renal system caroll bai & brianna estrada period: 4 anatomy/ physiology
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Renal SystemCaroll Bai & Brianna Estrada
Period: 4Anatomy/ Physiology
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Overview
❖ Consists of the two
kidneys, ureters, the
bladder, and the urethra
❖ Produces, stores, and
eliminates fluid waste
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❖ Location❖ Function❖ Regions
➢ Renal sinus, pelvis, medulla, cortex, capsule
➢ Medulla and cortex❖ Nephron: functional unit
of a kidney
Structure- Kidneys
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❖ Vasculature➢ Renal arteries,
abdominal aorta, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and peritubular capillaries
➢ Renal veins
Structure- Kidney pathway
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❖ Ureters➢ Tubular organ,
extends from each kidney to bladder (25 cm long)
➢ Mucous, muscular, fibrous coat
➢ Peristalsis
Structure- Ureters
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❖ Bladder➢ Trigone➢ Inner layer- mucous
coat➢ Second layer-
submucous coat➢ Third layer- muscular
coat➢ Outer layer- serous coat
Structure- Bladder
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❖ Urethra➢ Function
■ Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body
➢ Gender difference➢ Urethral glands
Structure- Urethra
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❖Glomerulus➢ Filters water and
dissolved substances from plasma
❖ Bowman’s Capsule➢ Receives the
glomerular filtrate
Nephron- Renal Corpuscle
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❖ Proximal convoluted tubule➢ Tubular reabsorption
❖ Loop of Henle➢ Descending limb
■ Reabsorption of water by osmosis
➢ Ascending limb■ Reabsorption of metal
ions by active transport❖ Distal convoluted tubule
➢ Tubular secretion by active transport
Nephron- Renal Tubule
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❖Reabsorption of water by osmosis
Nephron- Collecting Duct
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Urine Creation
❖ Afferent & efferent arterioles❖ Structures involved
➢ Nephron➢ Glomerulus➢ Bowman’s Capsule➢ Loop of Henle➢ Collecting duct
❖ Glomerular filtration❖ Tubular reabsorption❖ Tubular secretion
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❖ Bowman’s Capsule❖ Permeable capillaries (fenestrae)❖ Filters by size of molecule❖ Filtered
➢ H2O➢ NaCl, K+, HCO3
-
➢ Glucose➢ Amino Acids➢ Creatinine➢ Urea
Glomerular Filtration
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❖ Proximal convoluted tubule (but happens all throughout)❖ Reabsorbed back into blood:
➢ K+
➢ H2O➢ NaCl➢ Amino acids➢ HCO3
-
➢ Glucose■ If present in urine, could indicate abnormality
Tubular Reabsorption
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❖Distal convoluted tubule❖ Secreted:
➢ Uric acid➢ K+
➢ H+
➢ Organic acids■ Antibiotics (penicillin)
Tubular Secretion
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❖ How much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute
❖ Tests efficiency of kidneys❖ Affected by:
➢ Filtration pressure➢ RAAS (Renin Angiotensin
Aldosterone System)➢ ANP (Atrial Natriuretic
Peptide)■ Increases GFR■ Increases Na+
excretion
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Filtration Pressure❖ Hydrostatic Pressure
➢ Glomerular- blood■ “Pushing” ex.
balloon➢ Capsule- filtrate
■ “Pulling”❖ Colloid Osmotic (Oncotic)
➢ “Pulling” ex. sponge❖ Net Pressure
➢ All pressures added together
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❖ ADH➢ Regulates water
reabsorption in collecting duct
➢ Low ADH: diluted urine
➢ High ADH: concentrated urine
Urine Regulation
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Urine
❖ Composition➢ Mostly water➢ Urea, uric acid, and creatinine➢ Some amino acids and electrolytes
❖ Renal clearance: rate at which a chemical is removed from the plasma
❖ Insulin clearance test & creatinine clearance test❖ Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
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Micturition (Urinary reflex)
❖ The process or reflex or urinating
❖ Structures➢ Bladder➢ Micturition reflex center➢ Detrusor muscle➢ Internal urethral
sphincter➢ External urethral
sphincter
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"Aldosterone." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone>.
"Forces of Filtration." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMvD29-Agtg>.
"Glomerular Filtration Rate: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007305.htm>.
"Nephron Function." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNvZaGcLzEo>.
"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDE2qdS2ZvY>.
Works Cited