Rendered products in poultry feed: use of digestible formulation

Jeffre Firman, PhD

Professor

University of Missouri

Long history worldwide of use of animal proteins in the poultry industry.

Products currently being utilized include meat meals from ruminant, swine and poultry, blood meals, fats, feather meal.

Variety of use, broilers, turkeys, pigs, less use layers.

Provide nutrients needed at competitive prices

Animal protein sources may improve performance parameters over corn-soya diets

While each product has different nutrient contents and potential values, most are excellent sources of high quality protein, highly available phosphorus and other minerals.

Introduction: Rendered

proteins and fats

My goal here today is to provide the information

needed to utilize these products in ration

formulation and how digestible formulation is useful

in utilizing these products

Goals

Products from non-edible portion of cattle, pig or poultry

processing

Products may vary based on input materials, proportion of

bone

Utilized in the US poultry industry as a protein/AA, calcium

and phosphorus source

Inclusion levels typically limited by price

10% of high quality product would be fine

Can be used in combination with other by-products

Available products Meat meals/Meat and bone/Poultry meal

Product based on a drying process from the blood collected

in slaughter plants

The more sophisticated the drying process, in general the

better the product produced, spray drying is generally

considered superior

Blood meal is generally not used in high concentration due to

its poor amino acid balance

May be used as an attractant in some aqua feeds

Constraints would be at 1-2% of the total ration, perhaps

more in aqua

Available products

Blood meal:

Feather meal is the ground and hydrolyzed feather from chicken and turkey processing

Considered to be low in digestibility and with a poor amino acid balance and is thus not heavily used in the poultry industry

It is generally economically priced, but will normally be used at 1-3% of the ration

May be utilized in ruminant rations as a by-pass protein, 3% addition improves milk yield in higher producing dairy cattle

Available products

Poultry Feather meal:

Several commercial blends are available as well as the ability to have products custom blended to customer specifications

Some products were designed specifically as a replacement for fishmeal for instance

May increase costs, useful if storage space is lacking or need to simulate fish meal

Blends were more heavily utilized in the past, before computer formulation, digestible amino acids

Still have a place in international markets

Available products

Blended meals:

Additions of MBM and PBM

MBM Level PBM Level Relative price of Prod. Price of Broiler starter

/ ton in USD

0% 0% NA 322.72

5% 5% 100% 313.77

3.8% 10% 100% 308.91

5% 5% 110% 317.77

3.8% 10% 110% 314.45

5% 5% 90% 302.90

3.8% 10% 90% 294.65

Refers to the use of digestibility values of feedstuffs and digestible amino acid based requirements to formulate diets

This is basically the same as using available Phosphorus or ME vs GE

Need a solid understanding of amino acid nutrition

Need a solid understanding of computer formulation

Data for chickens is easily found (Heartland Lysine, Evonik, etc)

Most in the US, EU, others have switched

Digestible formulation

Digestible formulation saves money Digestible formulation allows use of alternative ingredients

more easily Digestible formulation results in more accurately meeting the birds requirement Digestible formulation allows for reduced protein and increased dietary energy Digestible formulation allows for more precise determination of amino acid requirements Digestible formulation is useful even if you just feed corn and

soybean meal, and is more useful if you feed a number of ingredients

Why switch to digestible formulation?

Crude protein

basisAmino acid basis

Lab analysis basisDigestible AA basis

Ideal protein/tissue

accretion basis

Exact

AA need

Diets should be formulated on the most accurate basis possible

Digestibility coefficient is the experimentally determined % digestibility of an individual AA in a particular product such as meat meal

Determined in several ways through feeding trials with roosters, chicks

Feed known quantity of feed, collect feces, determine how much has been digested vs excreted

Digestibility coefficients

Gather information

Need total AA content of all feeds

Need digestible content of all feeds

Example) Meat meal: Lysine 3.00% total lysine with digestibility coefficient of 90% or 0.90. Thus 3.00 x 0.90 = 2.70% digestible lysine

Calculate or use book values for each ingredient and each AA

Steps to digestible formulation-1

Enter data into computer

Depending on system, can add as a new nutrient or new ingredient (meatmeal-digest)

Advantage of new ingredient = fewer mistakes

Advantage of new nutrient = see both total and digestible AA

Determine AA requirements to use and enter requirements

Steps to digestible formulation-2

Method of looking at currently fed levels of AA

Take current diet and use computer to calculate digestible AA by forcing in the corn, soybean meal, meat meal, etc

Example) If diet is 50% corn, 30% soy,10% meat meal, etc Ingredient side min-max 60% corn, 30% soy allows one to see the current digestible AA levels being fed

Can then use these AA levels as nutrient constraints

Back formulation to determine requirements

May eliminate protein constraints

Must know order of limitation

Must use a constraint on one AA past what is available as pure source

This constraint sets the protein level

Example) If we have met, lys available we would need thr constraint

Threonine constraint would set the level of protein as all other limiting AA levels would be met by the protein source

Protein constraints

Broiler - Constraints

Table 2: Minimum digestible AA requirements used in the formulations of Hi and Low diets.

FEEDING PHASES

Starter Grower Finisher Withdraw

Digestible lysine, % 1.09 0.97 0.84 0.79

Amino acids1

---------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ---(%)-------- -------- ------ ----------- -------- -----

Threonine 0.720 0.650 0.560 0.525

Methionine 0.495 0.440 0.380 0.360

TSAA 0.810 0.730 0.630 0.600

Tryptophan 0.170 0.150 0.130 0.125

Isoleucine 0.730 0.645 0.550 0.530

Valine 0.850 0.750 0.647 0.620

Arginine 1.123 1.000 0.870 0.810 1 Minimum digestible AA requirements for the Hi and Low diets for each of the feeding phases.

Cobb 500

Table 3: Effects of different levels of CP on performance of commercial Cobb500 broilers

FEEDING PHASES

0 TO 2 WEEKS 0 TO 4 WEEKS 0 TO 6 WEEKS

Treatments FI BWG FDGN FI BWG FDGN FI BWG FDGN

(g) (g) (g:g) (kg) (kg) (kg:kg) (kg) (kg) (kg:kg)

Hi 468a 334a 1.4021 1,934 1,334a 1.4496c 4,051 2,349 1.7254

Hi-0.5% 467a 333a 1.4011 1,919 1,309ab 1.4660cb 4,067 2,344 1.7369

Hi-1.0% 467a 325ab 1.4376 1,934 1,317a 1.4693b 4,052 2,358 1.7192

Low (Hi-1.5%) 446b 311b 1.4333 1,892 1,273b 1.4860a 4,001 2,304 1.737

SEM 0.006 0.005 0.012 0.021 0.013 0.0006 0.052 0.037 0.009

------------------------------------------------------------Probability-----------------------------------------------------------

0.0244 0.0065 0.0526 0.4582 0.0111 0.001 0.8245 0.7369 0.4648

Ross 308

Table 5: Effects of different levels of CP on performance of Ross 308 broilers

Treatments

FEEDING PHASES

0 TO 2 WEEKS 0 TO 4 WEEKS 0 TO 6 WEEKS 0 TO 7 WEEKS

FI BWG FDGN FI BWG FDGN FI BWG FDGN FI BWG FDGN

(g) (g) (g:g) (kg) (kg) (kg:kg) (kg) (kg) (kg:kg) (kg) (kg) (kg:kg)

Hi 413a 291 1.42 1.68a 1.12 1.51a 3.90 2.23 1.75 5.31 2.87 1.85

Hi-0.5% 439ab 292 1.50 1.73b 1.13 1.52ab 4.00 2.28 1.76 5.45 2.93 1.86

Hi-1.0% 451b 297 1.52 1.73b 1.13 1.53ab 3.99 2.23 1.76 5.46 2.94 1.87

Low (Hi-1.5%) 419a 286 1.46 1.68a 1.10 1.54b 3.98 2.23 1.78 5.51 2.87 1.90

SEM 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.02

Anova

-------------------------------------------------------------------Probability------------------------------------------------------------------

0.02 0.17 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.61 0.31 0.25 0.39 0.26

Linear 0.47 0.48 0.18 0.97 0.11 0.02 0.13 0.82 0.06 0.05 0.99 0.09

Quadratic 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.61 0.10 0.39 0.77 0.50 0.08 0.32

Table 3. Predicted Requirements for Lysine, SAA, and Threonine at 8 Growth Periods

Period Dig Lys Dig SAA Dig Thr

Day % of diet % of diet % of diet

0 to 7 1.15 0.83 0.75

7 to 14 1.1 0.78 0.72

14 to 21 1.04 0.71 0.68

21 to 28 0.98 0.7 0.65

28 to 35 0.93 0.66 0.61

35 to 42 0.87 0.62 0.58

42 to 49 0.82 0.57 0.54

49 to 56 0.76 0.53 0.51

*Data from Emmert, University of Arkansas

Current minimum Amino Acid Recommended in Diet Formulation

(% of diet, digestible basis, toms)

Age (wks)

0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21

Lysine 1.40 1.30 1.14 0.98 0.80 0.70 0.57

Meth+Cys 0.84 0.78 0.68 0.59 0.50 0.47 0.45

Threonine 0.80 0.74 0.67 0.59 0.51 0.48 0.40

Valine 0.97* 0.94* 0.86 0.76 0.64 0.53 0.50*

Isoleucine 0.80 0.80* 0.75* 0.65* 0.54* 0.46* 0.38

*Protein level set by this AA

Body weight gain and feed efficiency from 3 to 21 weeks of age (Trial 2).

Gain (kg)

Trt 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

1 .36 1.86 4.51 7.52 11.35 14.18 19.39

2 .36 1.86 4.47 7.45 11.26 14.07 19.18

3 .35 1.83 4.40 7.34 11.08 14.44 19.22

4 .36 1.87 4.52 7.52 11.23 14.56 19.42

SE .03 .006 .09 .16 .21 .28 .24

P value >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 Different letters indicate significantly different means

Body weight gain and feed efficiency from 3 to 21 weeks of age (Trial 2).

FE (kg:kg)

Trt 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

1 2.15 1.66 1.83 2.07 2.34 2.60 2.70

2 1.95 1.70 1.84 2.12 2.32 2.62 2.70

3 1.97 1.64 1.82 2.08 2.34 2.59 2.68

4 2.06 1.67 1.82 2.08 2.29 2.68 2.75

SE .07 .02 .01 .02 .03 .08 .06

P value >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 >.05 Different letters indicate significantly different means

Feed cost comparison between diets fed (Prices per US ton)

Time period fed (wks)

Treatment 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21

Agristats 311.76 308.12 289.05 278.26 266.59 249.96 240.55

Ideal diet 291.98 283.36 270.63 258.15 243.18 236.25 227.51

Ideal +5% 298.54 289.92 276.30 262.89 247.70 240.51 231.33

Ideal +10% 305.40 295.44 282.06 264.97 251.00 243.86 234.76

Not as well developed

Lower cost rations so less emphasis?

Still lots of variation on lysine requirement

Age, strain, intake

Breeder recommendations?

Layers

Layers

From Bregendahl and Roberts

Tallow: saturated source, used for soap manufacture

traditionally

Poultry fat: less saturated, probably source of choice for

poultry, but frequently less available

Fish oil: less saturated, other purported benefits, very expensive

Vegetable oils: soy oil, etc, generally good source, expensive

Yellow grease: generally cost effective if available, generally

comparable to soyoil

Types of fat Available for Use

in Rations

Understanding energy use

Maintenance energy

Energy for

production

Changes in

energy

+/-

Variety of products available for cost effective formulation

Making the switch is worth the time due to cost savings which can be substantial

Relatively complicated if new to this, may need some help initially

Use of Animal By-products makes sense in many situations

Summary

Questions?