  of  cellular  transport:  active  transport,  passive  transport,  diffusion,  osmosis  • Active  transport  –  movement  of  particles  from  a  low  concentration  to  a  high  concentration  [against  the  gradient]  

which  requires  energy  • Passive  transport  –  movement  of  particles  from  a  high  concentration  to  a  low  concentration  without  energy  (Ex.  

Diffusion  or  Osmosis)  • Diffusion-­‐  The  movement  of  a  substance  from  an  area  of  high  concentration  to  an  area  of  low  concentration.    Does  

not  require  energy.  • Osmosis  –  diffusion  of  water      Draw  a  diagram  for  each  of  the  following:  hypertonic,  hypotonic,  isotonic  • Hypertonic  –  cell  shrivels  [higher  concentration  of  solute  outside  cell  –  water  moves  out]  • Hypotonic  –  cell  swells  [high  concentration  of  solute  inside  cell  –  water  moves  in]  • Isotonic  –  cell  size  stays  the  same  [equal  concentration  in  &  out]            

IN  ANIMAL  CELLS  

   IN  PLANT  CELLS:  

   Fill  in  the  table,  and  fill  in  each  column  with  the  functions  and  whether  it  is  in  a  P,  A,  or  both  

Cell  Organelle   Plant/Animal/Both?   Function  

Cell  Membrane   BOTH  

• Support  • Protection  • Controls  movement  of  materials  in/out  of  cell  • Barrier  between  cell  and  its  environment  • Maintains  homeostasis  

Cell  Wall    PLANT  •  Support  (grow  tall)  • Protection  • Allows  H2O,  O2,  CO2  to  diffuse  in  &  out  of  cell  

Chloroplast    PLANT  

• Uses  energy  from  sun  to  make  food  (glucose)  for  the  plant  

• Process  called  photosynthesis  • Release  oxygen  

Chromatin    BOTH  • Genetic  material  (DNA)  that  holds  instructions  

for  all  functions  of  the  cell      

 Cytoplasm    

 BOTH   Supports  and  protects  cell  organelles  

Endoplasmic  Reticulum    BOTH   • Carries  materials  through  cell  • Aids  in  making  proteins  

 Golgi  Apparatus    ANIMAL  

• Modify  proteins  made  by  the  cells  • Package  &  export  proteins      

Lysosome    BOTH  • Breaks  down  larger  food  molecules  into  smaller  

molecules  • Digests  old  cell  parts  

Mitochondrion    BOTH  •  Breaks  down  sugar  (glucose)  molecules  to  release  

energy  • Site  of  aerobic  cellular  respiration  

Nucleus    BOTH  • Controls  cell  activities  • Contains  the  hereditary  material  of  the  cell  (DNA)      

Centriole      ANIMAL  

• Separate    chromosome  pairs  during  mitosis  (cell  division)  

 

Nucleolus    BOTH   • Creates  ribosomes      

Ribosome    BOTH   • Synthesizes  proteins  

Vacuole    BOTH   • Store  food,  water,  metabolic  &  toxic  wastes  • Store  large  amounts  of  food  or  sugars  in  plants  

Central  Vacuole     PLANT   • Stores  water  in  plant  cells.  

• Helps  give  plant  cells  their  rigid  shape    List  the  4  main  elements  that  make  up  all  living  things  • Carbon,  Hydrogen,  Oxygen,  Nitrogen  

 List  the  properties  of  water  • Adhesion,  Cohesion,  Surface  Tension,  Capillary  Action,  Polarity    Be  able  to  label  the  following:  prokaryotic  cell,  plant  cell,  animal  cell  ANIMAL  CELL  

 

 PLANT  CELL:  

   PROKARYOTIC  CELL:  

   

   

LEARNING  TARGET  2:    Define  homeostasis  and  the  two  types  of  feedback  loops  HOMEOSTASIS:  The  ability  for  an  organism  to  maintain  internal  stability  

POSITIVE  FEEDBACK  LOOPS:  A  process  that  encourages  a  biological  process  or  increases  the  action  of  a  system.  NEGATIVE  FEEDBACK  LOOPS:  A  biological  process  that  happens  when  your  systems  need  to  slow  down  or  completely  stop  a  process  that  is  happening.    Give  an  example  for  each  of  the  three  processes  listed  above  HOMEOSTASIS:  Regulating  blood  sugar;  healing  a  wound;  Having  a  fever  to  kill  a  pathogen  POSITIVE  FEEDBACK  LOOP:  Blood  clotting  NEGATIVE  FEEDBACK  LOOP:  Body  temperature  regulation    Make  a  table  with  3  columns  like  the  one  below  and  fill  in  the  chart  for  each  of  the  body  systems  (See  topic  list  on  first  page  of  study  guide)    

Body  System   Form  [What  organs/structures  make  it  up?]  

Function  [What  is  its  purpose?]  

Digestive   See  digestive  notes   Converting  food  into  usable  chemical  energy  for  the  body’s  cells;  to  remove  unusable  waste  from  the  body  

Respiratory   See  respiratory  notes   Gas  exchange:  take  in  O2  and  release  CO2  and  water;  exchange  in  the  lungs/alveoli  by  diffusion  with  the  capillaries  

Circulatory   See  circulatory  notes   Move  blood  containing  nutrients,  waste,  hormones  and  other  substances  around  the  body    

Muscular   See  muscular  notes   Stability,  movement,  generating  heat.  Skeletal   See  skeletal  notes   Structure;  generation  of  blood  cells;  

connecting  muscles  to  tissues;  movement  

Nervous   See  nervous  notes   Sending  and  receiving  electrical  signals  to/from  the  brain  and  to/from  the  body’s  cells  for  SHORT  term  response  

Endocrine   See  endocrine  notes   Sending  and  receiving  chemical  signals  (hormones)  to/from  the  brain  and  to/from  the  body’s  cells  or  LONG  term  response  

Excretory   See  excretory  notes   Removal  of  metabolic  waste  from  the  body’s  cells  (water,  amino  acids,  urea,  etc.)  

 LEARNING  TARGET  3:  Define  metabolism  • Metabolism:  all  of  the  chemical  reactions  in  the  body  

 Define  the  following  types  of  metabolism:  anabolic,  catabolic  • Anabolic  –  building  up  of  molecules    • Catabolic  –  breaking  down  of  molecules    

 

Define  ATP  and  draw  a  diagram  of  ATP  • ATP:  Adenosine  Triphosphate.    The  energy  source  for  cells.    Contains  2  sugar  molecules,  1  Carbon  molecule  and  3  

phosphate  groups.  

 Write  out  the  chemical  equation  for  photosynthesis  

   Write  out  the  chemical  equation  for  respiration  

   Explain  how  photosynthesis  and  respiration  are  connected  [You  can  use  a  diagram]  

 

Label  photosynthesis  and  cellular  respiration  as  either  anabolic  or  catabolic  and  explain  why  (see  definitions)  • Photosynthesis:  Anabolic  -­‐  carbon  dioxide  +  water    +  ATP  à  glucose  +  oxygen  • Respiration:  Catabolic  -­‐    glucose  +  oxygen  à  carbon  dioxide  +  water  +  ATP    Make  a  table  like  the  one  below  with  the  4  macromolecules  and  fill  in  each  column    

 What  3  letters  do  carbohydrates  (complex  sugars)  usually  end  in?  Give  an  example.  OSE.  Glucose,  sucrose,  lactose,  etc.    Define  the  following  terms:  enzyme,  optimum  temperature,  denaturation  • Enzyme  –  speeds  up  the  rate  of  a  chemical  reactions  • Optimum  temperature  –  the  temp  at  which  an  enzyme  works  best  • Denaturation  –  when  the  temp  increases  past  optimum  temp  &  the  active  site  changes  shape  –  enzyme  can  no  

longer  function    What  3  letters  do  enzymes  usually  end  in?    ASE                

Macromolecules,  Biomolecules,  

Organic  Compunds  

Subunits  Monomers,  

Building  Blocks  

Functions:  Why  are  they  important?  

Examples:  Where  can  we  find  them?  

Carbohydrates        

Carbohydrates  are  built  by  combining  monosaccharides  (simple  sugars)  

*Short-­‐term  energy  storage  *Quick-­‐release  energy    

*Starch  *Glycogen  (liver)  *Sugars  –  glucose,  fructose,  sucrose  *Celluose  –  plant  cell  walls  

Lipids:  Fats        

Fatty  Acids   *Insulation:  store  body  heat  *Protection:  cell  membranes  *Long-­‐term  energy  storage    

Fats  Oils  Waxes  Steroids  Cholesterol  

Nucleic  Acids        

Nucleotides  made  of:  1)  Nitrogen  base  2)  Sugar  compound  3)  Phosphate  group  

Store  and  transmit  genetic  information  

DNA  Deoxyribonucleicacid  Sugar:  deoxyribose  RNA  Ribonucleicacid  Sugar:  ribose  

Proteins        

Amino  Acids  *Joined  by  peptide  bonds  to  form  a  polypeptide  chain  (protein)  

*Change  the  rate  of    chemical  reactions  (enzymes)  *regulate  cell  processes  *Give  bodies  structure  *Transport  materials  into  and  out  of  the  cell  Ex:  oxygen  (hemoglobin)    

*Enzymes  End  in  “ase”  *Hemoglobin  

 Draw  a  graph  of  enzyme  activity  with  “Temperature”  on  the  x-­‐axis  and  “Rate  of  Enzyme  Action”  on  the  y-­‐axis.  Label  “speeding  up  chemical  rxn”,  “optimum  temperature”,  and  “denaturation”  on  the  graph.    

   Be  able  to  describe  how  food  is  digested  and  converted  into  chemical  energy  in  our  digestive  organs  and  cells.  

 LABELED  BODY  SYSTEMS:  See  handouts  and  guided  notes    LEARNING  TARGET  4:  

 LAB  Equipment:  See  Handouts   Function  

 • Mean:  Add  all  numbers  and  divide  by  the  number  of  items  • Mode:  The  number  that  is  most  frequent  • Median:  Order  numbers  from  least  to  greatest,  cross  out  from  left/right  to  center;  middle  number  is  the  median  –  if  

there  are  2  medians,  you  find  their  mean.  • Lab  safety  rules:  See  Contract  in  binder  • Independent  Variable:  The  variable  that  is  changed  by  the  scientist.  • Dependent  Variable:  The  variable  that  is  measured  by  the  scientist  –  changes  depend  on  the  independent  variable  • Control:  The  part  of  the  experiment  that  does  not  CHANGE!                                  

Speeding  up  chemical  reaction  Rate  of  

enzyme  activity   Denaturation  

MICROSCOPE  DIGRAM:  

   

• WRITING  IN  SCIENCE:    ORGANIZATION  –  topic  sentence,  evidence  and  details,  conclusion  IDEAS  –  CONTENT  KNOWLEDGE  –  give  evidence  and  detail,  use  examples,  be  clear  with  your  writing!!!!