renewable energy 2018 - bmnt.gv.at731bddeb-45e6-4f64... · the present brochure presents selected...

This picture shows Austria’s one and only nuclear power plant, AKW Zwentendorf. It was completed, but never went into operation due to a referendum in 1978. The pho-tovoltaic modules in front were realized on the site with a public participation financing model. Thus, forty years later the nuclear power plant is producing renewable energy.

Renewable Energy 2018Economic and climate relevant figures and aspects of Austria and of the European Union

Imprint

Media owner and publisher: Federal Ministry for Sustainability and TourismStubenring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austriabmnt.gv.at

Overall coordination: Eva MastnyDepartment of sustainable finance and regional economy policy (IV/3)

Author: Peter BiermayrCentre for Energy Economics and Environment, e-think, ViennaTranslation: Evelyne Prem

Picture credits: EVN Moser (cover)Foreword: BMNT/Paul Gruber

Graphic Design: Feinschliff Grafik, Litho und Produktion GmbH, Wien

All rights reserved.Vienna, September 2018

Table of contents

Foreword 4

Introduction 5

Greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28 6

Air emissions intensity of the EU 28 7

Gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and energy intensity of the gross domestic product 8

Development of the gross inland energy consumption per economic output and per inhabitant 9

Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and of Austria 10

Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 11

Allocation of primary energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 12

Allocation of primary energy of renewable energy sources in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 13

Development of the use of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria 14

Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and targets for 2020 15

Productivity of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 and temporal development 16

Turnover and jobs in the economic sector technologies for the use of renewable energy in Austria 17

Development of net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption 18

Share of renewable energy in electricity supply 19

Electricity prices 20

Prices for natural gas 21

Fuel prices 22

Country codes of the EU 28 member states 23

4 Foreword

Foreword

Climate change is the biggest challenge of the 21st century. Austria has set itself am-

bitious goals for climate and environment protection. The Climate and Energy Strategy

of the Austrian Government #mission2030 shall be the end of the fossil era. The key to

success is decarbonizing the economy and energy systems. Austria intends to reduce

its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by 36% compared to 2005 and to produce 100%

of electricity from renewable sources. These goals will be achieved by a combination of

efficient use of all energies, a rising share of renewable energy production and targeted

support of innovative technologies.

It is crucial that politics, economy and society work closely together. The energy transi-

tion is not only a moral liability but also a chance for companies to create future-proof

jobs and new export opportunities. Both public and private investment have to support

the energy transition. Public funding should encourage private investment. All public

incentives and grants should be tested to ensure they will not run counter to climate

and energy targets. Increased awareness-raising and information campaigns should

boost demand for climate-friendly, energy-efficient products, services and technologies

and encourage the necessary investments. With initial and continuing training, highly

qualified staff will be able to support the necessary transformation.

It is not about de-industrialization, but transition. Energy transition is much more than

change of technologies; it is also a cultural project – the awareness that we need a new

way to produce, to work, to consume and to live. The underlying structures of energy

supply, of settlements, of transport have to be made fit for the energy transitions and

the new conditions of changed climates. Doing so will not only protect the climate but

will raise economic value and will make Austria future-proof. We cannot postpone the

necessary steps any further. It is high time to act decidedly!

Elisabeth Köstinger Federal Minister for Sustainability and Tourism

5Introduction

Introduction

The energy and climate policy of the European Union aims at the limitation of the global

warming to 2 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial level and it aims at the

transformation of the European economies in sustainable economic systems.

The first climate and energy package was decided by the Heads of State and Government

of the EU member states in 2007. The targets of the package concern the period up

to 2020 and plan a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in relation to 1990,

reaching a share of renewable energy in the energy consumption of the EU of 20%, as

well as the improvement of the energy efficiency by 20%.

Based on this first climate and energy package, the frame for a long-term EU climate and

energy policy up to 2030 was decided by the Heads of State and Government of the EU

member states in 2014. This agreement contains a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions

by at least 40% compared to the level of 1990, an increase of the share of renewable

energy sources to at least 27%, and an increase of energy efficiency by at least 27%.

The long-term plans of the EU by 2050 aim at an extensive decarbonization of the

European economy whereby a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 80% compared

to the level of 1990 is planned. In order to reach this ambitious goal all sectors within the

frame of their technical and economic potential have to make significant contributions.

Thereby continuous progress along the target path is of key importance.

The cornerstones of the Austrian climate and energy strategy for 2030 include a 36%

decrease in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 2005 emissions, an increase to 45%

of the share of renewable energy, and a 25 – 30% improvement of the primary energy

intensity of the gross domestic product compared the intensity of 2015. Furthermore,

by 2030, 100% of electricity consumption shall come from renewable sources.

In 2016, Austria reached a share of renewables of the total energy consumption of 33.5%

and a share of renewables of the electricity consumption of 71.7%. The national goal

for renewables for 2020 with 34% is therefore close. The share of renewable energy in

Austria is high in comparison to most of the EU member states whereas especially the

areas hydro power and solid biomass make major contributions to this share.

The present brochure presents selected indicators which make the progress on the path

into a sustainable future quantifiable. Its aim is to show structural developments of the

use and production of energy in the EU. The documented figures thereby refer to the

latest available figures of 2016. Section diagrams show the structural variety of the EU

member states, and the time series diagrams for chosen countries make the evaluation

of essential trends possible.

Energy in Figures 20186

Greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28

Regarding the greenhouse gas emissions two areas are distinguished in the EU:

The EU emissions trading system (ETS) is the EU’s key tool for cutting greenhouse gas

emissions from large-scale facilities in the power and industry sectors, as well as the

aviation sector. The ETS covers around 45% of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. In

2020 the emissions from these sectors should be 21% lower than in 2005.

The non ETS sectors – accounting for roughly 55% of the total EU emissions –

consist of e. g. housing, agriculture, waste and transport. EU countries have agreed upon

binding annual targets until 2020 for cutting emissions in these sectors compared to

2005 under the “Effort-sharing decision”. The targets differ according to national wealth.

In 2016, greenhouse gas emissions in Austria amounted to 79.7 million tons of

CO2eq. Emissions were thus 1.0% above the level of 2015 and 1.2% above the level of

1990. The greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28 were 24% lower in 2016 than in 1990

which is within the EU target for 2020.

Figure 2: Development of the greenhouse gas emissions of selected countries in relation to the level of 1990 [%]

60%

80%

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120%

1990

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Source: Eurostat

Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions of the EU 28 countries in relation to the level of 1990 [%]

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Source: Eurostat

EU28 AT DE IT FR SE

7Energy in Figures 2018

Air emissions intensity of the EU 28

The air emissions intensity per gross value added varies in the EU 28 countries over a wide

range. In 2016 the lowest intensity could be observed in Sweden with 128 grams CO2eq

per euro whereas the intensity in Bulgaria was 1147 grams CO2eq per euro. The intensity

was therefore by a factor 9 higher in Bulgaria than in Sweden. In the same year Austria

had an air emissions intensity of 190 grams CO2eq per euro. Austria was thereby among

the EU countries with the lowest intensities.

The development of the air emissions intensities has a constantly decreasing trend

in most of the EU countries. Overall this has also led to a significant reduction of the air

emissions intensity of the EU 28 in the past few years. In 2016 the air emissions intensity

per gross value added was 265 grams CO2eq per euro in the EU 28.

Figure 3: Air emissions intensity of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [grams CO2eq per euro]

Figure 4: Development of the air emissions intensity for selected countries [grams CO2eq per euro]

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Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat

EU28 AT DE IT FR SE


Gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and energy intensity of the gross domestic product

The five member states with the highest absolute energy consumption (Germany, France,

Great Britain, Italy and Spain) are commonly responsible for 62.9% of the gross inland

energy consumption of the EU 28. The gross inland energy consumption of Germany is

thereby 9.4-times higher than the Austrian. The energy intensity of the gross domes-

tic product of Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain is comparably low and

amounts to 4420 GJ/million € on average. The energy intensity in Austria corresponds

with 4471 GJ/million €, precisely the average of the great European industrial nations.

Figure 5: Gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [PJ]

0

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DE FR GB IT ES PL NL BE SE CZ FI AT RO HU GR PT BG DK SK IE HR LT SI EE LV LU CY MT Source: Eurostat

Figure 6: Gross inland energy consumption per GDP of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [GJ/million €]

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DE FR GB IT ES PL NL BE SE CZ FI AT RO HU GR PT BG DK SK IE HR LT SI EE LV LU CY MT

Source: Eurostat


Development of the gross inland energy consumption per economic output and per inhabitant

The gross inland energy consumption per economic output has successively decreased in

the European Union in the period from 2000 to 2016. This also applies to the particular

national states whereby not only the intensity itself has decreased but also the range

of fluctuation among the particular national states. The reduction of the gross inland

consumption of the EU 28 amounted to 23.4% in the period from 2000 to 2016, and the

reduction in Austria amounted to 6.5%, although starting from an already significantly

lower value. With regard to the energy consumption per capita, a similar trend can be

observed; however, this trend is not so well-marked. In this case, the reduction in the

EU 28 states amounted to 9.4% in the period from 2000 to 2016, whereas in Austria in

the same period an increase of 7.3% was recorded.

Figure 7: Development of gross inland energy consumption per GDP of selected EU countries [GJ/million €]

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

30002000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Source: Eurostat

Figure 8: Development of gross inland energy consumption per capita of selected EU countries [GJ/capita]

100

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502000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Source: Eurostat

EU28 AT DE IT FR SE

EU28 AT DE IT FR SE


Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries and of Austria

The gross inland energy consumption in the EU 28 is dominated by fossil oil (34.6%) and

natural gas (23.3%), as well as coal and coal products (14.7%). Combined with nuclear

power (13.2%) and a small amount of non-renewable wastes (0.9%), the gross inland

energy consumption of the EU 28 amounts, therefore, to 86.8% of fossil or nuclear energy

and to 13.2% of renewable energy. The gross inland energy consumption of Austria has

a significantly different structure, containing a much higher percentage of renewable

energy (29.7%) and no nuclear energy. The percentage of fossil oil and natural gas are

comparable with the EU 28 average and the percentage of coal and coal products is

comparatively lower. The high percentage of renewable energy in Austria is primarily

due to the intensive use of hydro power and solid biomass.

Figure 9: Structure of gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 68689 PJ

Fossil solid fuels (incl. coal) 14.7%

Fossil oil 34.6%

Fossil gas 23.3%

Renewables 13.2%

Non renewable wastes 0.9%

Nuclear heat 13.2%

Electricity 0.1%Source: Eurostat

Figure 10: Structure of gross inland energy consumption of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 1418 PJ


Fossil oil 36.2%

Fossil gas 21.2%

Renewables 29.7%


Electricity 1.8%Source: Eurostat


Figure 11: Structure of renewable gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 9069 PJ

Hydro power 13.9%

Wind power 12.0%

Solarthermics 2.0%

Solar PV 4.2%

Solid biomass 45.3%

Charcoal 0.1%

Biogas 7.6%

Municipal waste (renewable) 4.8%

Liquid biofuels 7.0%

Geothermics 3.1%

Structure of the gross inland energy consumption of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria

The gross inland energy consumption of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries is dom-

inated by the use of solid biomass with a percentage of 45.4%. This contains firewood,

wood chips, wood pellets and bark. Further great sectors are hydro power (13.9%), wind

power (12.0%) and biogas (7.7%). Combining the mentioned sectors, this amounts to a

percentage of 79.0% of all renewable energy sources at the EU level. Biodiesel, renewable

wastes, photovoltaics, geothermics, solarthermics and a few others have a combined

percentage of 21%. Conditions in Austria partly differ considerably from this structure.

The percentage of solid biomass (47.7%) and of hydro power (34.1%) combined already

amount to 81.8%, whereas, in particular, a fairly higher percentage of hydro power than

in the EU 28 can be observed.

Source: Eurostat

Figure 12: Structure of renewable gross inland energy consumption of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 421 PJ

Hydro power 34.1%

Wind power 4.5%

Solarthermics 1.9%

Solar PV 0.9%

Solid biomass 47.7%

Charcoal 0.1%

Biogas 3.1%



Geothermics 0.3% Source: Eurostat


Allocation of primary energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria

The allocated primary energy within the state borders in the EU 28 countries is for the

most part fossil energy consisting of mineral oil, natural gas, coal and non-renewable

wastes (combined 43.4%) as well as an approximately equal share of nuclear energy

(28.7%) and renewable energy (27.9%).

The situation in Austria differs widely from this structure. Primary energy from

renewable sources dominates with 79.1%. Furthermore, mineral oil and natural gas are

obtained and non-renewable wastes are used (overall 20.9%). Coal has not been produced

in Austria since 1996.

Figure 14: Structure of primary energy production of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 517 PJ

Fossil oil 6.4%

Fossil gas 7.9%

Renewables 79.1%


Figure 13: Structure of primary energy production of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 31627 PJ


Fossil oil 9.8%

Fossil gas 14.2%

Renewables 27.9%


Nuclear heat 28.7%Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat


Figure 15: Structure of renewable primary energy production of the EU 28 countries in 2016 [%], in total 8822 PJ

Hydro power 14.3%

Wind power 12.4%

Solarthermics 2.0%

Solar PV 4.3%

Solid biomass 44.7%

Biogas 7.9%



Geothermics 3.2%

Figure 16: Structure of renewable primary energy production of Austria in 2016 [%], in total 409 PJ

Hydro power 35.1%

Wind power 4.6%

Solarthermics 1.9%

Solar PV 1.0%

Solid biomass 48.1%

Biogas 3.2%



Geothermics 0.3%

Allocation of primary energy of renewable energy sources in the EU 28 countries and in Austria

The allocation of renewable primary energy in the EU 28 countries is similarly struc-

tured to the gross inland energy consumption because there is no structure distorting

exchange over the system limits. The allocated renewable primary energy is based at

a high percentage on the use of solid biomass (44.7%). The other large parts are in the

area of hydro power (14.3%) wind power (12.4%) and biogas (7.9%).

The allocation of primary energy of renewable sources in Austria is mainly shaped

by the use of solid biomass (48.1%) and the use of hydro power (35.1%). The structure of

the allocation has a clearly lower diversification, as is the case with the EU 28 countries.

Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat


Development of the use of renewable energy in the EU 28 countries and in Austria

The use of renewable energy has tripled in the EU 28 countries from 1990 to 2016.

However, the percentage of renewable energy of the gross inland energy consumption

has increased from 4.3% to 13.2%. The basis for the use of renewable energy is the use

of hydro power and the use of solid biomass; the use of hydro power has increased only

by a factor of 1.2 over this period whereas the use of solid biomass has increased by a

factor of 2.4. Since the year 2000, on a strong growth of the “new” renewable energy

sources such as wind power, biofuel or biogas can be observed.

Development in Austria follows a similar course to that at the European level,

where the use of renewable energy from 1990 to 2016 has doubled and the percentage of

renewable energy of gross inland energy consumption has increased from 20.1% to 29.7%.

Figure 17: Renewable gross inland energy consumption in the EU 28 countries [ktoe]

Figure 18: Renewable gross inland energy consumption in Austria [ktoe]

0

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Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat

Other renewables

Geothermics

Liquid biofuels

Municipal waste (renewable)

Biogas

Solid biomass

Solar PV

Solarthermics

Wind power

Hydro power

Other renewables

Geothermics

Liquid biofuels

Municipal waste (renewable)

Biogas

Solid biomass

Solar PV

Solarthermics

Wind power

Hydro power


Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and targets for 2020

The share of renewable energy in the energy consumption of the EU 28 countries

amounted to 17.0% in 2016 and was still 3.0 percentage points less than the target of

20.0% for 2020. Austria has, with 34% of renewable energy in the energy consumption

mix, the fourth highest target for 2020 after Sweden, Finland and Latvia, and, is with

33.5%, only half a percentage point short of this target. Examples of countries that have

already reached their renewable target in 2016 are Sweden (53.8% renewable), Finland

(38.7%), Denmark (32.2%), Estonia (28.8%), Croatia (28.3%) and Lithuania (25.6%). The

temporal progress of the development of the share of renewable energy shows that

great efforts are still necessary if the EU target of 20.0% should be reached in 2020.

Figure 19: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption; shares 2016 and target 2020

0

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1110

1413131516151413

1813

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232020

1716

25242320

3125

3034

4038

49

Source: Eurostat

Target 2020

Share 2016

Figure 20: Development of shares of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and targets 2020

10

5

15

20

25

30

35

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Source: Eurostat

Target 2020 Austria

Development Austria

Target 2020 EU 28

Development EU 28


Productivity of the gross inland energy consumption of the EU 28 countries in 2016 and temporal development

The economic productivity of the gross inland energy consumption has a great range

of fluctuation among the EU 28 countries. The minimal productivity with 2.4 € per kg oil

equivalent occurs in Bulgaria and the maximal productivity of 17.0 € per kg oil equivalent

is found in Ireland. For the EU 28 countries the average amounts to 8.4 € per kg oil equiv-

alent. In Austria, the productivity amounts to 9.4 € per kg oil equivalent, and is therefore

above the EU 28 average. The temporal development of the productivity is marked by a

constant increase for the EU 28 countries but also for most of the national states. The

productivity in the EU 28 countries has increased from 2000 to 2016 by 29.2% and in

Austria by 6.8%, whereas the base level in Austria was already comparatively high in 2000.

Figure 21: Energy productivity of EU 28 countries in 2016 [€/kgoe]

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Figure 22: Development of energy productivity of selected countries [€/kgoe]

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52000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Source: Eurostat

EU28 AT DE IT FR SE


Turnover and jobs in the economic sector technologies for the use of renewable energy in Austria

The effects of the use of renewable energy by far exceed the reduction of climate-

damaging greenhouse gases and an increase of the degree of self-supply of energy

in the European economies. Turnover, added value, and employment in this economic

sector are equally important factors. Economic activity is created thereby through the

production of the technical components, the planning and construction of the installations

and through the operation and maintenance of the installations. The economic effects

can be divided into investment effects and operational effects. They occur along the

value-added chain in the domestic market as well as in the export market. In Austria, in

the economic sector renewable energy, a primary total turnover of 7.2 billion euros and

a primary employment effect of 41.600 full-time equivalents could be achieved in 2016.

Figure 23: Primary turnover of renewables in Austria in 2016 [million euros], in total 7.2 billion euros

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wind power

Hydro power

Heatpumps

Solarthermics

Solar PV

Geothermics

Biogas (all)

Liquid biofuels

Solid biomass Source: Renewable Energy in Figures, BMNT (2017)

Investment effects

Operation effects

Figure 24: Shares of primary employment of renewables in Austria in 2016 [full time equivalent], in total 41591 full time equivalents

Hydro power 16.3%

Wind power 11.2%

Solarthermics 5.6%

Solar PV 8.2%

Solid biomass 49.7%

Biogas 1.0%


Geothermics 0.2%

Heatpumps 5.0%Source: Renewable Energy in Figures, BMNT (2017)


Development of net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption

The dependence of the European Union on imported energy from partly unstable parts

of the world is a topic of great strategic importance. The dependence on imports of the

EU 28 countries which is measured by the relation of net imports to the gross inland

energy consumption has increased in the period from 1990 to 2016 from 45.2% to 55.1%.

However, the dependence on imports has thereby remained nearly steady since 2005.

In 1990 Austria had a clearly higher dependence on imports of 68.9% however this

rate has been reduced to 62.2% by 2016. Malta and Cyprus have within the EU 28 the

highest dependence on imports (100%). Estonia and Denmark have with 7.1% and 14.5%,

respectively the lowest dependence on imports. Regarding the energy sources primarily

mineral oil and natural gas are imported by the EU 28 countries.

Figure 25: Net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption [%]

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80%

60%

100%

Source: Eurostat

Figure 26: Development of net energy import in relation to gross inland consumption [%]

30%

40%

70%

50%

60%

80%

1990

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2004

2005

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2007

2008

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2010

2011

2012

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2015

2016

Source: Eurostat, Statistik Austria

Austria

EU 28


Figure 27: Share of renewable energy in electricity in 2016 [%]

Figure 28: Development of the share of renewable energy in electricity [%]

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60%

80%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Share of renewable energy in electricity supply

The share of renewable energy in electricity supply varies greatly in the EU 28 member

states. Thereby Austria has EU-wide the highest share with 72.6% and Malta the lowest

share with 5.6%. Further countries with a predominant share of renewable energy in

electricity supply are Sweden (64.9%), Portugal (54.1%), Denmark (53.7%), Latvia (51.3%).

The share of renewable energy in electricity supply is in most member states clearly

increasing whereby the expansion of hydro power, wind power and photovoltaics play

an important role. Country-specific, the conversion into electricity of wood fuels and

of biogas also plays a role.

Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat

EU28 AT DE IT FR SE


Electricity prices

In 2016 the electricity prices for households varied within the EU 28 member states

between 9.6 euro cent/kWh in Bulgaria and 30.9 euro cent/kWh in Denmark which

corresponds to a factor of 3.2. Austria lies in the upper middle of the scale with an

electricity price for households of 20.3 euro cent/kWh. The electricity price for the

industry varied in the same year in a clearly lower range of fluctuation between 6.0 euro

cent/kWh in Denmark and 14.2 euro cent/kWh in Malta which corresponds to a factor

of 2.4. In this scale Austria took, with 7.0 euro cent/kWh, a place among the countries

with the cheapest electricity for the industry. Thereby it is noticeable that Denmark has

within the EU 28 countries the highest electricity price for households and at the same

time the lowest electricity price for the industry. A direct and obvious link between the

electricity price and the national electricity production mix is not the case.

Figure 29: Electricity price for medium size households in 2016 [€/kWh]

0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.30

0.25

0.35

Bulg

aria

Hun

gary

Esto

nia

Lith

uani

a

Mal

ta

Rom

ania

Cro

atia

Pola

nd

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slov

akia

Cypr

us

Finl

and

Slov

enia

Net

herla

nds

Latv

ia

Fran

ce

Luxe

mbo

urg

Gre

ece

Swed

en

Uni

ted

King

dom

Aus

tria

EU 2

8

Spai

n

Irela

nd

Port

ugal

Italy

Belg

ium

Ger

man

y

Den

mar

k

Source: Eurostat

Figure 30: Electricity price for medium size industry in 2016 [€/kWh]

0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Den

mar

k

Swed

en

Finl

and

Rom

ania

Net

herla

nds

Slov

enia

Aus

tria

Fran

ce

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Hun

gary

Esto

nia

Pola

nd

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Ger

man

y

EU 2

8

Italy

Belg

ium

Cro

atia

Latv

ia

Gre

ece

Port

ugal

Cypr

us

Bulg

aria

Uni

ted

King

dom

Slov

akia

Spai

n

Irela

nd

Mal

ta Source: Eurostat


Figure 31: Gas price for medium size households in 2016 [€/GJ]

Figure 32: Gas price for medium size industry in 2016 [€/GJ]

0

5

10

15

20

30

25

35

Rom

ania

Hun

gary

Esto

nia

Bulg

aria

Pola

nd

Lith

uani

a

Latv

ia

Cro

atia

Luxe

mbo

urg

Slov

akia

Belg

ium

Uni

ted

King

dom

Gre

ece

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slov

enia

EU 2

8

Fran

ce

Irela

nd

Ger

man

y

Spai

n

Aus

tria

Den

mar

k

Italy

Net

herla

nds

Port

ugal

Swed

en

Prices for natural gas

The prices for natural gas for households varied in 2016 within the EU 28 countries

between 9.22 euro/GJ in Rumania and 31.35 euro/GJ in Sweden, which corresponds to

a factor of 3.4. Austria was in the upper midrange of the scale with its gas price for

households of 19.17 euro/GJ. The price for natural gas for the industry varied in the

same year in a clearly lower range of fluctuation between 5.37 euro/GJ in Rumania and

9.49 euro/GJ in Malta, which corresponds to a factor of 1.8. In this scale Austria took a

mid-field position with 7.45 euro/GJ for the gas price of the industry.

0

5

10

15

20

Rom

ania

Den

mar

k

Esto

nia

Bulg

aria

Net

herla

nds

Belg

ium

Gre

ece

Latv

ia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Finl

and

Pola

nd

Lith

uani

a

Aus

tria

EU 2

8

Uni

ted

King

dom

Spai

n

Fran

ce

Swed

en

Italy

Irela

nd

Slov

akia

Slov

enia

Ger

man

y

Hun

gary

Cro

atia

Port

ugal

Luxe

mbo

urg

Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat


Fuel prices

The prices for Euro-super 95 fuel varied in the EU 28 member states mid 2018 by a

factor of 1.5. The cheapest Euro-super 95 fuel was thereby available in Bulgaria for

1138 euros/1000 liter, and the most expensive in the Netherlands for 1682 euros/1000

liter. The range of fluctuation is exclusively due to the various taxation of the fuel. The

tax rate allocated to the pure fuel price amounted to 94% in Bulgaria and 179% in the

Netherlands. The conditions are similar with diesel fuel, although the tax rate is generally

set at a clearly lower level. The tax rate for diesel fuel in Luxembourg, with 80%, is the

lowest and in Great Britain, with 152%, the highest. The specific prices for diesel fuels are

therefore always lower than the prices for Euro-super 95 fuels. Austria takes a position

in the lower mid-field of the EU 28 states for fuel prices, in both cases.

Figure 34: Structure of the price of 1000 liter diesel fuel in August 2018 [€/1000L]

0

600

400

200

800

1,000

1,200

1,600

1,400

Luxe

mbo

urg

Bulg

aria

Pola

nd

Lith

uani

a

Latv

ia

Spai

n

Mal

ta

Aust

ria

Rom

ania

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Hun

gary

Slov

akia

Slov

enia

Ger

man

y

Cypr

us

Croa

tia

Esto

nia

Irela

nd

Wei

ghte

d av

erag

e

Port

ugal

Net

herla

nds

Denm

ark

Gre

ece

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Belg

ium

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Italy

Swed

en

Figure 33: Structure of the price of 1000 liter Euro-super 95 fuel in August 2018 [€/1000L]

0

600

400

200

800

1,000

1,200

1,600

1,400

Bulg

aria

Pola

nd

Rom

ania

Hun

gary

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Latv

ia

Aust

ria

Cypr

us

Spai

n

Slov

enia

Mal

ta

Esto

nia

Croa

tia

Slov

akia

Belg

ium

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Irela

nd

Wei

ghte

d av

erag

e

Ger

man

y

Swed

en

Fran

ce

Finl

and

Port

ugal

Italy

Gre

ece

Denm

ark

Net

herla

nds

Source: oil bulletin of the European Commission

Source: oil bulletin of the European Commission

fuel price

tax

fuel price

tax


Country codes of the EU 28 member states

Country Country code

Austria AT

Belgium BE

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY

Czech Republic CZ

Germany DE

Denmark DK

Estonia EE

Greece GR

Spain ES

Finland FI

France FR

Croatia HR

Hungary HU

Ireland IE

Italy IT

Lithuania LT

Luxembourg LU

Latvia LV

Malta MT

Netherlands NL

Poland PL

Portugal PT

Romania RO

Sweden SE

Slovenia SI

Slovakia SK

United Kingdom UK

ISBN 978-3-903129-87-0

renewable energy 2018 - bmnt.gv.at731bddeb-45e6-4f64... · the present brochure presents selected...

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