renewable energy research laboratory university of massachusetts an overview of the technology and...
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![Page 1: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
An Overview of the Technology and Economics of
Offshore Wind Farms
James F. Manwell, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Typical Offshore Windfarm
Middelgrunden Wind Farm (off Copenhagen, Denmark)
20, 2 MW Turbines
Photo: J. Manwell
![Page 3: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Winds off Massachusetts
• Excellent wind resource off the coast
• Wind speeds highest furthest from shore
Map: True Wind Solutions, with support from Mass. Tech. Collaborative, Northeast Utilities, CT Innovations
![Page 4: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Typical Week of Wind in Nantucket Sound
Wind Speed, B&C, Nov 8-15, 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
11/8 11/9 11/10 11/11 11/12 11/13 11/14 11/15 11/16
Date
Sp
ee
d, M
ph
Primary Anemometer Redundant Anemometer Average
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Water Depth• Moderate
depths (less than 100’) presently required
• Shallow water (less than 50’) preferred
< 120 ft< 90 ft
< 60 ft
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Typical Wind Turbine• Converts energy in wind to electricity• Major components
– Rotor • Hub• Blades
– Gearbox– Generator – Tower
Constant Speed System
RotorGearbox
Generator
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Offshore Wind Farms
• Multiple wind turbines• Bottom mounted foundation• Electrical grid between turbines• Power cable to shore• Infrastructure for operation & maintenance
![Page 8: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Conceptual Design of Typical Offshore Wind Plant
Wind Turbine
Maintenance Vessel
Installation Crane
Submarine Cable
Onshore Staging Area and
Control Room
Grid Connection
• Foundation –Bottom mounted up to ~ 60 ft.
depth –Floating structure in deep water
![Page 9: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Conceptual Design of Typical Offshore Wind Plant
Wind Turbine
Maintenance Vessel
Installation Crane
Submarine Cable
Onshore Staging Area and
Control Room
Grid Connection
• Submarine cable to mainland for power and communication
![Page 10: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Wind Turbine
Maintenance Vessel
Installation Crane
Submarine Cable
Onshore Staging Area and
Control Room
Grid Connection
• Barge with crane for installation
Conceptual Design of Typical Offshore Wind Plant
![Page 11: Renewable Energy Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts An Overview of the Technology and Economics of Offshore Wind Farms James F. Manwell, Ph.D](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081602/55195974550346a0698b4695/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Support Options for Offshore Wind Turbines
Spar bouy
Gravity caissson
Steel piling Truss Artificial
island Pontoon
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Electrical Cables
Typical cable layoutCable cross section
Cable laying shipCable trencher
Illustrations from www.hornsrev.dk
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Installation
Photos: Courtesy GE Wind
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Determinants of Cost of Energy• Total installed costs
– Turbines, Foundations, Electrical System– Installation
• Energy produced– Wind resource– Turbine operating characteristics– Turbine spacing
• Operation and Maintenance (O & M)– Scheduled maintenance and repairs
• Financial considerations (interest rates, etc.)
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Factors Affecting Cost of Energy
• Number of turbines • Size of turbines • Distance from shore• Water depth• Mean wind speed• Turbine reliability and maintainability• Site accessibility
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Typical Offshore Capital Costs
• Turbine costs (inc. tower): $800-1000/kW• Cable costs: $500k-$1,000,000/mile• Foundation costs:
– Costs depend on soil and depth– North Sea: $300-350/kW– Price increases ~15%-100% when depth
doubles (from 25 ft to 50 ft)• Total installed costs: $1200-$2000/kW
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Offshore Capital Cost Breakdown
• Turbine (w/out tower): 17-40%• Tower and foundation: 28-34%• Electrical grid: 9-36%• Other: 6-17%
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Energy Production
• Wind resource• Turbine power curve• Capacity factor
– Actual energy/maximum energy– Typical values offshore: 35-45%
• Availability– Fraction of time turbine can run
1600
1200
800
400
0
Po
we
r, k
W
2520151050Wind Speed, m/s
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Typical O & M Costs
• 1.0 – 2.0 US cents/kWh• O & M increases with
– Increased distance from shore– Increased occurrence of bad weather
• O & M decreases with– More reliable turbine design– Greater number of turbines
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Cost of Energy
• Cost of energy (COE), $/kWh, depends on:– Installed costs, C– Fixed charge rate, FCR – fraction of installed
costs paid each year for financing– O & M– Annual energy production, E
• COE = (C*FCR+O&M)/E
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Simple Payback
• Simple alternative economic measure• Simple payback period (SP), years, depends
on:– Installed costs, C– Annual energy production, E– Net price obtained for electricity, P
• SP = C/(E*P)
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Value of Energy
• Bulk energy sold at wholesale• Internalized social benefits
– Wind energy production tax credit (PTC)– Renewable energy portfolio standards (RPS)
certificates (RECS)
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Social (External) Costs of Electricity Production
• Costs not accounted for directly in fuel price or production costs
• Examples:– Air pollution health affects– Damage due to global warming
• Typical estimates:– Coal: 2-15 cents/kWh– Gas: 1-4 cents/kWh
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Actual Costs of Energy, Existing European Projects - 2001• Turbine size: 450 kW-2000 kW• Number of turbines: 2-28• Wind speeds: ~7.5 m/s• Water depth: 2-10 m• Distance from shore: 250 m-3 km• Cost of Energy: 5.3- 11.2 cent (EC) /kWh
( ≈ 5.3 – 11.2 US cent/kWh)
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Costs as a Function of Distance and Total Size
• 1997 European study:• 7.5 MW wind farm, 1.5 MW turbines,
– 5 km from coast – 4.9 US cent/kWh– 30 km from coast – 6.9 US cent/kWh
• 200 MW wind farm, 1.5 MW turbines, – 5 km from coast – 4.1 US cent/kWh– 30 km from coast – 4.4 US cent/kWh
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Sample Economic Assessment• Assume
– Installed cost: $1500/kW– Capacity factor: 40%– Availability: 95%– Value of Energy: 8.3 cents/kWh, based on:
• Wholesale: 4 cents/kWh• PTC: 1.8 cents/kWh• RPS: 2.5 cents/kWh
– Operation & Maintenance: 1.5 cents/kWh– Fixed charge rate: 14%
• Simple payback = 6.6 years• COE= 7.8 cents/kWh
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Technical Considerations with Sites Further from Shore
• Greater energy production• More extreme environment• Greater cable length• Deeper water, larger foundation costs
– Technology development useful to reduce costs– Floating supports for deep water
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Deep Water Possibilities
Delft University, 2001
UMass, 1974
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Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts
Summary
• Offshore wind energy is a reality in shallow water, close to shore
• Cost of energy higher than from conventional sources, ignoring externalities
• COE competitive, including RECS and PTC• Technology for moderately deep water still
expensive• Technology for deep water, far from shore
remains to be developed