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Renaissance Biology Midterm Study Guide Answers
2015 -‐ 2016 LEARNING TARGET 1: List the characteristics of life • Made of one or more cells • Organization – cells -‐> tissues -‐> organs -‐> organ systems -‐> organisms • Growth and Development • Reproduction • Response to Stimuli • Adaptation/Evolution over time • Requires energy -‐ Metabolism (using energy) • Maintains Homeostasis
[List the 6 kingdoms, cell type, # of cells, and mode of nutrition] YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THIS FOR THE MIDTERM! Define the following modes of nutrition: autotroph, heterotroph • Autotroph – an organism that can make its own food • Heterotroph – an organism that relies on other organisms for nutrition Define cell • Cell: the basic unit of life Define the following types of cells: prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell • Prokaryotic cell – a cell without a nucleus and no membrane-‐bound organelles • Eukaryotic cell – a cell with a nucleus and membrane-‐bound organelles Give an example of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell • PROKARYOTIC: Bacteria • EUKARYOTIC: Plant or animal cell
Define the following types of cellular transport: active transport, passive transport, diffusion, osmosis • Active transport – movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration [against the gradient]
which requires energy • Passive transport – movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration without energy (Ex.
Diffusion or Osmosis) • Diffusion-‐ The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does
not require energy. • Osmosis – diffusion of water Draw a diagram for each of the following: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic • Hypertonic – cell shrivels [higher concentration of solute outside cell – water moves out] • Hypotonic – cell swells [high concentration of solute inside cell – water moves in] • Isotonic – cell size stays the same [equal concentration in & out]
IN ANIMAL CELLS
IN PLANT CELLS:
Fill in the table, and fill in each column with the functions and whether it is in a P, A, or both
Cell Organelle Plant/Animal/Both? Function
Cell Membrane BOTH
• Support • Protection • Controls movement of materials in/out of cell • Barrier between cell and its environment • Maintains homeostasis
Cell Wall PLANT • Support (grow tall) • Protection • Allows H2O, O2, CO2 to diffuse in & out of cell
Chloroplast PLANT
• Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant
• Process called photosynthesis • Release oxygen
Chromatin BOTH • Genetic material (DNA) that holds instructions
for all functions of the cell
Cytoplasm
BOTH Supports and protects cell organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum BOTH • Carries materials through cell • Aids in making proteins
Golgi Apparatus ANIMAL
• Modify proteins made by the cells • Package & export proteins
Lysosome BOTH • Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller
molecules • Digests old cell parts
Mitochondrion BOTH • Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release
energy • Site of aerobic cellular respiration
Nucleus BOTH • Controls cell activities • Contains the hereditary material of the cell (DNA)
Centriole ANIMAL
• Separate chromosome pairs during mitosis (cell division)
Nucleolus BOTH • Creates ribosomes
Ribosome BOTH • Synthesizes proteins
Vacuole BOTH • Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes • Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants
Central Vacuole PLANT • Stores water in plant cells.
• Helps give plant cells their rigid shape List the 4 main elements that make up all living things • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
List the properties of water • Adhesion, Cohesion, Surface Tension, Capillary Action, Polarity Be able to label the following: prokaryotic cell, plant cell, animal cell ANIMAL CELL
LEARNING TARGET 2: Define homeostasis and the two types of feedback loops HOMEOSTASIS: The ability for an organism to maintain internal stability
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS: A process that encourages a biological process or increases the action of a system. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS: A biological process that happens when your systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is happening. Give an example for each of the three processes listed above HOMEOSTASIS: Regulating blood sugar; healing a wound; Having a fever to kill a pathogen POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP: Blood clotting NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP: Body temperature regulation Make a table with 3 columns like the one below and fill in the chart for each of the body systems (See topic list on first page of study guide)
Body System Form [What organs/structures make it up?]
Function [What is its purpose?]
Digestive See digestive notes Converting food into usable chemical energy for the body’s cells; to remove unusable waste from the body
Respiratory See respiratory notes Gas exchange: take in O2 and release CO2 and water; exchange in the lungs/alveoli by diffusion with the capillaries
Circulatory See circulatory notes Move blood containing nutrients, waste, hormones and other substances around the body
Muscular See muscular notes Stability, movement, generating heat. Skeletal See skeletal notes Structure; generation of blood cells;
connecting muscles to tissues; movement
Nervous See nervous notes Sending and receiving electrical signals to/from the brain and to/from the body’s cells for SHORT term response
Endocrine See endocrine notes Sending and receiving chemical signals (hormones) to/from the brain and to/from the body’s cells or LONG term response
Excretory See excretory notes Removal of metabolic waste from the body’s cells (water, amino acids, urea, etc.)
LEARNING TARGET 3: Define metabolism • Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions in the body
Define the following types of metabolism: anabolic, catabolic • Anabolic – building up of molecules • Catabolic – breaking down of molecules
Define ATP and draw a diagram of ATP • ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate. The energy source for cells. Contains 2 sugar molecules, 1 Carbon molecule and 3
phosphate groups.
Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis
Write out the chemical equation for respiration
Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are connected [You can use a diagram]
Label photosynthesis and cellular respiration as either anabolic or catabolic and explain why (see definitions) • Photosynthesis: Anabolic -‐ carbon dioxide + water + ATP à glucose + oxygen • Respiration: Catabolic -‐ glucose + oxygen à carbon dioxide + water + ATP Make a table like the one below with the 4 macromolecules and fill in each column
What 3 letters do carbohydrates (complex sugars) usually end in? Give an example. OSE. Glucose, sucrose, lactose, etc. Define the following terms: enzyme, optimum temperature, denaturation • Enzyme – speeds up the rate of a chemical reactions • Optimum temperature – the temp at which an enzyme works best • Denaturation – when the temp increases past optimum temp & the active site changes shape – enzyme can no
longer function What 3 letters do enzymes usually end in? ASE
Macromolecules, Biomolecules,
Organic Compunds
Subunits Monomers,
Building Blocks
Functions: Why are they important?
Examples: Where can we find them?
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are built by combining monosaccharides (simple sugars)
*Short-‐term energy storage *Quick-‐release energy
*Starch *Glycogen (liver) *Sugars – glucose, fructose, sucrose *Celluose – plant cell walls
Lipids: Fats
Fatty Acids *Insulation: store body heat *Protection: cell membranes *Long-‐term energy storage
Fats Oils Waxes Steroids Cholesterol
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides made of: 1) Nitrogen base 2) Sugar compound 3) Phosphate group
Store and transmit genetic information
DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid Sugar: deoxyribose RNA Ribonucleicacid Sugar: ribose
Proteins
Amino Acids *Joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain (protein)
*Change the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) *regulate cell processes *Give bodies structure *Transport materials into and out of the cell Ex: oxygen (hemoglobin)
*Enzymes End in “ase” *Hemoglobin
Draw a graph of enzyme activity with “Temperature” on the x-‐axis and “Rate of Enzyme Action” on the y-‐axis. Label “speeding up chemical rxn”, “optimum temperature”, and “denaturation” on the graph.
Be able to describe how food is digested and converted into chemical energy in our digestive organs and cells.
LABELED BODY SYSTEMS: See handouts and guided notes LEARNING TARGET 4:
LAB Equipment: See Handouts Function
• Mean: Add all numbers and divide by the number of items • Mode: The number that is most frequent • Median: Order numbers from least to greatest, cross out from left/right to center; middle number is the median – if
there are 2 medians, you find their mean. • Lab safety rules: See Contract in binder • Independent Variable: The variable that is changed by the scientist. • Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured by the scientist – changes depend on the independent variable • Control: The part of the experiment that does not CHANGE!
Speeding up chemical reaction Rate of
enzyme activity Denaturation